Pointers
Radiation – Emission or transmission of energy
Ionizing Radiation
- Refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by
detaching electrons from them
- A form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms and molecules of materials
Non-Ionizing Radiation
- Refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or
molecules
- It is not strong to directly affect the structure of atom
Applications of Ionizing Radiation
1. Radiation therapy utilizes ionizing radiation to treat malignant and benign diseases
2. Gamma radiation used to treat tumors and abnormalities in the brain
3. X-rays allow doctors and dentists to spot broken bones and dental problems
Application of Non-Ionizing Radiation
1. LASER application for cosmetics
2. Infrared radiation can encourage the circulation of local blood and stress, in the muscles
Non-Ionizing Types of EM Waves
- Radiowaves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light
Optics – Mirrors and Lenses
Optics – study of sight and the behavior of light
Reflection – the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane mirror
- Describe the path of light as straight-line rays
Incident Ray – ray of light approaching the mirror represented by an arrow approaching an optical element, like mirrors
Reflected Ray – the ray of light which leaves the mirror and is represented by an arrow pointing away from the mirror
Normal Line -imaginary line that can be drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror at the point of incidence where the ray strikes
the mirror
Two Laws of Reflection
1. Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal line lie on the same plane
Angle of Incidence - between the incident ray and the normal line
Angle of Reflection – between the reflected ray and the normal line
Reflection Vocabulary – Real Image
- Image is made from “real” light rays that converge at a real focal point so the image is REAL
- Can be projected onto a screen because light actually passes through the point where the image appears
- Always inverted
Virtual Image
- Rays seem to come from behind the mirror, but, of course they don’t. It is virtually as if the rays where coming from behind
the mirror
- “Virtually” the same as if, as far as the eye brain system is concerned, the effect is the same as would occur if the mirror were
absent and the chess piece were actually located at the spot labeled “virtual image”
Two Types of Reflection
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1. Regular/Specular Reflection – a reflection of light on smooth surfaces such as mirrors or a calm body of water
2. Irregular/Diffused Reflection – a reflection of light on rough surfaces such as clothing, paper, wavy water and asphalt road
Multiple Images – formed by the reflection that happens when arranging at least two mirrors
Angle between the mirror – ( N = 360 – 1 )
Curved Mirrors
What if the mirror isn’t flat?
- Light still follows the same rules, with local surface normal
Parabolic mirrors have exact focus
- Used in telescopes, backyard satellites dishes, etc
- Also forms virtual image
Two kinds of Spherical Mirrors
1. Concave Mirror
- Curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges away from the light source
- Called Converging Mirror because the parallel incident rays converge or meet/intersect at a focal point after reflection
- Curved inward,
- May be real or virtual image
Examples: Dentist mirror, Cosmetics mirror, Burning mirror, Solar cooker, Shaving mirror and Head light of a car
2. Convex Mirror
- Curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges towards the light source
- Called Diverging Mirror because the parallel light rays diverge after reflection. When extending the reflected rays behind the
mirror, the rays converge at the focus behind the mirror
Four key characteristics of Images ( LOST )
Location: where the image forms relative to the mirror
Orientation: whether the image is upright or inverted
Size: whether the image is smaller, larger, or the same size as the object
Type: whether the image is real or virtual
- For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed by the mirror. The image is upright and larger than the
object
- For a real object between C and f, a real image is formed outside of C. The image is inverted and larger than the object
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