Steel Structure (CIVA 221)
Prepared by
Vice Director of Quality Assurance Unit - Assistant
Professor at Civil Eng. Dep. At Higher Instuitute for
Engineering and Technology in Elmanzala
Design procedure
Selection of type and layout of structure.
Determination of service load.
Determination of internal forces and
moments in the structure components.
Design of section.
Drawing and detailing.
Selection of type and layout of structure.
Specify the suitable type for the project
Main system
Span (S)
S < 10 m 16 < S < 25 m S > 25 m
Beams Frames Trusses
Purlins Spacing “a”
Bracing HL. & VL. Spacing 15 -25 m
End gable
Selection of type and layout of the structure
Bracing (VL. & HL.) (Spacing (15-25) m).
Layout
Types of the main system → Truss & Frame (Spacing “S”). Rigid
No upper Hl bracing
Cladding
Main system Spacing “S”
Flexible
Purlins Spacing “a”
Bracing (HL. Spacing (15-
& VL.) 25)m.
End gable
Main systems Purlin Bracing sys. End gable
Selection of type and layout of the structure
Purlins (Spacing “a”)
Side purlins.
3 m.
1.5 - 3 m.
Example
Loads
Load path
Gravity loads
Corrugated sheets Purlins Truss Columns Foundations
Horizontal loads
1. Wind parallel to frame Frame resist it (Main system).
2. Wind perpendicular to frame Wind bracing (Hl. & Vl.)
Selection of type and layout of the structure
Bracing (VL. & HL.) (Spacing (15-25) m).
Load on steel structure
Direction
Time
Origin Classification
Variation
Importance
Primary
Importance
Secondary
1. Primary Load
These are crucial loads that significantly impact the overall integrity and stability of
the structure.
Failure to account for them properly could lead to catastrophic consequences.
Example Dead load
Live load
Essential functions
Main floor of a building
Major
environmental loads
High seismic zone
2. Secondary Load These are loads with less critical impact on the overall
structure.
While still needing consideration, their failure wouldn't
necessarily compromise the main structure's integrity.
Example
Non-essential live loads
Snow load Roof access load
Minor environmental loads
Snow load
Specific functional loads
non-critical equipment
Q?
could the wind load
considered as primary
load?
Vertical
Direction
Horizontal
1. Vertical Loads:
Loads that act downwards, like
dead load, live load, snow load, and
some components of seismic load.
Think of the weight of snow
accumulating on a roof.
2. Horizontal Loads:
Loads that act in a horizontal
direction, including wind load and
some components of seismic load.
Imagine wind pushing against the side
of a building.
Static Loads
Time
variation
Dynamic Loads
1. Static Loads:
Loads that remain constant over time, like dead
load and some permanent fixtures. Imagine the
weight of the steel itself in a building frame.
2. Dynamic Loads:
Loads that vary with time, including live load
(occupants moving around), wind load
(fluctuating wind speeds), and seismic load
(earthquake shaking). Consider a bridge
experiencing traffic and strong winds.
Gravity Loads
Lateral Loads
Origin Environmental Loads
Functional Loads
Impact Loads
1. Gravity Loads 5. Impact Loads
Loads caused by the force of gravity, including Sudden, short-duration loads that can cause
dead load, live load, and snow load. Consider the significant stress, like someone jumping on a
weight of furniture in a room. floor. Imagine a heavy object being dropped on a
steel platform.
2. Lateral Loads
Loads that act perpendicular to the vertical axis,
including wind load and seismic load. Imagine wind
pushing against a skyscraper.
3. Environmental Loads
Loads caused by weather or natural phenomena,
including wind load, snow load, and seismic load.
Think of heavy snowfall on a bridge.
4. Functional Loads
Loads specific to the intended use of the
structure, like live load on a bridge or equipment
load on a factory floor. Consider the weight of
vehicles on a bridge.
Loading
Understanding Load Flow
All structures are subjected to natural forces, such as wind, gravity, and seismic
events.
Which natural forces will affect a
building, and to what extent?
Primary load Dead Load
"Dead" loads comprise the weight of the structure itself as well as things like
mechanical equipment, ceiling and floor finishes, cladding, façades, and parapets.
The dead load is essentially the amount of consistent weight that a building must support
at all times.
1. Weight of steel structure (𝐖𝐬𝐭 ):
Assumed: Wst = (20 - 40) kg/m2
2. Weight of covering material (𝐖𝐜 ):
Flexible Roof Rigid Roof
1. Flexible Roof
Flexible Roof
Asbestos Wc = (15 – 25 ) Kg / m2
Tiles Wc = (50 – 75 ) Kg / m2
Glass Wc = (25 – 40 ) Kg / m2
Rigid Roof
The loads are calculated in a strip “S” and are concentrated on the main system as
shown in the following figure.
WC*S/ cos WST*S
WC*S
Load distribution due to Covering material Load distribution due to O.W
Primary load Imposed Loads (Live Load)
"Live" loads account for things that are more transient in nature like the weights of
people, equipment, furniture, and other movable objects that are present in the building or
structure. Live loads can vary over time, and their magnitude and location are not known
in advance.
Examples of live loads include crowds in a
stadium, office equipment in a commercial
building, or vehicles on a bridge.
w L.L= WL.L*S
Load distribution due to L.L
Secondary load Wind Load
Wind loads are the forces generated by the wind blowing against the building or structure.
Wind loads can vary depending on the building’s location, exposure, and height. Besides,
ind speed and direction.
Wind pressures act directly on the windward side of a building, but they also create a
pulling or suction force on the leeward side. This means that the exterior of the entire
building must be able to resist both inward and outward pressure.
Wind Load
Wind Load
Wind Load
W = Ww X S
Loading
Wind Load
Wind Load
Wind Load
Ceilings tilted down
Wind Load
Cantilever
Wind Load
Multi – span
building
Wind Load
W.L.L W5 W6
W4
W2
W1 Load distribution due to W.L.L.
W3
Wind Load
W6 W5 W.L.R
W4
W2
Load distribution due to W.L.R. W1
W3
Wind Load
Design force
Loading
Case A (max) = D.L + All forces with it's sign (without secondary load)
Case A (min) = D.L + All forces with opposite sign (without secondary)
Case B (max) = D.L + All forces with it's sign (with secondary load)
Case B (min) = D.L + All forces with opposite sign (with secondary load)
Note
Take one of Wind Load Left or Wind Load right.
Take one of Crane Left or Crane Right.
If Fmax & Fmin has the same sign: neglect Fmin.
If Fmax & Fmin has the opposite sign:
For Max Moment: نأخذ األكبر دائما ألن االشارة سالبة أو موجبة التؤثر في العزوم إال في القطاع الخرساني.
For Max Normal Force:
ve compression
If 0.6 Design for compression and check for tension
ve tension
. ونأخذ األكبر دائماcase (B( ونقارن بـ1.2 فيcase(A( نضربcase(B) وcase(A) للمقارنة بين
5- Start Design for Mmax and Ncorresponding to Choose a section and Check for Nmax and Mcorresponding.
Load Combinations
Load combinations are selected for the design of a steel building by considering the
different as the probability of those loads occurring simultaneously, and types of loads
that the building may be subjected to, as well
The most common types of loads that are considered in the design of steel buildings
include dead loads (the weight of the building itself), live loads (the weight of the
people, furniture, and other temporary or movable items inside the building), wind
loads, snow loads, and seismic loads.
Loading
Load path
Gravity loads
Corrugated sheets Purlins Frame Columns Foundations
Horizontal loads
1. Wind parallel to frame Frame resist it (Main system).
2. Wind perpendicular to frame Wind bracing (Hl. & Vl.)
Ref.
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Thank you