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Differential Equations and Applications

The document contains a series of differential equations and their solutions, organized into units covering first-order and higher-order linear differential equations, as well as applications of these equations. It includes various problems related to cooling, bacterial growth, and radioactive decay, along with Laplace transform problems. Each section provides specific equations to be solved, demonstrating the application of differential equations in real-world scenarios.

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Byroju Thrayaksha
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18 views9 pages

Differential Equations and Applications

The document contains a series of differential equations and their solutions, organized into units covering first-order and higher-order linear differential equations, as well as applications of these equations. It includes various problems related to cooling, bacterial growth, and radioactive decay, along with Laplace transform problems. Each section provides specific equations to be solved, demonstrating the application of differential equations in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

Byroju Thrayaksha
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

UNIT-1- DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

Solve the following differential equations.


1.
 cos x  x cos y  dy   sin y  y sin x  dx  0
  1 
2.  y 1    cos y  dx   x  log x  x sin y  dy  0
  x 
3. e y

 1 cos xdx  e y sin xdx  0
 x
 x
 x
4. 1  e  dx  e y 1   dy  0
y
   y
 
dy
5.  y tan x  x m cos x
dx
dy
6. x  y  x 2  3 x  2
dx
dy 3x 2 sin 2 x
7.  y 
dx 1  x3 1  x3

8. x  2 y3
dy
dx

y0

dy
9.  y sec 2 x  tan x sec 2 x
dx
10. Solve  sin x cos y  e2 x  dx   cos x sin y  tan y  dy  0

  
11. y 2 e xy  4 x 3 dx  2 xye xy  3 y 2 dy  0
2 2


dy
12. Solve cos3 x  y cos x  sin x
dx
dy
13. Solve  x  2   y  2  x  2
3

dx
dy
14. Solve  y cot x  5ecos x find the particular solution, given the initial condition
dx

x , y  4
2

15. 1  y 2   x  e tan  1
y
 dydx  0
16.  x  tan y  dy  sin 2 ydx
dy
17.  y tan x  y 3 sec x
dx
dy y
18.   y 2 x sin x
dx x
19. cos xdy  y  sin x  y  dx
dy
20.  y tan x  y 3 sec x
dx

UNIT–I Applications of first order Differential Equations


21. A body cools from 600C to 500C in 10 minutes when kept in air at 300C in the next 10
minutes what is the temperature of the body.
22. It takes 10 minutes to cool a liquid from 610C to 590C. If room temperature is 300C
then what is time to take to cools from 510C to 490C.
23. A bacterial culture growing exponentially, increasing from 200-500gr in the period
from 6am-9am how many gms will be present at noon?
24. The number of bacteria culture grow at the rate proportional to N, the value of N was
initially 100 and it increases to 332 in one hr. What would be the value of N after
1
1 hr
2
25. If 30% of radio active substance disappear in 10 days. How long will it take for 90%
of it to disappear.
26. State and derive the Newton’s law of cooling
27. The temperature of a cup of coffee is 920C when freshly poured in a room temperature
being [Link] 1 min , it was cooled to 800C. How long a period amount elapse before
the temperature of cup becomes 650C.
28. Suppose that an object is heated to 300F and allowed to cool is a room whose air
temperature 20F, it after 10 min, the temperature of the object is 250F, what will be its
temperature after 20 min?
29. If a population is increasing exponentially at the rate of 2% per year. What will be the
% increasing over a period of 10 years?
30. If radio active carbon-14 has a half life of 5750 years, what will remain of 1 gram after
3000 years?
31. Bacteria in a culture grows exponentially so that the initial amount has doubled in 2hr
when it will be tripled.

UNIT–II: Higher order Linear Differential Equations


Solve the following differential equations

32. D 4

 2D3  3D2  4D  4 y  0
d3y d2y dy
33. 3
 9 2  23  15 y  0
dx dx dx

   
2
34. D3  1 y  e x  1
35. y  4 y  3 y  4e3 x , y  0   1, y  0   3
36. y  4 y  20 y  23sin t  15cos t , y  0   0, y  0   1
d4y
37. 4
 y  cos x cosh x  2 x 4  x  1
dx
38.  D2  4  y  2cos2 x
39.  D2  3D  2  y  cos x

40.  D2  3D  2  y  2 x 2
41.  D2  4D  4  y  8x 2  e x
42.  D2  3D  2  y  e x  cos x  x 2
43.  D2  1 y  x2e3 x
44.  D2  2  y  e x cos x
45.  D2  2D  1 y  xe x sin x

46.  D 2  4 D  3 y  ee
x

47. y  y  cos ec x by the method of variation of parameter.


48. Solve y   4 y  tan x by the method of variation of parameter
49. Solve y  y  sec x by the method of variation of parameter.
50. Solve  D 2  1 y  sin x by the method of variation of parameter.
51. Solve  D2  2D  y  e x sin x by the method of variation of parameter.
52. Solve  D2  a 2  y  tan ax by the method of variation of parameter.
53. Solve  D 2  2 D  2  y  e x tan x by the method of variation of parameter.
54. Solve  D2  4  y  sec 2 x by the method of variation of parameter.
55. Solve y  4 y  sec 2 x by the method of variation of parameter.
56. Solve x 2 y  2 xy  2 y  4 x3 .
d 2 y 1 dy y 2 log x
57. Solve 2    .
dx x dx x 2 x2
58. Solve x 2 y  xy  3 y  x 2 log x .
59. Solve x3 y  x 2 y  2 xy  2 y  x3  3x .
60. Solve  x  3 y  4  x  3 y  6 y  log  x  3 .
3

61. Solve  x  y  3x 2 y  xy  8 y  65cos  log x  .


3
62. Solve  x  y  3x 2 y  xy  y  x  log x
3

63. Solve  2 x  1 D3    2 x  1 D  2  y  x
3

64. Solve  5  2 x  y  6  5  2 x  y  8 y  0


2

65. Solve  x  y  3x 2 y  xy  8 y  65cos  log x 


3

UNIT-III
Laplace Transforms
4t
1. Find Laplace transform of e sin 2t cos t

cos t , 0 t  
2. Find the Laplace transform of f t   
sin t , t 
9s 2  12s  15
3. If L  f (t )  , find L  f (3t ) using change of scale property.
( s  1)3
 cos t 
4. Evaluate L  
 t 
5. Find the Laplace transforms of (i)t 2e2t sin t
 t et sin t 
6. Find  i  L   dt 
t
0 
 cos 4t sin 2t 
7. Find L  
 t 

(e  at sin 2 t )
8. Using Laplace transform, evaluate  dt
0
t
 t sin t 
9. Evaluate (i) L et  dt 
 0 t 

cos 6t cos 4t
10. Evaluate  t
dt
0
 2t
e sinh t
11. Prove that  t
dt  log 3
0
12. Find the Laplace transform of triangular wave function of period 2a given by
t , 0 t  a
f t   
2a  t , a  t  2a.
s 1
1. Find inverse Laplace transform of
s  6 s  25 2

2 s  12
2. Find inverse Laplace transform of 2
s  6 s  13
 s3 
3. Find L1  2 
 s  10s  29 
  s  1 
4. Find L1 log  
  s  1 
  u  1  
5. Evaluate L1   log  du 
 s  u  1  
 ( s  1) 
6. Find L1 2  s log 
 ( s  1) 
 s 
7. Find L1  2 2 
 ( s  4) 
 1 
8. Find L1  2 
 s( s  1)( s  1) 
2

s
9. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of
s  a4
4

 2s 2  6s  5 
10. Evaluate L1  3 
 s  6s  11s  6 
2

 4s  5  1  s2  6 
11. Evaluate (i) L1   (ii ) L  2 
 ( s  1) ( s  2)   ( s  1)( s  4) 
2 2

s2 s2
12. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of (i) (ii)
( s  2)3 ( s  4s  5) 2
2

13. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following:


1  s 2  b2   s2 1  1  2 
(i ) log  2 2 
(ii ) log   (iii) tan  2 
2 s  a   s ( s  1)  s 

14. If L  f (t )  1
s ( s  1)
2
, find 
L et f (2t )
15. Apply convolution theorem to evaluate
 s  1  s2   1  1  1  1  s 
(i) L1  2  (ii ) L  2
(iii) L1   (iv) L   (v ) L  2 2 2 
 ( s  a)   ( s  a ) ( s  b)   ( s  1)( s  1)   ( s  2) ( s  2)   (s  a ) 
2 2 2 2 2 2
16. Use Laplace transform to solve y  3 y  2 y  4t  e3t , y  0   1, y  0   1

17. Solve by using Laplace transform, the equation ( D 2  9) x  cos 2t ,


x(0)  1, x( / 2)  1
d2y dy dy
18. Use Laplace transform to solve 2  3 y  sin t , y   0 when t  0
2 dt dt
dt
2
d x dx dx
19. Solve  x  3 tet given x  4 and
2  0 at t  0
2 dt dt
dt

 
20. Solve D 2  3D  2 y  1  e 2t , y  1,
dy
dt
 0, when t  0 using Laplace transform

 d 
D  
 dt 
d 2x dx dx
21. Solve  x  3 tet given x  4 and
2  0 at t  0 using Laplace transform.
dt 2 dt dt
22. Using Laplace transform, solve

 D3  D2  4D  4 y  68e x sin 2 x, y  1, Dy  19, D2 y  37at x  0


d 2x
23. Solve the Differential equation  9 x sin t , using Laplace transform given that
dt 2
 
x(0)  1, x    1
2
d2y dy
24. Using Laplace transform, find the solution of 2  5 y e x , y  0   0, y  0   1
dx 2 dx
25. Using Laplace transform, solve  D2  5D  6 y  x2e x , y(0)  a, y' (0)  b
26. Using Laplace transform, solve  D2  1 x  t cos 2t given x  0, dxdt  0 at t  0
27. Using Laplace transform, solve
d2y dy
2
 2  5 y  et sin t given that y (0)  0, y ' (0)  1
dt dt

UNIT–IV
Vector Differentiation
n
1. Prove that r r is Solenoidal if n=-3.
r df r
2. Prove that   f  r    f /
r  
r dr r
3. Find the greatest value of directional derivative f  x 2 yz 3 at (2,1, -1).

4. Prove that F  yzi  zxj  xyk is irrotational.


5. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x2+y2+2z2=26 at the point (2,2,3)
6. Find CurlF where F  xy 2 i  2 x 2 yzj  3 yz 2 k at (1, -1,1).

7. Find constants a, b, c so that the vector A =(x+2y+az) i+(b x–3y–z) j+(4x+cy+2z) k is


irrotational. Also find ϕ such that A = φ.
8. Find the directional Derivative of f ( x, y, z )  xy 2  yz 3 at the point (2, -1,1) in the

direction of the vector i  j  k


9. Find the directional derivative of φ (x, y, z) = x 2yz + 4xz2 at the point (1, -2, -1) in the
direction of the normal to the surface f (x, y, z) = x log z –y2 at (-1, 2, 1).

10. Find the angle between the surfaces x  y  z  9 and z  x  y  3 at the


2 2 2 2 2

point (2, -1,2).

11. Find directional derivative of the function f  x  y  2 z at the point P (1,2,3)


2 2 2

in the direction of PQ where Q (5,0,4)


12. Show that the vector ( x 2  yz ) i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy )k is irrotational and find
its scalar potential.
13. Find the angle between the normal’s to the given surface xy = z2 at the points (4,1,2)
and (3,3, -3),
14. Prove that if r is the position vector of any point in space, then r n r is irrotational.
15. Prove that Curl r  0

16. Find constants a,b,c so that the vector A  ( x  2 y  az ) i  (bx  3y z) j 

(4 x  cy  2z)k is irrotational. Also find  such that A  


2
17. Show that  2  f  r    f //  r   2 f /  r   d f  2 df
  r dr 2 r dr
18. If 1  x 2 y and 2  xz  y 2 find    1  2  .

19. If f   x 2  y 2  z 2  then find div grad f and determine n if div grad f  0


n

20. Prove that  . r   2 r


 r  r 3
21. Prove that      a     .a   2a
UNIT–V
Vector Integration

 x  xy dx   x 2  y 2  dy , where c is the boundary of the region bounded


2
1. Evaluate
by the lines x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1.
2. Find the work done in moving particle in the force field F  3 x i  j  zk along the
2

straight line from (0,0,0) to (2,1,3).


3. Find the work done by the force F  (2 y  3) i  zxj  ( yz  x)k when it moves a
particle from (0,0,0) to (2,1,1) along the curve x  2t , y  t , z  t
2 3

4. Find the work done by force F  zi  xj  yk when it moves a particle along the arc
of the curve r  i cos t  j sin t  kt from t=0 to t=2π.
5. Find the work done by the force F  ( x  y  x) i  (2 xy  y ) j which moves a
2 2

particle in xy-plane from (0,0) to (1,1) along the curve y  x


2

6. Evaluate  F .dr
C
where F  3 xyi  y 2 j and C is the parabola y = 2x2 from (0,0) to

(1,2).
  
7. Prove that the scalar field F  x2  xy 2 i  y 2  x2 y j is conservative. 
Long

  2 xy  x dx   x  y 2  dy where “c” is the closed curve of


2 2
8. Using Greens theorem
c

the region bounded by y = x2 and y2 = x



9. Evaluate by Stoke’s theorem  e x dx  2 ydy  dz  where c is the curve x2+y2 = 9 and z =
2.
Show that F  (2 xy  z ) i  x j  3 xz k is conservative force field. Find the
3 2 2
10.
scalar potential on the work done by F in moving an object in the field from (1, -2,1) to
(3,1,4)

11. Evaluate   F .nˆ ds where F  18zi  12 j  3 yk and s is that part of the plane
s

2x+3y+6z=12 which is located in the first octant.


  F .nds where F  z i  x j  3 y z k and S is the surface of the
2
12. Evaluate ˆ
s

cylinder x + y2=16 included in the first octant between z=0 and z=5.
2
Verify Green’s theorem in plane for  (3x  8 y 2 )dx  (4 y  6 xy)dy where c the region
2
13.
c

bounded by y  x & y  x 2

14. Verify divergence theorem for F = 4xi – 2y2j + z2k taken over the surface bounded by
the region x2 + y2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.
Using Green’s theorem evaluate  x 1  y  dx   y 
 x3 dy where C is the square
2 3
15.
C

bounded by x = + 1 and y = + 1.
16. Verify Stokes theorem for the function F  x 2 i  xy j integrated round the square
whose sides are x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = a in the plane z = 0.
ˆ where F  4 x i  2y j  z k surface
  F .nds
2 2
17. Using divergence theorem
s
2 2
bounded by x + y = 9, z = 0, z = 3.
18. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F   2x  y  i  yz 2 j  y 2 zk where S is the upper half surface
x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 of the sphere and C is its boundary.
Evaluate by stokes theorem  (e dx  2 ydy  dz ) where c is x2 + y2 = 9 and Z = 2.
x
19.
c

ˆ where f  ( x  y  4) i  3xyj  (2 xz  z )k , where S is the surface of


2 2
20. Evaluate  curl f . nds

the semi sphere x  y  z  16 above the xy-plane.


2 2 2

 (2x  y 2 )dx  ( x2  y 2 )dy where c is boundary


2
21. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate
c

of the area enclosed by the x axis and upper half of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2

Verify Gauss divergence for F  ( x  yz )i  2 x y j  z k taken over the surface of the


3 2
22.
cube bounded by the planes x = y = z = a and coordinate planes.

Common questions

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Green's Theorem relates a line integral around a simple closed curve \(C\) to a double integral over the region \(D\) it encloses, stating \(\oint_C \mathbf{F} \cdot d\mathbf{r} = \iint_D (\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}) dx dy\). To verify a vector field \(\mathbf{F} = P \hat{i} + Q \hat{j}\) is conservative, show that the double integral equates to zero, indicating the line integral of the field around any closed path is zero. This means \(\nabla \times \mathbf{F} = 0\) within \(D\).

Vector differentiation, such as using gradient, divergence, and curl operators, provides tools for analyzing flow fields in fluid dynamics. The gradient indicates the rate and direction of change in fluid properties, divergence measures the rate at which density exits a given region (useful for compressible flow analysis), and curl shows the rotation or vorticity within the fluid. For example, verifying that a vector field is irrotational allows for potential flow analysis, which simplifies modeling under certain conditions .

In electromagnetic theory, vector calculus operations are critical. The curl of a vector field describes the rotation, essential in Maxwell's equations to relate electric fields and changing magnetic fields: \(\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}\). Divergence measures a vector field's magnitude as a source or sink, relevant in Gauss's law: \(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\epsilon}\), indicating how charge density affects the electric field. These operations help derive equations governing propagation and interaction of electromagnetic waves .

Proving a vector field is conservative is crucial because it allows the scalar potential to be used to calculate work done by the field without considering the path taken. This simplifies many engineering and physics problems. Mathematically, a vector field \(\mathbf{F}\) is conservative if and only if its curl is zero: \(\nabla \times \mathbf{F} = 0\). For instance, the vector field \(\mathbf{F} = 2x \hat{i} + 3y \hat{j} + 4z \hat{k}\) is conservative because its curl is zero, making it path-independent and allowing for straightforward potential energy calculations .

Stoke’s Theorem relates a surface integral of a vector field’s curl over a surface \(S\) to a line integral over its boundary \(C\): \(\int_S (\nabla \times \mathbf{F}) \cdot d\mathbf{S} = \oint_C \mathbf{F} \cdot d\mathbf{r}\). This theorem simplifies evaluating complex surface integrals by reducing them to line integrals, used in calculating circulation and fluid flow, or magnetic flux. Its role in transforming surface issues into boundary problems streamlines calculations in electromagnetic applications, cutting down computational complexity .

Using Laplace Transforms to solve ODEs is advantageous as it removes the need for guessing the particular solution, simplifies handling non-homogeneous terms and initial conditions, and converts convolution into simple multiplication. This efficiency is evident in electrical circuit analysis, where transforms easily handle sinusoidal or exponential inputs and arbitrary initial states, contrasting with traditional methods where solving for particular solutions and coefficients can be complex .

Laplace Transforms are significant in solving initial value problems as they transform differential equations into algebraic equations, which are easier to solve. By converting an initial value problem such as \(y'' - 3y' + 2y = u(t-1)\) with \(y(0)=0\), \(y'(0)=0\) to its Laplace form, solve algebraic equations for \(Y(s)\), inverse-transform to find \(y(t)\). This method handles discontinuous inputs and impulse functions systematically, significantly aiding control systems and signal processing .

The convolution theorem states that the inverse Laplace transform of the product of two Laplace transforms \(F(s)G(s)\) is the convolution of their respective inverse transforms \(f(t)\) and \(g(t)\): \((f * g)(t) = \int_0^t f(\tau)g(t - \tau) d\tau\). This theorem simplifies calculating inverse transformations by breaking down complex functions into simpler parts and convolving their individual inverse transforms. This technique is used in solving differential equations and system dynamics analysis .

A solenoidal vector field, characterized by \(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} = 0\), indicates incompressible flow in fluid mechanics, meaning changes in the field are divergence-free. This is vital for modeling fluids where density remains constant (e.g., water), like in navier-stokes equations. It's a fundamental assumption that simplifies continuity equations in incompressible fluid flow, ensuring volume conservation in the modeled system dynamics .

Laplace transforms convert differential equations in the time domain into algebraic equations in the complex frequency domain. This transformation simplifies solving linear differential equations with constant coefficients by allowing the use of algebraic techniques rather than calculus. For instance, solving the differential equation \(2 \frac{d^2y}{dt^2} - 3 \frac{dy}{dt} + 4y = e^{4t}\) becomes easier in the frequency domain with initial conditions as algebra allows direct operations to isolate \(Y(s)\), and inverse transformation returns the solution in the time domain .

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