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Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of Roman civilization from 50 B.C. to A.D. 600, highlighting key events such as Constantine's rise to power and the spread of Christianity. It discusses the structure of Roman society, including the lives of wealthy and poor citizens, the role of women, and the institution of slavery. Additionally, it emphasizes the influence of Greek culture on Roman art, architecture, and philosophy.

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21 views32 pages

Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of Roman civilization from 50 B.C. to A.D. 600, highlighting key events such as Constantine's rise to power and the spread of Christianity. It discusses the structure of Roman society, including the lives of wealthy and poor citizens, the role of women, and the institution of slavery. Additionally, it emphasizes the influence of Greek culture on Roman art, architecture, and philosophy.

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29bargojl
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Roman Civilization 50 B.C. to A.D. 600 networks Theres More Ontne about helivesand Cet eon Ql aia 12 aT Usenet eS Ia Pe rere The Byzantine Empire The Story Matters... ‘When Constantine defeated his brother-in-law in battle, he became ‘emperor ofthe Western Roman Empire. At that time, Christians were persecuted in Rome, but Constantine ‘thanked the God of the Christians” forhis victory. Thismosaicshows more than just how Constantin looked. The crown ombishead represents his power Thisreminds us that Constantine ranted religious freedom to Christians and made it possible for Christianity to become widespread inthe Roman Empire, Constantine’ influence wasso great that 10 other Roman emperors were named after him. “This mosaic depicts Emperor Constantin Mosse this one can be seen covering the inside walls of Hoga Sophia amosquein the present-day city often CHAPTER 12 Place an Time: Rome s08.c. to A.D. 600 The Roman Empire extended throughout the Mediterranean region. As the empire grew, however, Roman emperors found it more difficult to rule, Political corruption, economic challenges, and invasions by Germanic groups brought about the division of the empire. PD English Chavnel f gu aes ake, > Western Roman Empire 4 | Ei caste Roman Empire | Step Into the Place noes Rome’ location in < the center ofthe long, narrow Italian peninsula helped it ATLANTIC become a powerful cvlzation. / LOCATION Lookat the ap. is Rome located east or west of Greece? 2) MOVEMENT What physical feature made posible for amet Loy, ee certenditsinfuenceto Ata? B PLACE What major bodes wate frm the boundaries of aly? AFRICA @ CRITICALTHINKING Drawing Conclusions. How does locaton neara waterway contribute tothe spread of ideas? y RUT TIMELINE Choose an event eee eed Pe eee Cree ea THE WORLD Reet) ee clc) A.D, 66. Jes revolt against Roman ule Be ee Ts wuOlg CCM ae a Dro cee paireone Dede Led ct rani far Ns , . : ' / Mediterranean Sea ts " M \ PALESTINE Alex aetna od ARABIA EGYPT 2 0U TOC sy er ee Ty Uae aed omnes iy ices ay Pei cM) | The Roman Way of Life SS area ed IT MATTERS BECAUSE The Romans have influenced our science, art, architecture, and literature. GUIDING QUESTION What was daly lifelike forthe Romans? Many Romans lived in cities throughout the Roman Empire. Like \ cities and towns of today, Roman cities were centers for culture, | business, and government, We know quite a lot about life in places like Rome and Pompeii from studying the archaeological ruins. Even though the Roman Empire was widespread, the heart of the empire was on the Italian Peninsula in the city of Rome. Rome was one of the largest cities in the ancient world. By about ap. 1, more than a million people lived there. People traveled to Rome from every part of the empire. Like many other Roman cities, Rome was carefully planned. It was laid out in a square with the main streets crossing at right angles. The emperor lived in Rome in a splendid palace on the top of a hill. At the foot of the hill was the Forum (FOHReuhm). This was a large open space that served as a marketplace and public square, much like the malls we visit today. In the Forum marketplace, Romans shopped for food and luxury items, played games, and chatted with their friends. Temples and other public buildings surrounded the Forum. CoM 18 Jes Taking Notes: Greeks Ideas Borrowed byRomans Content Vocabulary sea tablelite the one here to isthe ideas eae a ladiator - satire the Romans borrowed from the Greeks to sanatomy + ode rate theirown culture. «vault 340 Roman Guilzation Like the emperor, wealthy Romans lived in large, comfortable houses on the city’s hills. Their homes had marble walls, tiled floors, and running water. Houses were built around a courtyard called an atrium, which was open [Link] sky. The atrium often had a garden. Wealthy Romans also had homes called villas on large farms outside the city. Romans who were less wealthy worked as shopkeepers or artisans. Most Romans, however, were poor. Many did not have jobs, while others performed unskilled labor, such as delivering goods, Poor Romans lived in crowded, noisy, dirty neighborhoods in wooden apartment buildings six or seven stories tall. These buildings often collapsed or caught fire. People tossed garbage into the streets, and thieves prowled the areas at night. To gain the support of Rome's poor, political leaders offered “bread and circuses.” On some days, teams of chariot racers competed in the Circus Maximus, an arena seating more than 150,000 people. On other days, crowds watched gladiators any wealthy Romanslivedi (GLA+deesay + tuhrz) fight each other to the death or battle wild homes ult around courtyards animals in stadiums such as the Colosseum. Most gladiators, @ WwENTIFVING Inviichpor were enslaved people, criminals, prisoners of war, or poor ofthe homed Romans people. Romans admired the gladiators’ skills and bravery. enteral ues @ camecatTancing Comparing and Contrasting ota oan ae sir AIT tensiyecregned Ml Howsiliterent? Fainwatr fom the gute Guests wee entertained in cole inthe pool below, ‘the ving oomstud. —_—, sas camo gladiator inancent Rome, a person who re homes a shops nthe din rea faiy merbers fought people or animals for public Prato Sree cae opened ont the ste me Lesson 341 The Roman Family RIAN At the heart of Roman society was the family. When Rome was a republic, large families were common. Married children often lived in the same house with their parents and other relatives. Thinking Like a HISTO Spartacus--a gladiator— has ‘The father closely watched over his wife and her activities. pee ee ae ‘The law even allowed fathers to sell children into slavery or Use the Internet to find reliable have them put to death, In later times, fathers lost some of this, sources about what his life was power, and wives gained some legal rights. Families had fewer likeand what he tried to aa as ea miniteefats children, and Romans were more likely to divorce and remarry. that you discover from your Fathers in upper-class families were responsible for the research and present them to education of their children. When they were young, wealthy ra res wi boys and girls learned from private lessons at home. As they Whet Does a Historian Do? grew older, boys from wealthy families went to schools where they studied reading, writing, arithmetic, and rhetoric, or public speaking. Older girls continued to study at home. Poorer Romans could not afford to go to school, but some of them learned enough reading, writing, and arithmetic to help them conduct business. At about the age of 15, a Roman boy celebrated becoming Uppercass Roman women were an adult. He would burn his toys as offerings to the household often educate? and expeceel tose gods. Then he would put on a white toga, a loose-fitting robe their cilren about Roman culture, that Roman men wore. Once he became an adult, a man might ee eee work at his family’s business, join the army, or get a job in the Analyzing How weretherolesof oman men and wamen deen? government. Men tended to marry later, but women usually married around the age of 14. Once they married, Roman ‘women were considered adults. What Was Life Like for Roman Women? Women in early Rome were not full citizens and had few rights. They had a strong influence on their families, however, and often advised their husbands in private. When Rome was an empire, the wives of emperors began to exercise more power. For example, while the emperor Septimius fought rebels in distant parts of the empire, the empress Julia Domna administered, or was in charge of, political affairs in Rome. The freedoms a Roman woman enjoyed depended on her husband's wealth and position. By the .p. 100s, wealthy women had more independence. Reading Strategy: Summarizing ce AcademicVocabulary ‘When you summarize, you find the mainideaofapassageandrestateitin administer tobe awfulyin charge of your ovn words Read how the Romans treated enslaved people. Ona protect to defend from trouble orharm separate sheet of pape, summarize the passage in one or two sentences. 342. Roman Cvlization They could own land, run businesses, and sell property. They managed the household while enslaved people did the housework. This left women free to study literature, art, and fashion. Outside the home, they could go to the theater or attend races and fights, but they had to sit in areas separate from men. Women with less money had less freedom. They spent their time doing housework or helping their husbands in family-run shops. They were allowed to leave home to shop, visit friends, worship at temples, or go to the baths. A few women worked independently outside the home. Some served as priestesses, carrying out religious rituals in temples, while others worked as hairdressers and even doctors. Rome and Slavery Slavery was a part of Roman life from early times. The use of slave labor grew, however, as Rome acquired more territory Roman soldiers took conquered peoples as prisoners. These captives were brought to Rome and sold into slavery. By 100 B.c,, about 40 percent of the people in Italy were enslaved. Enslaved people performed many different jobs. They worked in homes and harvested crops. They mined ore and helped build roads, bridges, and aqueducts throughout the empire. Many enslaved Greeks, though, were well educated. ‘They served as teachers, doctors, and artisans. For most enslaved people, life was miserable. They were often forced to work long hours and could be sold at any time. They were punished severely for poor work or for running away. To escape their hardships, enslaved people often rebelled. In 73 Bc, a gladiator named Spartacus (SPAHR+tuhs kuhs) led a slave rebellion. As Spartacus and his forces moved through Italy, their numbers swelled to 70,000. Spartacus planned to reach the Alps. From there, the enslaved people could return to their homelands. The Roman army, however, crushed the revolt. Spartacus was killed in battle and 6,000 of his followers were crucified, or put to death by being nailed to across Religion and Philosophy Romans believed that gods controlled all parts of life. Household spirits protected the home and family. Gods protected the entire empire, Greek gods and goddesses were given Roman names. For example, Zeus became Jupiter, the sky god, and Aphrodite became Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. Beginning with Augustus, emperors were officially made gods by the Roman Senate. ‘Romans worshipped their gods and goddesses by praying and offering food to them. Every Roman home included an altar for its household gods. At altars, the head of the family made offerings of incense, wine, honey, and the family meal. BIOGRAPHY Livia (58 B.C.-A.D, 29) Livia Augustus, as she was later alld, stood outamong Roman women. As the wife of Cesar Augustus for 52 years, she was a symbol of Raman marriage and family She wasalso seen as a model of oman morality. When her grandson, Claud, became emperor, she took the ti of Augustus and held a position of high honor > CRITICAL THINKING ‘Making inferences Wha does the hanoing of Lia tell us about the bles ‘ofthe Roman people? Lesson 343 This urnisan example ofthe lass objects that were made and traded ‘throughout the Roman Empire. Just as people recycle olss today, so did ancient Roman glass workers, ding HELPD! PMI it otras structure 344 Roman Clization Government officials made offerings in temples where important gods and goddesses of Rome were honored. Temples were open toall people. The Romans also adapted ideas from Greek philosophy, such as the philosophy of Stoicism. For the Greeks, Stoicism was about finding happiness through reason. Romans, however, believed Stoicism was about learning to live in a practical way. Stoic philosophers urged people to participate in public affairs, to do their civic duty, and to treat conquered peoples well. As the empire grew, Romans came into contact with people who practiced different religions. Rome allowed these people to practice their religions if they did not threaten the government. Ed PROGRESS CHECK Explaining Why was the family important in Roman society? Science and Art GUIDING QUESTION How did the Greeks influence Roman culture? Asa republic and later as an empire, Rome was influenced by Greek civilization. The Romans admired and studied Greek art, architecture, and philosophy. They copied the Greeks in many ways but changed, or adapted, what they borrowed to match their own needs. nce The Romans learned from Greek science. A Greek doctor named Galen introduced many medical ideas to Rome. He emphasized the importance of anatomy (uh*NA+tuh+mee), the study of body structure. To learn about inner organs, Galen cut open dead animals and recorded his findings. Doctors in the Western world studied Galen's work for more than 1,500 years. An important scientist of the Roman Empire was Ptolemy (TAH-luhemee). Ptolemy lived in the city of Alexandria, in Egypt. He studied the sky and carefully mapped over 1,000 different stars. He studied the motion of planets and stars and created rules to explain their movements. Educated people in Europe accepted his ideas for centuries. The Romans developed practical engineering skills. They built roads that connected Rome to every part of the empire. ‘The first major Roman road, the Appian Way, linked Rome to southeastern Italy. The roads allowed Roman soldiers to travel quickly to different regions. Merchants used the roads, to trade their goods in different regions throughout the empire. Academic Vocabulary philosophy basicbeits, concepts and attitudes contact communication or connection medical relating tothe practice ofmetcine Roman engineers supplied cities with fresh water using aqueducts. They built aqueducts to bring water from the hills into the cities. Aqueducts were long troughs supported by rows of high arches. Aqueducts carried water over long distances. One Roman-built aqueduct in Segovia, Spain, is still used today—nearly 1,900 years after it was completed. The Roman system of numbers, also called numerals, helped business people with their accounting, The system used letter-like symbols borrowed from the Greeks and the Etruscans. We still use Roman numerals to show dates on buildings, to create outlines, and to count items in a series, like Super Bowl games. The Greeks and Romansused meal Art and Architecture pap uirsamiormr! The Romans also adopted many features of Greek art and knowledge the Romans, who architecture. Roman artists, however, developed their own See cei ees aT styles. The Greeks made statues that showed perfect-looking, Western word that oe stil people with beautiful bodies. Roman statues were more sed today. realistic and included wrinkles, warts, and other less attractive features. Roman builders also introduced their own features to Greek ideas. They used arches in bridges, aqueducts, and buildings. Rows of arches were often built against one another to form a vault, or curved ceiling. Using this method, the Romans were able to create domes from many rings of shaped stone. ‘The Romans were the first people to master the use of concrete, a mixture of volcanic ash, lime, and water. When it dried, this mix was as hard as rock. The Romans used concrete, domes, and arches to build many different structures. One of the most famous Roman structures is the Colosseum, a huge ar RnTEae arena completed about 4.p. 80. Another example is the Pantheon Making Connections Wat aresome (PANsthee+ AHN), a temple built to honor Rome's gods. The ofthe medial ies the aransleamed Pantheon’s domed roof was the largest of its time. Today, it is one a orate ese ea of the oldest undamaged buildings in the world. Literature Like the Greeks, Romans respected writers and philosophers. The Romans were also idealists searching for the meaning of life. Roman writers, however, went beyond the Greek myths and plays to create their own style. They honored their gods but also wrote comedies about them. The Romans praised military successes but also wrote about failures in battle. ‘walt curved celing made of arches Visual Vocabulary arch a curved partofastructure that serves asa support Lesson 345 Py, ATLANTIC roads, much long-distance travel and ‘trade was done by water. Roads reached areas that ships could not, so trade and travelimproved. © Locarion hveionote retolheenpe whe ane lc @ carmicat Tawaine Drawing Condusions Why were ‘omy fama xsi vata? GET sabes 4 verse or prose that pokes fun at human weaknesses 346 Roman Cuization ‘The Greeks presented inspirational plays ending with a moral. The Romans did the same but also added a touch of reality. Sometimes situations did not work out well for their characters. The Romans added a twist to their writing, revealing a more human side to people. They were not afraid to poke fun at the gods, political leaders, and heroes. The Roman poet Virgil (VUHRejuhl) drew ideas from the Odyssey, an epic poem by a Greek writer named Homer. Virgil's epic poem, the Aeneid (uh+NEE-uhd), tells the story of the founding of Rome. In the Aeneid, Virgil expresses the values that he believed should guide Rome: Cn 666 But you, remember, are tobe a Roman... Your tasks to impose peace by law and order: to protect the downtrodden, and to crush the arrogant [very proud] in war. 99 —from the Aeneid Bok VI. 1151-1154, by Virgil ‘ode aiyricpoem that expresses strong emations about fe Using Greek models, the Roman poet Horace (HAWR+uhs) dow wrote satires (SA tyrs). These works poked fun at human weaknesses, much like comedians do today. Horace also wrote ‘odes, or poems that express strong emotions about life. Inspired by the Greek historian Herodotus (hiheRAH+duh+ tuhs), Livy and Tacitus (TA esuhtuhs) wrote about Roman history. In his History of Rome, Livy describes Rome's rise to power, He said that history had moral lessons to teach people. While Livy celebrated Rome's greatness, Tacitus took a more critical view. He believed that Rome’s emperors had taken away people's freedom, Tacitus also thought Romans were losing the values that made them strong. He accused them of wasting time on sports and other pleasures. Theater and Language One of the most popular pastimes in Rome was attending, plays. Roman plays were staged as part of religious celebrations or national festivals. The actors wore masks to represent the characters. Masks allowed actors to play different roles. For most of Rome's history, men and boys played all the roles in a play. Women were allowed to act only in comedy plays called mimes. Latin, the language of the Romans, had an even bigger impact than Roman writings. Latin became Europe's language for government, trade, and learning until about a.v. 1500. Latin is the basis of many modern European languages, such as Italian, French, and Spanish. It shaped several others as well. Some of the English words we use today come from Latin. Romans attending the theater satin stadiums much ik those insports arenas today. A PROGRESS CHECK Explaining Describe Roman improvements to Greek architecture. LESSON 1 REVI Review Vocabulary 1. Whatis the difference between a satire and an ode? 2, Why woulda doctor today need to study anatomy? Answer the Guiding Questions 3. Identifying What were the diferent roles a father played in the Roman fami? 4, Describing What was dal life ike for Roman ‘women? Describe two differences that existed between ‘women who were wealthy and those who were poor. 5. Contrasting How did the Romans differ from the Greeksin ther art tat shows the human body? 6. Differentiating How di the Greeks influence Roman writers? 7, EXPOSITORY WRITING Why do civilizations borrow elements from earlier civilizations? Think of two elements of American culture that have been borrowed from ancient Roman cultures. Explain what they are ina short essay. Lesson 347 The Aeneid by Virgil (70 5. -19 8c) Ve is one of ancient Rome's greatest poets. He grew up ona farm and spent much of his life away from Rome. Virgil also served as a member in the court of Emperor Augustus. After Emperor Augustus defeated his rivals and took power, he asked the poet Virgil to write a poem to honor Rome. Virgil wrote the Aeneid. It is an epic that retells the Greek legend of the battle of Troy from a Roman point of view. In writing the Aeneid, Virgil did what many Roman artists did—he modeled his work on the earlier works of the Greeks. In the Aeneid, Virgil echoed the words of the Greek poet Homer. In this excerpt, Aeneas (ih * NEE ° uhs) is visiting the Underworld, the mythical world of the Dead, where he finds his father, Anchises (an * KEE ® sez). There, Anchises explains some of the mysteries of the Underworld and predicts that future members of Aeneas’s family will found Rome. 6 But you, remember, are to be a Roman.... Your task is to impose peace by law and order: to protect the downtrodden, and to crush the arrogant in war. —from Aeneid, Book Vi, by Virgil Aeneas caries Anchses—his father—from burning Try. 348° Roman Guilzation Virgil 708..-19 8.) the author of the epic The Aeneid Ca ‘66 Now: will describe to you the glory that wil come upon the future” generations of Trojans. wl tll you who our Italian descendants (din- SEHN -dufnts) will be, and what distinction they will bring to our name. Do you se that young man leaning ana simple spear? He... willbe the ist to have in his veins a mixture of Tojan and Italian blood. He willbe your son, Sivus. His mother wil be called Lavina... She wil bring him up in the woods to bea king and the father of kings... And tere are hs glorious successors, next to him. Look especialy at Silvis Aeneas, who wil share your name: if ever he comes tothe throne, he wil be remembered equally fr his devotion to the gods and for his courage in war. What excellent young men they are—don't you think? “Next comes Romulus: he will be the son of Mars and Rhea Silvia, herself descended from my grandfather. Do you see the double plume (PLOOM) on the cest of his helmet? And how he is marked out by his father to be a god himself? He will be the founder of Rome—a wall will enclose her seven hills, but her empire will reach to the farthest edges ofthe world, her fame to the heights of Olympus. She will be fortunate in the race that she will nurture {care for)... “To sum up there are some places where smiths and sculptors will shape bronze mare subtly, or carve more lifelike portraits out of marble; in thers, orators (AWR- uh tubs) will argue more persuasively, and astronomers will observe more accurately the motion ofthe heavenly bodies and predict the ising stars. But you, remember, are tobe a Roman, and the Romans’ artis tobe art ofa diferent kind: the art of government, of ruling nations. Your tasks to impose peace by law and order: to protect the downtrodden, and to crush the arrogantin war.” 99 —rom Vetgil’* Aeneid: Her, War, Humanity. tr. [Link]. *Yergilisanalterat speling of Virgil Vocabulary descendant future member ofa family smith «raftsperson who works with metal orator public speaker downtrodden people who are poor or suffering Visual Vocabulary Aplumeisa group of feathers or hose hai often worn onthe top ofa headpiece. Perenrme es @ Analyzing Whatis he purpose of Anchses's speech to Aeneas? What parts ofthe passage show that purpose? © Interpreting What does Anchises describe as the*Romans’ art”? Lesson 349 UE eMC er eet eM ay eee! ar ea 5 Rome’s Decline Meg eer STP Sea eee IT MATTERS BECAUSE The fall of Rome resulted from political uproar, distant wars, and economic crises. GUIDING QUESTION What problems led to Rome's dedine? Marcus Aurelius was the last of five emperors who reigned during the Pax Romana, a time of peace and progress. Nearly a century of confusion and violence followed. During this time, Rome's government grew weak, while the army became very powerful. To stay in office, an emperor had to pay ; increasingly higher wages to the soldiers who supported him i When these payments could not be made, soldiers would turn against the emperor. Then civil wars broke out, as legion fought legion to put a new emperor on the throne, In a span of about 50 years, ending in a.p. 284, Rome had 22 different emperors. Most were murdered by the army or by their bodyguards. Roman society also suffered during this period. Many Romans no longer honored the traditional values of duty, courage, and honesty. Dishonest government officials took bribes, and few talented citizens wanted to hold government office. Interest and support for education declined, and many wealthy Romans simply stopped paying taxes. Enslaved laborers now made up a large part of the empire's population, i Shown here ode easonsthe oman Empice collapsed ASSES 350 Roman Guilzation Rome's weakened government led to a weakened economy during the A.p. 200s. Roman soldiers and foreign invaders attacked farms and disrupted trade. These attacks led to food shortages, and food prices soared. People had less money to spend, so they bought fewer goods. The price of wheat from Egypt rose from seven or eight drachmae (DRAYK+muh) per unit to 120,000. Merchants saw their profits decline, forcing, many out of business. Many workers lost their jobs, To stop this economic decline, the government produced more coins. The government, however, did not have a large supply of gold and silver. Asa result, the new coins had less of these precious metals in them, which reduced their value. In order to get the same profit for their goods, farmers and merchants continued to raise their prices. These actions led to inflation, or a steep rise in prices with a matching decline in the value of money. As the value of Roman coins decreased, people began to barter, or to exchange goods instead of money. While Rome continued to struggle, Germanic tribes raided the western empire, and Persian armies invaded in the east. People living in cities built protective walls around them. With less money to use, the government started to hire Germanic soldiers. Germanic soldiers, however, had no loyalty to the empire. ‘When Roman coins were made, they ‘were imprinted with the image ofthe ruling emperor. These well preserved walls were built bythe Romans nthe lates, 200s to protect the town of Lugo, Spa > CRITICAL THINKING Drawing Conclusions Wy dit Roman towns require protection in the x0, 2005? ‘giants foot No, tis actuallya ‘replica of afoot from a statu ofthe Roman Emperor Constantine. This 30-foo (9.1m) statue once stood ina publicbulding inthe Roman Forum, > CRITICAL THINKING Hypothesizing Wy do you think Constantine reform dd not end Rome's dene? 352 Roman Gvization Who Was Diocletian? A general named Diocletian (DY +uh*KLEE+shuhn) became emperor in A.p. 284, He introduced reforms, or political changes to make things better. To defend the empire against invasions, Diocletian built forts along its frontiers. To rule the large empire more efficiently, he divided it into four parts, each with its own ruler. He held ultimate authority over all of them. Diocletian also tried to strengthen the economy. He set maximum prices for wages and goods in order to prevent prices from rising further. To improve productivity, he ordered workers to remain at the same jobs until they died. Diocletian also made local officials personally responsible for the taxes their communities had to pay. Despite these efforts, Diocletian's reforms did not succeed. People ignored his rules, and Diocletian was not a strong enough emperor to enforce them. Ed PROGRESS CHECK Explaining How did Diocletian try to improve Rome's economy? The Fall of Rome GUIDING QUESTION What effect did Grmanicinvaders have on the Roman Empire? When Diocletian left office in a.p. 305, conflict again broke out in the empire. Fighting continued until another general named Constantine (KAHN«stuhn+TEEN) became emperor in av. 312, Constantine’s Rule To improve the economy, Constantine issued several orders to reinforce the rules of Diocletian. Constantine also wanted a stable workforce and military. For example, the sons of workers had to follow their fathers’ trades. The sons of farmers had to work their fathers’ lands. The sons of soldiers served in the army. In spite of Constantine's reforms, the empire continued to decline. In a.p. 330, Constantine moved the capital from a failing Rome to a new city in the east—the Greek city of Byzantium (buh+ZAN+tee*uhm) in present-day Turkey. This city became known as Constantinople (kahnestan+tuh* NOH puhl). After Constantine died a few years later, Theodosius (THEE *uh+ DOH eshuhs) took power in Constantinople. | ? | i Feinforce tostrengthen ‘expand tospread out After taking power, Theodosius found the empire difficult to govern. The empire covered a vast area and faced threats from both inside and outside its borders. Theodosius realized the empire had become too large to control from one seat of government. ‘Theodosius decided that—when he died—the eastern and western parts should become separate empires. This division took place in a.p. 395. ‘One empire was the Western Roman Following ther tebelion and victory Empire, with its capital remaining at Rome. The other was the re Men ee Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital city at Constantinople. During the late a.p. 300s and 400s, many Germanic tribes migrated from northern Europe and fought to expand their hold over Roman territory. Some were looking for better land for raising livestock and farming. Many, however, were fleeing the Huns, a fierce group of warriors from Mongolia in Asia. In the late a.v. 300s, the Huns entered Eastern Europe. Fearing a Hun attack, one Germanic tribe, the Visigoths (VIH+ zuhegahths), asked the Roman government for protection. The Romans let them settle just inside the empire's border. Here they were under the protection of the Roman army. In return, the Visigoths promised to be loyal to the empire. They promised not Themodem yf stanbul was to attack the empire from the inside. known as Byzantium during the ast ‘The Romans, however, treated the Visigoths badly. They dso the Westen Roman Epi. charged them high prices for food and enslaved some of their ees Exiparor Constantine moved Roman demands, the Visigoths finally rebelled. Se ee people. Tired of Roman demands, the Visigoths finally . ee In Av. 378, they fought and defeated the Roman legions at Constantinople. Adrianople (AY+dree*uh* NOH» puhi). > CRITICAL THINKING ‘Analyzing Wy id Constantine move the capital to Byzantium? KEY (MBI Wescern Roman Empire Gl Eastern Roman Empire Ae Battle: = Anoles!saxons ATLANTIC } | = Franks OCEAN ( = few ete Z oem Ostrogoths = Vanda = Visigoths "Numerous invasions ed tothe fll of i boner The Visigoths’ victory brought more attacks on Roman (AD MovEMENT Who attacked territory. Soon, Germanic tribes invaded Gaul, which is oem Lean today France. Then, in a.p. 410, the Visigoth leader Alaric (Asluhsrihk) led his people into Italy and captured Rome itself. Te The Visigoths looted the city’s government buildings and private Presents ge homes. Rome’s conquest by Alaric made it clear that the empire ie experienced eye mean would not, as many Romans believed, last forever. The Vandals, another Germanic group, attacked Roman lands in Spain and northern Africa. Then they sailed to Italy, and in A. 455, entered Rome. They were able to overcome the Romans living there, The Vandals spent almost two weeks seizing valuables and burning buildings. The English word vandalism, meaning “the willful destruction of property,” comes from the actions of the Vandals. The Germanic people had entered every part of Rome's organization. By the mid-a.p. 400s, Germanic soldiers had been working for the Roman government for centuries. feading in the Content Area: Charts aa Flowchartscanshowa chain of events. To read flowchart follow the arrows. sk yourself questions suchas, “What are the steps inthis event? How does one event lead to another?” 354° Roman Guiteation Roman Emperor Forced Out Asa result, several Germanic leaders held high posts in Rome's government and army. In a.p. 476, the Germanic general named ‘Odoacer (OH+duh+ WAY «suhr) had enough support from soldiers that he was able to take control. Odoacer overthrew the western emperor, a 14-year-old boy named Romulus Augustulus (RAHMeyuheluhs aw+GUHSechaheluhs). ‘After Odoacer seized control, no Roman emperor ever again ruled from Rome. From then on, foreign powers ruled what had been the Roman Empire. Historians often use this event to mark the end of the Western Roman Empire. It was a major turning point in history. Odoacer controlled Rome for almost 15 years. The Germanic peoples, however, continued to fight amongst themselves. During Odoacer's rule, a group of Visigoths attacked the city of Rome. After much fighting, they seized the city and killed Odoacer. They set up their new kingdom in Italy under their leader, Theodoric (thes AH ¢duhrihk). Elsewhere in Europe, other Germanic kingdoms arose and came to power. ‘The Western Roman Empire ceased to exist. Pope Gregory I wrote about the fall of Rome and how it affected people who had lived within its borders. Connections to TODAY Vandalism isa word with Roman origins. It means “the intentional destruction or damage to property” Graft is type of vandalism. Itinvolves writing, drawing, or carving ‘words or symbols on any surface without the permission of the owner. A person who destroys or damages property ‘on purpose is called a vandal. ag aa WEAK ROMAN GOVERNMENT mn ‘ROME FALS AND DIVIDES INTWD erment alto gp od Peer! EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE frthn cia ee ' ere “The emp survives attacks and prosper ROMEFALLS aor ent Bets Se eer The Sara Sasa Abst nite Sate 205, Several factors ed tothe decline of Rome. © wenmievine vinatinee factors led to the division of the Fama Ere? © EWPLAINING Why did Ramen 0.496 © crmicat THINKING Contrasting Why id the Eastern Roman Empire survive andthe Western Roman Empire id noe Lesson2 355 Academic Vocabulary participate totakepart 356 Roman vation Cn G6 We see om al sides sorrows; We hear on all sides groans. ties are destroyed, fortifications razed (forts destroyed] to the ground, fields devastated [left in run], land reduced to solitude. No husbandman [farmer] is left in the fields, few inhabitants remain inthe cites... What Rome herself, once deemed [regarded as] the Mistress of the World, hhas now become, we see—wasted away with ... the oss of citizens, the assaults of enemies, the frequent fall of ruined buildings. 99 —rom Homilarum in Ezechiele,by Pope Gregory | By a.0. 550, a group of Germanic-ruled territories had replaced the Western Roman Empire, yet Roman culture did not completely disappear. Western Europe’s new Germanic rulers adopted the Latin language, Roman laws, and Christianity. In the eastern Mediterranean, the Eastern Roman Empire thrived. It became known as the Byzantine Empire and lasted nearly 1,000 more years. ROGRESS CHECK Identifying Why do historians consider 4.0. 476 an important date? Rome’s Legacies GUIDING QUESTION Whatare the key achievements and contributions of Roman ilzation? The influence of the ancient Romans still surrounds us. Roman achievements live on is. our system of laws and government today. The peace and order created by Roman rule helped with the rapid grow. th and spread of the Christian religion. Rome's Influence on Law and Government Many beliefs about law and justice in the American legal system come from Roman ideas. Like the Romans, we believe that everyone is equal under the law. We also believe that a person is considered innocent until proven guilty. We, like the Romans, require our judges to decide cases fairly. ‘The republican form of government was developed in ancient Rome. Certain citizens in a republic elected their leaders. The United States and a number of other countries today are democratic republics. We also believe that a republic works best if all adult citizens vote, participate in government, and help to improve their communities. Rome’s Cultural Impact Many Western countries use the Latin alphabet, which has expanded from 22 to 26 letters. The Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian languages are derived from Latin—the Ianguage of the Romans. Many English words have Latin roots, The oman arch can support rge Latin phrases are part of the vocabulary of scientists, doctors, domes. The design ofour US. and lawyers. The Romans continue to influence the literature we a ST ae read and enjoy. The great Roman writers such as Virgil, Horace, fc te ce oral Livy, and Tacitus are still admired and studied. Architecture ook ike onthe interior. and construction also owe much to the ancient Romans, Government buildings in Washington, DC. and the capital cities of many states often use domes and arches inspired by Roman architecture. Concrete, a Roman development, remains a major building material today. Ancient Rome and Christianity Christianity is a major world religion. It began in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and was adopted by Rome's emperors in the A.D. 300s. Those emperors helped the new religion grow and spread. The Roman road system allowed the early Christians to travel throughout the empire safely and quickly. As a result, Christian ideas were easily shared with other groups of people. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Christianity continued to attract new believers. Ed PROGRESS CHECK Comparing What Roman contributions still influence our lives today? ed Review Vocabulary : ‘4, Summarizing Describe how Rome contributed to the development of world languages. 5. PERSUASIVE WRITING What do you think was the greatest accomplishment of Roman civilization? ‘1, Why were Diocletian's reforms unsuccessful? Answer the Guiding Questions 2. Describing Discuss two problems that led to Write d one-page essay that describes the Rome's decline. accomplishment and why you feel it was the 3. Explaining How cd the division ofthe Roman cwvilzatons greatest. Empire make it easy for people to invade it? Leson2 357 “What Do You Think? Did People Benefit from Roman Rule? A AG Throughout their vast empire, the Romans built roads, bridges, ein and irrigation systems. These improvements allowed trade : and agriculture to flourish. To accomplish these changes, however, the Romans had to sail to other lands to obtain materials. With the traders came Roman soldiers. Some people, however, did not want to be ruled by the Romans. Many died fighting against the Roman invaders. Mosaic of Romans Yes cnloating abot. ‘66 From neighboring continents far and wide a ceaseless endless flow of goods pousinto Rome. From every land andl every sea come each season’ crops, the produce of countryside, river, an lakes, and artces skilfully made by Greks an foreigners. _..Somany merchants arrive from all points ofthe compass with their ‘argoes throughout the year, and with each return of harvest, that the city is like the common warehouse of the world ... clothing from Babylonia, luxuries from barbarian lands beyond. ... Egypt, Sicily and Africa are your farms... Everything converges {comes together] here—trade, shipping, agriculture, metallurgy {making products from metals], all the skills that exist and have existed, everything that is bred or grown. Anything that annot be seen in Rome does not exist. 99 —Aelusristides, ToRome The Destruction ofthe Temples in Jerusalem by the Emperor Tus, a painting by Nicolas Poussin 66 As the legions [soldiers] charged in, neither persuasion nor threat could check [stop] ther impetuosty [impulsive behavior: passion [frenzy] alone was in command... Most ofthe victims were peaceful iizens, weak and unarmed, butchered [killed] wherever they were caught. While the Sanctuary [Temple] was burning, looting went on right and left and all who ‘were caught were put to the sword. There was no pity forage, no regard for ran; tle children and old men, laymen and priests alike were butchered; every class was held in the iron embrace of war, whether they defended themselves or cried for mercy... They also burnt the treasuries which housed huge sums of money, huge ‘quantities of clothing, and other precious things. 99 —lavus) Josephus describing the destruction ofthe Jewish temple bythe Romansin x0 70, The Jewish War (rere @ Identifying Which person has a favorable view of Rome? @ Describing Does (Flavius) Josephus believe the Romans were merciful when they conquered people? How does he try to persuade the reader tosupporthis belie? © Making inferences What do you think Aristides meant when he sai, “Anything that cannot be seen in Rome does not exist”? Lesson 359 networks eee ad omnes ty ee ca cay ere CRITICAL THINKING As you will learn, they also brought Christianity to people in See Eastern Europe. cate radal influence the Byzantine Empicemorethan foman cute? Ed PROGRESS CHECK Explaining Why was Constantinople important to the Byzantine Empire? Build Vocabulary: Word Origins The word hippadrome comes rom the Greek word hippos, meaning “horse and domos, meaning “race” or “couse” Lesson3. 361 BIOGRAPHY Justinian | (A.D. 483-565) Justinian uncle, Justin, provided Justinian with an excellent education ata school in Byzantium. When Justin became emperor, he adopted Justinian and made him his chief advisor and, ater, co-uler. In ‘0.527, Justin died, and Justinian became emperor Empress Theodora (A.D. 500-548) Theodora wasa member ofa lower Social ass. Jusinian could not many her: it wasllega for people of ower dlssesto marry nobles. Jstnian uncle Justin, who was the emperor, changed the law so that the couple could marry, > CRITICAL THINKING ‘Making Inferences: Why do you think there were as preventing people fom the ower ases rom marrying nobles? Vie Sis Ww - Academic Vocabulary egal ofr relating tothe aw estore tobringbacktoan origina state 362 Roman uilzation Justinian’s Rule GUIDING QUESTION How did Emperor Justinian and Empress Theadora strengthen the Byzantine Empire? Justinian (juh¢STIHenee+uhn) ruled the Byzantine Empire at the height of its power. A skilled general and a strong leader, Justinian ruled from a.v. 527 until a.p. 565. He governed with supreme power and controlled the military and all of the legal decisions made within the empire. Many historians view Justinian as the greatest Byzantine emperor. Who Was Theodora? Justinian’ wife, the empress Theodora (THEE+uh+ DOHR+ uh), was a beautiful, intelligent, and ambitious woman. She participated actively in government and helped Justinian choose government officials. Theodora helped Byzantine women win more legal rights. At her urging, Justinian changed Byzantine aw so that a wife could own land. If a woman became a widow, her land would provide the income she needed to take care of her children. Theodora showed her political wisdom during a crisis in A.D, 532. When angry taxpayers in Constantinople threatened the government, Justinian’s advisers urged Justinian to flee the city. Theodora, however, told her husband to stay and fight. According to one Byzantine historian, Theodora told Justinian that she would rather die as an empress than escape and live as an outlaw: CE (66 May I never be separated from this purple [royal color], and may not live that day on Which those who meet me shall ot address meas mistress. If, now, itis your wish to save yourself, O Emperor, there isn ficult. For we have much money, and there isthe sea, here the boats. However consider whether it will not come about after you have been saved that you would glaly exchange tat safety for death. Fras for myself, approve a certain ancient saying that royalty isa good buria-shroud. 99 —rom "The Nika Rot,” by Procopius Taking Theodora’s advice, Justinian stayed in the city and fought back. His army crushed the rebels. By doing this, Justinian was able to restore order and strengthen his power as emperor. Reading Strategy: Listing Listing information you have red about helps you remember. Create a bulleted list that shows the ways Theodora influenced or helped the Byzantine Empire. I { 4 One of Justinian’s lasting contributions to future civilizations was in the area of law. Shortly after he became emperor, Justinian realized that the empire’s laws were disorganized and confusing. He ordered a group of legal scholars headed by Tribonian (truh*BOH+nee+uhn) to create a simpler and better code of laws. The group's new legal code became known as the Justinian Code. The code helped officials and businesspeople better understand the empire's laws. Throughout the centuries, the Justinian Code has been the basis for the legal systems of almost every country in the Western world, Justinian, along with other Byzantine emperors, was interested Thedome ofthe Hagia Sophia towers in arts and architecture. The emperors ordered the construction mare than 180 feet above the ground, of churches, forts, and government buildings throughout the Saree ae iCy Byzantine Empire. Among the hundreds of beautiful churches the weld When tre Ottoman Trts and palaces in Constantinople was the church called Hagia conquered Constantinople in Sophia (HAH-jeesuh soh+ FEE +uh), or “Holy Wisdom.” 10.1453, the cathedral was converted ‘toa mosque. Today, Hagia Sophia isa ‘museum, KEY ‘The Byzantine Empire, nors27-s05 (HE Byzantine Empire before ‘tina 527 Ti Area ade to Byzantine Empire during Jostinons conquest, A 565 Justinian extended the Byzantine Empire's borders but was unable tomaintain them. 1 PLACE twtr wes dite ene exed ters’ comes! (@ cRImicat THINKING Inferring Vy might a aualy be sel fr defending thislarge empire? motifs orimages created by anarrangement of colored glass orstone 364 Roman Chization ° ies {amb Cotro Conran Under Justinian’s orders, nearly 10,000 workers labored in shifts to build the church. Upon its completion in a.v. 537, the domed church became the religious center of the Byzantine Empire. The interior of Hagia Sophia contains walls of polished marble and beautiful gold and silver ornaments. This unique building still stands in Istanbul today. Numerous mosaics also decorated the interior walls of Hagia Sophia. Mesaies (moh*ZAY +ihks) are patterns or pictures made from small pieces of colored glass or stone. Popular in the Byzantine Empire, most mosaics showed figures of saints, or Christian holy people. Other mosaics, such as the one at the beginning of the chapter, honored Byzantine emperors. In addition to the arts and architecture, Emperor Justinian was concerned about education. Learning was highly respected in the Byzantine culture. In Byzantine schools, boys studied religion, medicine, law, arithmetic, grammar, and other subjects. Some were schooled by private tutors. Girls did not generally attend schools and received any teaching at home. people considered holy by followers ofthe Chistian faith Military Conquests Justinian wanted to restore the Roman Empire and bring back Piesces seuss the glory of Rome. Led by a general named Belisarius (BEH* ths Byzantine caval solders a luh+SAR+ce+uhs), the Byzantine army was strengthened wore plumed helmets. avaly made and reorganized. Instead of relying on foot soldiers, the new oa eae ating force. army used cavalry—soldiers mounted on horses. Byzantine cavalry wore armor and carried bows and lances, which were rong spears Explaining How Belsaris stengthen the ary ofthe Between .p. 533 and A.p. 555, the Byzantine military atin Epi! conquered territories that were once part of the great Roman Empire. These territories included Italy and parts of Spain and northern Africa. They also defeated the Persians, which increased the security of the eastern borders of the empire. However, the conquests of Justinian’s army were short-lived. During the mid-500s, a deadly disease known to historians as “Justinian’s Plague” swept through Asia and Europe. The plague killed millions of people, including many men in Justinian’s army. The loss of so many soldiers severely weakened the Byzantine Empire's ability to fight wars. In addition, the Byzantines did not have the money to support an army large enough to defend against the Persians in the east and protect the lands in the west. Most of the western territories that Justinian conquered were lost after his death. > CRITICAL THINKING Ed PROGRESS CHECK Understanding Cause and Effect What effect did Theodora have on Justinian’s rule? LESSON 3 REVIEW Review Vocabulary 4, Identifying Cause and Effect What effect 1. How were saints shown in mosaics? did the Justinian Code have on the Byzantine Empire? Kemanr the Guiting uertions 5. Drawing Conclusions Why did the Byzantine 2. Explaining How did Constantinople’ location military grow weaker? help it become a wealthy city? a 6. PERSUASIVE WRITING Write a speech that 3. Describing How did the advancements made by Theodora might have given to Justinian to convince Greek and Roman civilizations influence the him to stay in Constantinople during te rebelion Byzantine Empire? ino, $32. Lesson3 365

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