INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ)
1. Định nghĩa
Inversion là việc đảo động từ lên trước chủ ngữ.
Thường gặp trong câu hỏi, câu cảm thán, câu điều kiện loại 3, câu phủ định, v.v.
Mục đích: Nhấn mạnh ý nghĩa của từ bị đảo lên đầu câu.
2. Cách sử dụng Inversion
A. Đảo ngữ với trợ động từ (giống câu hỏi)
1) Trong câu hỏi
o Ví dụ: Do you know what she meant?
o Ví dụ: Is he rich?
2) Câu điều kiện loại 2 & 3 bỏ “if” (chỉ dùng were, had, could, should, might)
o If we were to move north, we would make a better living. → Were we to move north,
we would make a better living.
o If he had been honest, he wouldn’t have done it. → Had he been honest, he wouldn’t
have done it.
3) Câu cảm thán
Với HOW, WHAT (đảo hay không đều được)
How wonderful is this place! = How wonderful this place is!
What a beautiful girl is she! = What a beautiful girl she is!
Dạng phủ định không có dấu “?”
Isn’t it cold!
Didn’t he do well!
4) Sau trạng từ phủ định (never, hardly, seldom...)
o I hardly arrived when the problem started. → Hardly had I arrived when the problem
started.
o She never thought about it. → Never did she think about it.
5) Với "ONLY" Only if , only because , only ( on,in,…)
o Only when all attempts had failed did they decide to strike.
o Only he can speak Japanese. (Không đảo vì "only" bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ)
6) Sau “AS, SO, THAN, NEITHER, NOR”
o She traveled a lot, as did her friends.
o I don’t like her. → Nor do I.
B. Đảo ngữ không có trợ động từ
1) Sau trạng từ chỉ hướng (out, off, in, back, up...)
o Off went the gun.
o Into the room came a young man.
2) Với HERE, THERE
o Here is your pencil.
o There goes the train!
o Không đảo nếu chủ ngữ là đại từ
o Here you are! (Không phải Here are you!)
3) Với động từ tường thuật (say, tell, answer...)
o “I have four children”, answered the old man. (= The old man answered)
o Không đảo nếu chủ ngữ là đại từ
o “She is beautiful,” he said. (Không phải said he)
4) Câu kết quả với SO…THAT, SUCH…THAT
o So many children were there that he could hardly move.
o Such was her beauty that they could only stare.
5) Câu nhượng bộ với ALTHOUGH, THOUGH
o Although it was improbable, I had to accept it. → Improbable though it was, I had to
accept it.
o Although they admired her, they didn’t marry her. → Much as they admired her, they
didn’t marry her.
Bài tập luyện tập
1. (Bạn có thể làm các bài tập sau rồi so sánh với đáp án để kiểm tra kiến thức.)
2. Viết lại câu với Inversion
Visitors are on no account allowed to feed the animals.
→ Not on any account are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
3. The room was too tiny for you to get a bed into.
→ So tiny was the room that you couldn’t get a bed into.
4. As soon as I was in the shower, someone must have entered my hotel room.
→ No sooner had I entered the shower than someone must have entered my hotel room.
5. He stood at the top of the hill.
→ At the top of the hill stood he.
6. He did not say any word.
→ Not a word did he say.
7. How boring she is!
→ How boring is she!
8. If you should not wish your agent to call, please let us know.
→ Should you not wish your agent to call, please let us know.
9. I have never said something like that.
→ Never have I said something like that.
10. You will get little help from him.
→ Little help will you get from him.
11. He is the only person who can do that work.
→ Only he can do that work. (Không đảo vì "only" bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ)
12. Although I like Dalat very much, I cannot live there.
→ Much as I like Dalat, I cannot live there.
13. There were two general elections in that year.
→ Two general elections were there in that year.
14. Sitting on the perch beside him was a blue parrot.
→ On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot.
15. The moon does not have an atmosphere, and the planet Mars does not either.
→ Neither does the planet Mars have an atmosphere.
16. He is lying dead in the middle of the room.
→ In the middle of the room lies he, dead.
17. 4. Chữa lỗi sai trong câu
18. Bạn hãy tìm lỗi sai trong các câu sau rồi so sánh với đáp án:
19. Not only may such a love have deepened exalted, and may still deepen and exalt.
→ Sai: Lặp động từ “may”
→ Not only may such a love have deepened and exalted, but it may still deepen and exalt.
20. "I knew you could not pay your debts," will he say.
→ Sai: "will" không đúng ở đây
→ "I knew you could not pay your debts," he will say.
21. Never has my friend Sherlock Holmes been so intrepid as he was in the case of the Green
Face.
→ Đúng
22. Not only in equipment but also in the personnel of the Air Battalion sare we suffering
from maladministration.
→ Sai: "sare" phải là "are"
→ Not only in equipment but also in the personnel of the Air Battalion are we suffering from
maladministration.
23. At the top of the hill it stood out against the sky.
→ Sai: "it" đứng sai vị trí
→ At the top of the hill stood it, against the sky.
24. I spend less than do nine of ten people in my position.
→ Sai: "nine of ten" phải là "nine out of ten"
→ I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my position.
25. Only did the teacher know how to do that exercise.
→ Sai: "Only" không đi với trợ động từ ở đây
→ Only the teacher knew how to do that exercise.
5. Tổng kết
Nhớ đảo trợ động từ trong các trường hợp cần thiết.
Không đảo nếu chủ ngữ là đại từ.
Cẩn thận với các trạng từ phủ định và cụm từ chỉ nhấn mạnh.