SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.

Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya

Sara, Iloilo

Science materials refer to the tools, substances, and equipment used to conduct experiments and investigations in scientific studies.
Understanding the variety of science materials and their proper use is fundamental to conducting experiments effectively and safely.
Here are some key concepts related to science materials:
1. Types of Science Materials
 Laboratory Equipment: Tools such as beakers, test tubes, flasks, and balances used to carry out experiments, measure
substances, and observe reactions.
 Measuring Tools: Instruments like rulers, thermometers, graduated cylinders, and stopwatches are used to measure physical
quantities such as length, temperature, volume, and time.
 Reagents and Chemicals: Substances such as acids, bases, solvents, and indicators used to create chemical reactions or
test for the presence of certain compounds.
 Biological Samples: Living organisms or parts of them (e.g., cells, tissues) used in biological experiments.
2. Functions of Science Materials
 Measurement: Materials like scales and graduated cylinders are used to measure mass, volume, or other physical properties
of materials.
 Observation: Microscopes and magnifying glasses are used to observe microscopic organisms or structures.
 Safety: Materials like safety goggles, gloves, and lab coats protect users from hazards such as chemicals, heat, and biological
agents.
 Mixing and Reaction: Beakers, flasks, and stirring rods are used for mixing chemicals or conducting reactions under
controlled conditions.
3. Physical Properties of Science Materials
 Glassware: Beakers, test tubes, and pipettes are often made of glass because it is chemically inert and resistant to heat.
 Plasticware: Often used for disposable items like petri dishes or pipette tips, plastic is less expensive and resistant to
breakage.
 Metal Equipment: Metals such as stainless steel are used for tools like forceps, scissors, and clamps due to their strength
and resistance to corrosion.
4. Safety and Handling
 Proper Use: Understanding how to use equipment correctly (e.g., measuring liquids in a graduated cylinder at eye level to
avoid parallax error).
 Disposal: Many chemicals and biological materials require special disposal procedures to avoid environmental contamination
or harm.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Using gloves, goggles, and lab coats when working with potentially dangerous
materials is essential for safety.
5. Classification of Materials
 Instruments for Physical Sciences: Includes balances, thermometers, spectrometers, and pH meters used in physics and
chemistry.
 Biological Equipment: Microscopes, incubators, and petri dishes used for studying living organisms and biological
processes.
 Chemical Reagents: Acids, bases, and solvents used to test hypotheses or create reactions in chemistry.
6. Selection of Materials
 The choice of materials depends on the nature of the experiment. For example, precise measurements may require sensitive
instruments, while large-scale reactions might need more robust equipment.

7. Maintenance of Science Materials

 Cleaning: Laboratory materials need regular cleaning, especially glassware, to avoid contamination of samples.
 Calibration: Equipment like balances and thermometers must be calibrated regularly to ensure accuracy.
 Storage: Proper storage of chemicals in labeled, sealed containers and equipment in dry, safe areas prevents damage and
accidents.
8. Scientific Accuracy and Precision
 Accurate and precise tools (like digital balances or pipettes) are used to ensure that scientific measurements are reliable and
repeatable, which is essential for scientific validity.
9. Common Science Materials
 Beaker: A cylindrical container used to hold, heat, or mix substances.
 Graduated Cylinder: A tall, narrow container used for precisely measuring liquids.
 Test Tube: A small glass tube used for holding or heating small amounts of material.
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

 Pipette: A tool used to transfer small quantities of liquids from one container to another.
 Thermometer: Used to measure temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
 Microscope: Used to magnify small objects, especially organisms or cells.
10. Applications in Different Scientific Fields
 Physics: Instruments such as force meters, spring balances, and circuit boards are used to study forces, motion, and
electricity.
 Chemistry: Bunsen burners, test tubes, and Erlenmeyer flasks are essential for chemical reactions, heating, and mixing.
 Biology: Dissection kits, microscopes, and petri dishes are commonly used for biological studies.

Life science is a branch of science that focuses on the study of living organisms and life processes. It encompasses a wide range of
topics, from the smallest cellular processes to the complexities of ecosystems. Here are some key concepts in life science:
1. Cell Theory
 All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
 Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
 All cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.
2. Levels of Organization
 Life is organized into various levels, from the simplest to the most complex:
o Cells: The basic unit of life.
o Tissues: Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
o Organs: Structures composed of different tissues working together to perform complex functions.
o Organ Systems: Groups of organs that work together to perform vital functions.
o Organisms: Individual living entities that can function independently.
o Populations: Groups of the same species living in a particular area.
o Communities: Different populations interacting within a specific environment.
o Ecosystems: Communities interacting with their physical environment.
o Biosphere: The global sum of all ecosystems, where life exists.
3. Genetics
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): The molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.
 Genes: Segments of DNA that determine specific traits by coding for proteins.
 Heredity: The passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes.
 Mendelian Genetics: Principles of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel, including dominant and recessive traits.
 Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence, which can result in new traits.

4. Evolution
 Theory of Evolution: Proposed by Charles Darwin, it states that species change over time through natural selection.
 Natural Selection: The process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
 Adaptation: Traits that improve an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction in its environment.
 Speciation: The process by which new species arise from existing ones due to evolutionary changes.
5. Ecology
 Ecosystems: Systems composed of living organisms (biotic factors) and their physical environment (abiotic factors)
interacting together.
 Food Chain and Food Web: Models that show how energy flows through an ecosystem. The food chain follows a single path,
while the food web shows multiple interconnected paths.
 Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers:
o Producers (Autotrophs): Organisms like plants that make their own food through photosynthesis.
o Consumers (Heterotrophs): Organisms that rely on other organisms for food, such as herbivores, carnivores, and
omnivores.
o Decomposers: Organisms like bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients.
 Niche: The role or function of an organism within its environment, including its habitat, diet, and interactions with other
organisms.
 Symbiosis: A close relationship between two species that can be mutualistic (both benefit), commensalistic (one benefits, the
other is unaffected), or parasitic (one benefits at the expense of the other).
6. Photosynthesis and Respiration
 Photosynthesis: The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water
into glucose and oxygen. It is the foundation of energy flow in most ecosystems.
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

o Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

 Cellular Respiration: The process by which organisms break down glucose to release energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and
water. This process occurs in both plants and animals.
o Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)
7. Homeostasis
 The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. Examples include:
o Thermoregulation: The maintenance of body temperature.
o Osmoregulation: The control of water and solute balance.
o Blood Glucose Regulation: The maintenance of steady blood sugar levels.
8. Reproduction and Growth
 Asexual Reproduction: A single organism reproduces without the genetic contribution of another organism, producing
offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Examples include binary fission and budding.
 Sexual Reproduction: Involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to produce genetically diverse
offspring.
 Growth and Development: Organisms increase in size and complexity through cell division and differentiation (specialization
of cells into specific types).
9. Diversity of Life
 Domains of Life: All living organisms are classified into three domains:
o Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
o Archaea: Single-celled prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments.
o Eukarya: Organisms with eukaryotic cells, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
 Kingdoms: The domain Eukarya is further divided into kingdoms, such as Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.
 Classification System: Organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships, and the system includes Domain,
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
10. Human Body Systems
 Nervous System: Controls body functions and responses to stimuli through electrical signals. The brain, spinal cord, and
nerves are major components.
 Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), and waste products around the body. It
includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
 Respiratory System: Responsible for gas exchange, primarily oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. Major organs
include the lungs and airways.
 Digestive System: Breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It includes the mouth,
stomach, intestines, and liver.
 Skeletal and Muscular Systems: Provide structure, support, and movement to the body.
 Immune System: Protects the body from infections and diseases by identifying and destroying pathogens.
11. Adaptation and Survival
 Structural Adaptations: Physical features of an organism that enhance survival, such as the beak of a bird or the camouflage
of a chameleon.
 Behavioral Adaptations: Actions or behaviors that organisms exhibit to survive, such as migration or hibernation.
 Physiological Adaptations: Internal body processes that help an organism survive, like producing venom or regulating body
temperature.
12. Biomes and Ecosystems
 Biomes: Large regions characterized by specific climate conditions and types of vegetation, such as deserts, rainforests,
tundras, and grasslands.
 Ecosystems: Interactions between organisms and their physical environment, including terrestrial ecosystems (forests,
grasslands) and aquatic ecosystems (oceans, lakes).

The concepts of force, motion, and energy are fundamental to understanding how the physical world works. These principles are part
of physics, specifically in the study of mechanics. Below are key concepts related to these topics:

1. Force
 Definition: A force is a push or pull that acts on an object, causing it to change its velocity (accelerate), change direction, or
maintain a state of rest.
 Units: Force is measured in Newtons (N).
 Types of Forces:
o Contact Forces: Forces that act through direct contact, like friction, tension, normal force, and applied force.
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

o Non-contact Forces: Forces that act at a distance, such as gravitational force, electromagnetic force, and nuclear
force.
 Newton's First Law of Motion (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion at a
constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.
 Newton's Second Law of Motion: Force is equal to mass times acceleration (F=maF = maF=ma). This means that the
acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied and inversely proportional to its mass.
 Newton's Third Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that forces always
come in pairs; if object A exerts a force on object B, object B will exert an equal and opposite force on object A.

2. Motion
 Definition: Motion is the change in the position of an object over time relative to a reference point.
 Types of Motion:
o Linear Motion: Motion in a straight line.
o Rotational Motion: Motion around an axis, such as the rotation of the Earth.
o Periodic Motion: Motion that repeats at regular intervals, such as the oscillation of a pendulum.
 Velocity: The rate at which an object changes its position. Velocity is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and
direction. Measured in meters per second (m/s).
 Speed: The scalar quantity that represents how fast an object is moving, without regard to direction. Speed = Distance/Time.
 Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity over time. It occurs when an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.
Measured in meters per second squared (m/s2m/s^2m/s2).
 Uniform Motion: Motion at a constant speed in a straight line.
 Non-uniform Motion: Motion where the speed or direction changes over time.

3. Energy
 Definition: Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. It exists in many forms, and it is conserved in physical processes
(Law of Conservation of Energy).
 Units: Energy is measured in Joules (J).
 Types of Energy:
o Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion. It depends on mass and velocity and is given by
the equation:
KE=12mv2KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2KE=21mv2
where mmm is the mass and vvv is the velocity.
o Potential Energy: The stored energy of an object due to its position or state. There are different types, such as:
 Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy due to an object's position relative to the Earth.
PE=mghPE = mghPE=mgh, where mmm is mass, ggg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hhh is height
above the ground.
 Elastic Potential Energy: Energy stored in elastic materials, such as springs, when they are compressed
or stretched.
 Chemical Potential Energy: Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
o Thermal Energy: The total kinetic energy of particles in a substance. As temperature increases, particles move
faster, increasing thermal energy.
o Electrical Energy: The energy associated with the movement of electrons in a conductor.
o Nuclear Energy: Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. It is released during nuclear reactions like fission or
fusion.
o Mechanical Energy: The sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object used to do work.

4. Work
 Definition: Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. It is the transfer of energy.
 Equation: Work = Force × Distance (W=F×dW = F \times dW=F×d), where FFF is the applied force and ddd is the distance
moved by the object in the direction of the force.
 Units: Work is measured in Joules (J).

5. Power
 Definition: Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred.
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

 Equation: Power = Work/Time (P=WtP = \frac{W}{t}P=tW)

 Units: Power is measured in Watts (W), where 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second.

6. Friction
 Definition: Friction is a force that opposes motion when two surfaces are in contact. It acts in the opposite direction to motion.
 Types of Friction:
o Static Friction: The force that must be overcome to start an object moving.
o Kinetic Friction: The force that opposes the motion of a moving object.
o Rolling Friction: The force that resists the motion of a rolling object.
o Fluid Friction: The force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid (liquid or gas).

7. Gravitational Force
 Definition: Gravity is the force of attraction between two objects with mass. On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects
and causes them to fall toward the ground when dropped.
 Universal Law of Gravitation: The force of gravity between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between
them.
o F=Gm1m2r2F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}F=Gr2m1m2, where GGG is the gravitational constant, m1m_1m1 and
m2m_2m2 are the masses of the objects, and rrr is the distance between their centers.
 Weight vs. Mass:
o Mass: The amount of matter in an object (measured in kilograms).
o Weight: The force exerted by gravity on an object’s mass (Weight=Mass×GravityWeight = Mass \times
GravityWeight=Mass×Gravity).

8. Momentum
 Definition: Momentum is the quantity of motion an object has and is the product of its mass and velocity.
 Equation: Momentum = Mass × Velocity (p=mvp = mvp=mv)
 Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, the total momentum before and after a collision is the same, provided no
external forces act on the system.

9. Simple Machines
 Definition: Devices that make work easier by allowing force to be applied in a more effective manner.
 Types:
o Lever: A rigid bar that pivots around a point (fulcrum) to lift or move loads.
o Pulley: A wheel with a groove around its edge, used to lift objects by changing the direction of force.
o Inclined Plane: A flat surface tilted at an angle to help raise or lower objects.
o Wheel and Axle: A circular object (wheel) that turns around a central point (axle), reducing the force needed to move
objects.
o Screw: An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.
o Wedge: Two inclined planes that come together to a point, used to split or cut objects.

10. Conservation Laws

 Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to
another.
 Law of Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on
it.

Earth and Space Science focuses on understanding the planet Earth, its systems, and its relationship with the rest of the universe.
This branch of science includes geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy. Below are the major concepts in Earth and
Space Science:

1. Earth’s Structure and Composition

 Layers of the Earth:
o Crust: The outermost, solid layer where we live. It includes the continental and oceanic crust.
o Mantle: A thick layer of semi-solid rock that flows slowly. It is involved in tectonic plate movement and volcanic
activity.
o Outer Core: A layer of liquid iron and nickel responsible for Earth's magnetic field.
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

o Inner Core: A solid, dense ball of iron and nickel at the center of the Earth.
 Minerals and Rocks:
o Minerals: Naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and structure.
o Types of Rocks:
 Igneous Rocks: Formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
 Sedimentary Rocks: Formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments.
 Metamorphic Rocks: Formed when existing rocks are transformed by heat and pressure.
 Rock Cycle: The continuous process of rock formation and transformation between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
forms.

2. Plate Tectonics
 Theory of Plate Tectonics: The Earth's lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that float on the semi-fluid mantle. These
plates move due to convection currents in the mantle.
 Types of Plate Boundaries:
o Convergent Boundaries: Plates move toward each other, causing mountains, earthquakes, and subduction zones
(where one plate is forced beneath another).
o Divergent Boundaries: Plates move apart, creating new crust, such as at mid-ocean ridges.
o Transform Boundaries: Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes (e.g., the San Andreas Fault).
 Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Most seismic and volcanic activity occurs near plate boundaries. Earthquakes are caused by
the release of energy when plates move, while volcanoes form when magma reaches the surface.

3. Earth’s Systems
 Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding Earth, composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). It protects life
by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and reducing temperature extremes.
o Layers of the Atmosphere:
 Troposphere: The lowest layer, where weather occurs.
 Stratosphere: Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful UV radiation.
 Mesosphere: Where meteors burn up upon entering the Earth's atmosphere.
 Thermosphere: Contains the ionosphere, where auroras occur.
 Exosphere: The outermost layer, where the atmosphere thins into space.
 Hydrosphere: All the water on Earth, including oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and underground water.
 Geosphere: The solid parts of Earth, including rocks, minerals, and landforms.
 Biosphere: All living organisms on Earth and their interactions with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.
 Cryosphere: The frozen water part of the Earth system, including ice caps, glaciers, and permafrost.

4. Weather and Climate

 Weather: The day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation.
 Climate: The long-term average of weather patterns over a large region.
 Water Cycle: The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface.
o Processes: Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
 Atmospheric Pressure: The force exerted by the weight of the air. Changes in atmospheric pressure influence weather
patterns.
 Wind: Caused by the movement of air from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
 Global Wind Patterns: Influenced by the Earth's rotation and uneven heating by the sun, creating patterns such as trade
winds and the jet stream.
 Ocean Currents: Large-scale movement of water in the oceans, driven by wind, temperature differences, and the Earth's
rotation. They play a key role in regulating climate by redistributing heat.

5. Earth’s Resources
 Renewable Resources: Resources that can be replenished naturally, such as solar energy, wind energy, water, and
biomass.
 Non-renewable Resources: Resources that cannot be easily replenished, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and
minerals.
 Sustainability: The practice of using resources in a way that meets current needs without depleting them for future
generations.
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

6. The Solar System

 The Sun: The central star of our solar system, providing energy through nuclear fusion. It influences weather, climate, and life
on Earth.
 Planets: The solar system consists of eight planets, including the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and the
gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).
o Terrestrial Planets: Rocky planets with solid surfaces.
o Gas Giants: Large planets with thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium.
 Moons: Natural satellites that orbit planets. Earth’s moon influences tides and has phases due to its position relative to the
Earth and Sun.
 Asteroids and Comets:
o Asteroids: Rocky objects, mostly found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
o Comets: Icy bodies that develop tails when they approach the Sun due to the sublimation of their ice into gas.
 Meteoroids: Small particles from asteroids or comets that can enter Earth’s atmosphere as meteors, and if they reach the
ground, they are called meteorites.

7. Earth-Moon-Sun System
 Rotation: Earth spins on its axis, leading to day and night. One full rotation takes 24 hours.
 Revolution: Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical path, taking about 365.25 days, which defines a year.
 Seasons: Caused by the tilt of Earth’s axis (23.5 degrees) and its orbit around the Sun, leading to varying sunlight angles and
lengths of daylight.
 Lunar Phases: The changing appearance of the Moon from Earth, cycling through new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last
quarter.
 Eclipses:
o Solar Eclipse: Occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking sunlight.
o Lunar Eclipse: Occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow on the Moon.

8. The Universe and Beyond

 Galaxies: Large systems of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter. The Milky Way is our galaxy.
 Stars: Massive balls of gas undergoing nuclear fusion. The Sun is a medium-sized star.
o Life Cycle of Stars: Stars are born in nebulae, undergo various stages like main-sequence, red giant, and may end
as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes, depending on their mass.
 Black Holes: Regions of space with gravitational pull so strong that not even light can escape.
 Big Bang Theory: The leading explanation for the origin of the universe, proposing that it began as a singularity and has been
expanding ever since.
 Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Unseen and mysterious components of the universe that affect its structure and expansion.

9. Astronomy Tools and Methods

 Telescopes: Instruments used to observe distant celestial objects. There are optical telescopes (for visible light), radio
telescopes (for radio waves), and space telescopes like Hubble.
 Spectroscopy: A technique used to study the light from stars and galaxies, allowing scientists to determine their composition,
temperature, and movement.
 Space Exploration: The use of spacecraft, satellites, and rovers to explore the Moon, planets, and other celestial bodies.
Notable missions include Apollo (moon landings), Mars rovers, and space probes like Voyager.

10. Human Impact on Earth

 Climate Change: The long-term alteration of temperature and weather patterns, primarily due to human activities like burning
fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial activities.
 Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of heat in Earth’s atmosphere by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and
water vapor, leading to global warming.
 Pollution: The introduction of harmful substances into the environment, affecting air, water, and soil.
 Conservation: Efforts to preserve natural resources and protect ecosystems from degradation.
 Ozone Depletion: The thinning of the ozone layer, primarily due to human-made chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
increasing exposure to harmful UV radiation.
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

Properties of Real Numbers

 Rational numbers
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

- Numbers that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers where the denominator is not zero.
- Examples:

Operations of Rational Numbers

 Addition and Subtraction

- In adding or subtracting rational numbers with the same or common denominator, just add or subtract directly the
numerators and copy the common denominator.
- In adding or subtracting rational numbers with different denominator, first, find the LCD or Least Common Denominator
and add or subtract directly the numerators and copy the common denominator.
- Examples

-
 Multiplication and Division
- In multiplying rational numbers, multiply the numerators and denominators.

- In dividing rational, find the reciprocal of the divisor and change the divide to multiply.
-

Also, study the following:

 Convert Fractions to Decimals or vice versa.

 Word Problems involving rational Numbers

 Polygons
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

 Polynomials
- A polynomial is an algebraic expression that represents a sum of one or more terms containing whole number exponents
on the variables.

EVALUATING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Replacing a variable with a number demonstrates the Substitution Property of Equality.
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

Substitution Property of Equality

If two quantities are equal, then one quantity can be replaced by the other. In symbols:
 For all real numbers a and b, if a= b, then a may be replaced by b.
When a number is substituted for the variable in a polynomial, the polynomial takes a numerical value. Finding the value is
called evaluating the polynomial.
EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate the polynomial when:

a. Substitute for then evaluate the resulting b. Substitute for

expression

Classifying Polynomials based on the number of terms:

 A polynomial with one term is called monomial.

 A polynomial with two terms is called binomial.
 A polynomial with three terms is called a trinomial
Note: Polynomials with more than three terms have no special name.

Classifying Polynomials based on Degree

Degree Example Classification

1 2x + 3y linear polynomial
2 3x2 + 2x – 1 quadratic polynomial
3 4x3 -2x2 + x – 5 cubic polynomial

 Please study also,

 Operations of Polynomials
 Factoring and Special Products
 Quadratic Formula
 Completing the Square
 Factoring

 Percentage, Base and Rate

P
R B
 SAN JUAN ACADEMY, INC.
Don Victorino Salcedo St., Poblacion Ilaya
Sara, Iloilo

 Please study also,

 Word problem that involves percentage, rate and base
 Conversion of Units
 Length
 Weight
 Volume

 Circle
A circle is the set of all points with the same distance from a fixed point called center. The radius is the distance from the fixed
point to any point on the circle.
The equation of a circle can be written in two forms: standard and general. A circle whose center on the origin or (0, 0) is
written in the form .

On the other hand, a circle whose center is at (ℎ, 𝑘), it is written in the form An ordered pair of
numbers is a solution to the equation of a circle when
it passes through the graph of the circle.

Chords- it is a line segment joining any two opposite points of the circle.

Arc and Angles in the Circle

An angle is the union of the two rays with a common endpoint

The arcs and angles are the following:

Semicircle- it is an arc that measures 180º. Since the whole arc of the circle measures 360º, then the semicircle could be
denoted as the half of the circle.
Minor Arc- it is an arc whose measure is greater than 0º but less than 180º. It is shorter than semicircle. Major Arc- It is an
arc whose measure is greater than 180º but less than 360º. It is also loner than the semicircle.
Central Angle- It is an angle formed by intersecting two radii having the center as the common endpoint.
Inscribed Angle- It is an angle formed by intersecting two chords having any one point of the circle as the common point.
Intercepted Arc- it is an arc opposite of the central angle or inscribed angle.
“Central Angle- Intercepted Arc Postulate”- states that the measure of a central angle of a circle is equal to the measure of its
intercepted arc.

“Inscribed Angle Theorem”- states that the measure of an inscribed angle is one- half the measure of its intercepted arc.