CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

HYDRAULICS 2
REVIEW GUIDE SERIES

CERTC CERTC
HGE
Contents:
Pressure….…….1
Hydrostatic Force….…….2
Analysis of Dams and Stability…..…….3
Pascal’s Principle….…….4
Archimedes Principle…..…….5
Buoyancy…..…….5
Practice Problems……….6

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BRANCHES: MANILA-CEBU-BAGUIO -DAVAO CERTC: CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW [Link]

CERTC – CIVIL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Hydraulics 2 R G S 02

I. Pressure
- Pressure is defined as the physical force
exerted on an object. The force applied is
perpendicular to the surface of objects per
unit area. The basic formula for pressure is
F/A (Force per unit area). Unit of pressure is
Pascals (Pa).
- Fluid pressure refers to a measurement of
the force per unit area that acts on an object
in the fluid or on a closed container's
surface.
- Hydrostatic Pressure is the pressure exerted
by a fluid at equilibrium at any point of time
due to the force of gravity. Hydrostatic
pressure is proportional to the depth
measured from the surface as the weight of
Sample Problem 1: If a depth of a liquid of 1m causes
the fluid increases when a downward force is a pressure of 7 kPa, what is the specific gravity of
applied. the liquid?
Sample Problem 2: If the pressure 23m below a liquid
is 338.445 kPa, determine its unit weight, mass
density and specific gravity.
Sample Problem 3: If the pressure in the air space
above an oil (sg = 0.75) surface in a closed tank is
115 kPa absolute, what is the gage pressure 2m
below the surface?
Sample Problem 4: A pressure gage 6m above the
bottom of the tank containing liquid reads 90 kPa.
Another gage height 4m reads 103 kPa.
Determine the specific weight of the other liquid.
Sample Problem 5: An open tank contains 5.8m of
water covered with 3.2m of kerosene (γ= 8 kN/m3).
Find the pressure at the interface and at the
bottom of the tank.
$
"= ; " = '(̅ Sample Problem 6: The weight density of the mud is
%
given by γ= 10+0.50h, where γ is the unit weight
A. Relationship between Absolute Pressure, Gage in kN/ m3 and h in meters. Determine the pressure,
Pressure, and Atmospheric Pressure in kPa, at a depth of 5m.

"*+, = "-*-. + "*01 Sample Problem 7: In the

figure shown, if the
B. Variation in Pressure atmospheric pressure is
101.03 kPa and the
"2 = "3 + '( absolute pressure at the
C. Pressure Head bottom of the tank is
231.30 kPa, what is the
" specific gravity of olive
(=
' oil?

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 CERTC – CIVIL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Hydraulics 2 R G S 02

39. A block has mas of 400 kg in air. When

Sample Problem 8: Compute the barometric submerged in seawater, it weighs 2943 N.
pressure in kPa at an altitude of 1200m if the What is the specific gravity of the block?
pressure at sea level is 101.30 kPa. Assume A. 4.0* C. 5
isothermal conditions at 21 °C. Use R= 287 J/kg- B. 3.1 D. 3.5
K.
40. A dam 5 m on top and 20 m at the bottom and
Sample Problem 9: A vertical tube 3m long, with one 24 m high has water 19 m deep acting on its
end closed is inserted vertically, with the open end vertical side. What is the factor of safety
down, into a tank of water to such a depth that an against overturning? Assume weight of
open manometer connected to the upper end of masonry to be 2400 kg/m3. Full Hydrostatic at
the tube reads 150mm of mercury. Neglecting the Heel to Zero at the Toe.
vapor pressure and assuming normal conditions, A. 2.34 C. 2.55*
how far is the lower end of the tube below the B. 2.15 D. 2.20
water surface in the tank?
41. A cylindrical buoy, 200 mm. in outside
Sample Problem 10: A bottle is consisting of a diameter and weighing 2000N. floats in sea
cylinder 15cm in diameter and 25cm high, has a water ([Link]. = 1.03) with its axis vertical. The
neck which is 5cm in diameter and 25cm long. The concrete anchor is 0.025 cu.m. in volume and
bottle is inserted vertically in water, with the open is attached to the lower end of the buoy.
end down, such that the neck is completely filled Sample Problem 11: A vertical rectangular gate Weight of concrete in air is 2400 kg/cu.m. If
with water. Find the depth to which the open end 1.50m wide and 3m high is submerged in water the vertical exposed length of the buoy is to
is submerged. Assume normal barometric with its top edge 2m below the water surface. Find be 100 mm. above the water surface
pressure and neglect vapor pressure. the total pressure acting on one side of the gate determine the total depth of the buoy
and its location from the bottom. A. 7.68 m C. 7.36 m
B. 7.58 m D. 7.46 m*
II. HYDROSTATIC FORCE Sample Problem 12: A vertical triangular gate with its
top base horizontal and 1.50m wide is 3m high. It 42. An iceberg having a specific gravity of 0.93
- Hydrostatic forces are the resultant force is submerged in oil having a specific gravity of 0.82 floats in salt water having a specific gravity of
caused by the pressure loading of a liquid with its top base submerged to a depth of 2m. of 1.03. If the volume of ice above the water
acting on submerged surfaces. Determine the magnitude and location of the total surface is 1100 cu. m. what is the total volume
hydrostatic pressure acting on one side of the of the iceberg
- It also refers to force exerted by a fluid due
gate. A. 10400 C. 9300
to the pressure it generates when at rest or
B. 11330* D. 10230
in a stationary state. This pressure is exerted SITUATION: The gate in the figure is 1.5 m wide,
in all directions by the fluid particles on all is hinged at point A, and rests against a smooth
objects that are either submerged or inserted wall at point B. Neglecting the weight of the gate,
into it. compute:

A. Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

$456 = '(̅%

b.) Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surfaces

$456 = 7$82 + $52

Where Fx = γhA and Fy = γV

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 CERTC – CIVIL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Hydraulics 2 R G S 02

SITUATION. A gravity dam as shown in the Sample Problem 13: The total force on the gate due - The weight of gravity dam will cause a
30. For the setup shown, calculate the absolute figure with a top width 20 m, bottom width 100 to seawater pressure, moment opposite to the overturning moment
pressure at a. Assume standard atmospheric m and is 100 m high. If 9 = 0.47. Assume full and the friction on the base will prevent the
pressure 101.3 kPa. hydrostatic uplift at the heel and zero at the Sample Problem 14: The reaction at B, and
dam from sliding. The dam may also be
toe. Sample Problem 15: The reaction at hinge A. prevented from sliding by keying its base
into the bedrock.
Sample Problem 16: A cylindrical tank with its axis
vertical is 1meter in diameter and 3.6m high. It is - Stability analysis for gravity dams often is
held together by two steel hoops, one at the top simplified into a two-dimensional rigid body
and the other at the bottom. Three liquids A, B, and analysis of a cross section of the structure
C having specific gravities of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and is focused on stability against sliding
respectively fill this tank, each having a depth of
and overturning.
A. 44.88 kPa C. 88.44 kPa* 1.2m. On the surface of A there is atmospheric
B. 33.55 kPa D. 55.33 kPa pressure. Find the tensile stress in each hoop if
each has a cross-sectional area of 1250mm2.
31. A device used for measuring intensities of
pressure exerted by the atmosphere. Sample Problem 17: The submerged curve AB is one
A. Barometer* C. Atmosphere quarter of a circle of radius 2m and is located on
B. Vaporizer D. Piezometer the lower corner of a tank as shown. The length of
the tank perpendicular to the sketch is 4m. Find
32. A force of 460 N is exerted on lever AB, as the magnitude and location of the horizontal and
shown in the figure. End B is connected to a vertical components of the total force acting on AB.
36. Determine the Factor of Safety against
piston which fits into a cylinder having a
sliding.
diameter of 60 mm. What force FD acts on the
A. 1.28 C. 1.34
larger piston, if the volume between C and D
B. 1.18* D. 1.81
is filled with water?
37. Determine the Factor of Safety against
overturning.
A. 2.18 C. 2.57
B. 2.43 D. 2.07*
38. The system shown in the figure is used to
accurately measure the pressure changes
when the pressure is increased by ∆? in the
water pipes. When ∆ℎ = 90 mm, what is the
change in the pipe pressure?
A. 15.38 kN C. 15.62 kN
B. 16.45 kN D. 15.83 kN*
SITUATION: A stone weighs 7.5 N when
Here are steps in solving Dam Stability:
immersed in water and 8.35 N when immersed in
alcohol having a specific gravity of 0.82. Unit III. ANALYSIS OF DAM STABILITY „ Step 1: Consider 1-unit length of the dam
weight of water is 9.81 kN/m3. - A dam is subjected to hydrostatic forces due perpendicular to the section.
to water which is raised on its upstream side.
33. What is the volume of the stone? „ Step 2: Determine all the forces acting on
A. 4.814x10^-4 m3 C. 4.148x10^-4 m3 These forces cause the dam to slide
horizontally on its foundation and overturn it the dam.
B. 0.4814 m3 D. 0.4148 m3 Vertical Forces: weight of the dam, weight of
about its downstream edge or toe. These
34. What is the weight of the stone? tendencies are resisted by friction on the the water in the upstream side, hydrostatic
A. 12.22 N* C. 13.33 N uplift, etc.
base of the dam and gravitational forces
B. 14.44 N D. 15.55 N which causes a moment opposite to the „ Step 3: Solve for the reaction, horizontal and
35. What is the density of the stone?
A. 1.062 kPa C. 1.76 kPa overturning moment. The dam may also be vertical components.
A. 2588 kg/m3* C. 2858 kg/m3
B. 1.023 kPa D. 1.15 kPa* prevented from sliding by keying its base.
B. 3550 kg/m3 D. 2823 kg/m3

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 CERTC – CIVIL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Hydraulics 2 R G S 02

SITUUATION: A concrete dam retaining water is SITUATION: A concrete dam retaining water as SITUATION: A sector gate pf radius 3 m and
„ Step 4: Moments about the toe, righting and shown in the figure. If the specific weight of shown in the figure. If the specific weight of the length 4 m retain water as shown in the figure, find
overturning moments concrete is 23.5 kN/m³. Assume hydrostatic uplift concrete is 23.5 kN/m3. Assume there is no the following for the resultant hydrostatic thrust
varies uniformly from full hydrostatic pressure at hydrostatic uplift. Coefficient of friction is 0.46.
„ Step 5: Location of Ry measured from the the heel of the dam to zero at the toe and that the
toe. Factors of safety against sliding and coefficient of friction between the dam and the
overturning. foundation is 0.45.

A. Eccentricity, e

A DE − FE
.= −( )
2 D5

DEIFE
Note: 8H =
D5 24. Magnitude
A. 156 .8 kN C. 171.2 kN*
i.) If e ≤ B/6, Ry is within the middle third and the 20. Calculate the Factor of Safety against Sliding B. 189.2 kN D. 145.7 kN
foundation pressure is trapezoidal acting from heel A. 1.29* C. 1.56
to toe. If e is exactly B/6, the shape of the B. 1.56 D. 1.12 25. Direction
foundation pressure is triangular acting from zero Sample Problem 18: Find the factor of safety against
sliding. A. 32.45 (H) C. 39.23° (V)
heel to maximum toe. 21. Calculate the Factor of Safety against B. 32.45 (V) D. 39.23° (H)*
Sample Problem 19: The factor of safety against
Foundation Pressure: overturning. Overturning
26. Location
Sample Problem 20: The pressure intensity at the A. 3.21 C. 2.78
A. 1.9 m* C. 2.1 m
D5 M. heel. B. 2.89 D. 3.42*
J= K3 ± N B. 2.8 m D. 1.6 m
A A Sample Problem 21: The pressure intensity at the
toe. SITUATION: A radial gate, 2 m long, hinged about
SITUATION: A rectangular barge 10 m wide and
a horizontal axis, closes the rectangular sluice of
20 m long is 5 m deep and weighs 6 MN when
ii.) If e > B/6, Ry is outside the middle third and a control dam by the application of a counter-
IV. ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE AND loaded without any ballast. The barge has two
the foundation pressure is triangular. weight W.
BUOYANCY compartments each 4 m wide and 20 m long,
- A body at rest in a fluid is acted upon by a symmetrically placed about its central axis, and
force pushing upward called the buoyant each containing 1 MN of water ballast. The water
Foundation Pressure: force, which is equal to the weight of the fluid surface in each compartment is free to move. The
that the body displaces. If the body is center of gravity without ballast is 3 m above the
2D 5 bottom and on the geometrical center of the plan.
J= completely submerged, the volume of fluid
O8H displaced is equal to the volume of the body. 27. Calculate the metacentric height for rolling
B. Important Formulas in Solving Dam Stability - states that anybody immerse in a fluid is A. 1.62 m C. 1.78 m
acted upon by an upward force (buoyant B. 1.41 m* D. 1.56 m
D 8 = ∑$4 force) equal to the weight of the displaced
28. 28. If 100 kN of the deck load is shifted 5 m
fluid.
laterally, find the approximate heel angle of
D 5 = ∑$Q - The net upward force acting on the body is the barge
called the buoyant force. 22. The total hydrostatic thrust on the gate when A. 2.15° C. 2.45°
DE − FE - Buoyancy is the tendency of an object to the storage depth is 4m B. 2.23° D. 2.54°*
8H =
D5 float in a fluid. All liquids and gases in the A. 100.7 kN* C. 103.30 kN
- presence of gravity exert an upward force B. 101.2 kN D. 110.23 kN 29. A branch of fluid mechanics that deals with
SD 5 the motion of fluids and the forces acting on
known as the buoyant force on any object
$RR = > 3. F 23. For the gate to be stable, the counterweight solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion
D8 immersed in them. Buoyancy results from
W. relative to them.
the differences in pressure acting on A. Hydrostatics C. Hydrology
DE opposite sides of an object immersed in a A. 59.1 kN C. 57.5 kN
$RU = > 3. F B. 52.5 kN D. 53.3 kN* B. Hydrodynamics* D. Hydraulics
UE static fluid.

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 CERTC – CIVIL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Hydraulics 2 R G S 02

12. The location of the Hydrostatic Force from the Buoyant Force: SITUATION: A block of wood 0.60m x 0.60m x h
SITUATION: water surface. meters in dimension was thrown into the water and
A. 3.45 m C. 3.84 m A$ = 'QV floats with 0.18m projecting above the water
B. 3.55 m D. 3.48 m* Ratio of Volume Displaced: surface. The same block was thrown into a
container of a liquid having a specific gravity of
13. What force applied at the bottom of the gate ,- +W65 '+W65 0.90 and it floats with 0.14m projecting above the
QV = ⋅Q= ⋅Q
at an angle of 60° with the vertical is required ,- XYJZY6 'XYJZY6 surface. Determine the following:
to open the gate when the water surface is
1.75 m above the top of the gate? Sample Problem 25: The value of h
Draft of the Body:
A. 143.37 kN* C. 154.32 kN Sample Problem 26: specific gravity of the block
B. 187.21 kN D. 245.80 kN ,- +W65 '+W65
V = ⋅4= ⋅4 Sample Problem 27: weight of the block
,- XYJZY6 'XYJZY6
7. Calculate the pressures in A. SITUATION: A trapezoidal plane (Bupper = 1.5 m,
Sample Problem 28: A 5kg steel plate is attached to
A. -7.848 kPa* C. -7.38 kPa BLower = 2.5 m, H = 1.5 m) is submerged in mercury Area Submerge: one end of a 0.10m x 0.30m x 1.20m wooden pole,
B. 7.38 kPa D. 7.484 kPa with an angle of 50° with the horizontal. Its lower
what is the length of the pole above water? se s.g.
base is 2.5 m from the surface of mercury. Use sg ,- +W65 '+W65
% = ⋅%= ⋅% of wood= 0.50 and s.g. of steel= 7.85. Neglecting
8. Calculate the pressures in B = 13.56. ,- XYJZY6 'XYJZY6 and considering the buoyancy of steel.
A. 5.408 kPa C. -4.905 kPa 14. What is the force acting on one side of the
B. -5.408 kPa D. 4.905 kPa* plane? Sample Problem 29: A wooden buoy (sg= 0.62) is
A. 878.4 kN C. 787.5 kN* 50mm by 50mm by 3m long is made to float in sea
9. Calculate the pressures in C B. 676.5 kN D. 576.2 kN water (sg=1.025). How many N of steel (sg= 7.85)
A. -4.905 kPa C. -3.924 kPa should be attached to the bottom to make the buoy
B. 4.905 kPa* D. 3.924 kPa 15. What is the location of the hydrostatic force float with exactly 450mm exposed above the water
from the base? surface?
10. Calculate the pressures in D A. 2.45 m C. 0.65 m
B. 0.62 m* D. 2.65 m Sample Problem 30: A hallow cylinder 1m in diameter
A. 12.85 kPa C. 21.68 kPa* and 2 m high weighs 3825 N. How many kN of lead
B. 20.70 kPa D. 11.87 kPa weighing 110 kN/m3 must be fastened to the
16. The location of the hydrostatic force from the
water surface. outside bottom of the cylinder to make it float with
SITUATION: A vertical rectangular gate 2.25 m 1.50m submerged in water? How many kN of lead
wide and 3 m high, hinged at the top, has water on A. 2.45 m C. 2.12 m
B. 2.20 m D. 2.03 m* if it is placed inside the cylinder?
one side.
SITUATION: A 13 kN sphere is attached to a 5 kN V. STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
sphere by a cable. Both spheres have the same - Metacentric Height (MG) is a measurement of
diameter of 1.25 m and the weight and volume of the initial static stability of a floating body. It is
the cable is negligible. If the spheres are thrown in Sample Problem 22: An iceberg having a specific calculated as the distance between the center
water, determine the following: gravity of 0.92 is floating on salt water of specific of gravity of a ship and its metacenter.
gravity of 1.03. If the volume of the ice above the
17. The draft of the 5 kN sphere water is 1000 m3, what is the total volume of the
E\ = EAF ± \AF
A. 0.652 m C. 0.885 m* ice?
B. 0.625 m D. 0.365 m Where: MBo = I/ VD , I is moment of inertia along
Sample Problem 23: A stone weighs 460N in air. the waterline, VD is the volume displaced
18. The tension in the cable. When submerged in water, it weighs 300N. Find
A. 2.97 kN* C. 2.50 kN the specific gravity of the stone.
B. 2.65 kN D. 2.79 kN
Sample Problem 24: A block of wood 0.20m thick is
19. The exposed volume of the 5 kN sphere in floating in sea water. The specific gravity of wood
11. What is the hydrostatic force acting on the
cu.m. is 0.65 while that of sea water is 1.03. Find the
gate?
A. 0.23 C. 0.25 minimum area of a block which will support a man
A. 220.21 kN C. 202.89 kN
B. 0.21* D. 0.27 weighing 80 kg.
B. 215.21 kN* D. 218.23 kN

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 CERTC – CIVIL ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Hydraulics 2 R G S 02

VI. STRESSES IN THIN WALLED SITUATION: A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 44. In order to measure the pressure difference
PRESSURE VESSEL mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is between two points in a pipeline carrying
- A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. water, an inverted U-tube is connected to the
pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which points and air under atmospheric pressure is
Sample Problem 38: Calculate the tangential and entrapped in the upper portion of the U-tube.
resist bursting, developed across longitudinal
longitudinal stresses in the steel. If the manometer deflection is 0-8 m and the
and transverse sections.
Sample Problem 39: To what value may the internal downstream tapping is 0.5 m below the
FOR CYLINDRICAL TANK pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is upstream point, find the pressure difference
limited to 120 MN/m2? between the two points.
a.) Circumferential or Tangential Stress A. 2.56 kN/m2 C. 1.45 kN/m2
Sample Problem 31: A hydrometer weighs 0.0214 N SITUATION: A 10mm thick steel pipe with inside B. 3.56 kN/m2 D. 2.94 kN/m2*
and has a stem at the upper end which is 2.79mm diameter of 600mm conveys water under a head
of 480m. SITUATION: For the open tank, with piezometers
in diameter. How much deeper will it float in oil
(sg= 0.78) than in alcohol (sg=0.821)? attached on the side, containing two different
Sample Problem 40: What is the tensile stress of the immiscible liquids, as shown in the figure, find:
Sample Problem 32: A plastic cube of side L and a pipe in MPa
specific gravity 0.82 is placed vertically in water. Is Sample Problem 41: What is the stress in the pipe
the cube stable? wall if the head is increased to 500m of water
Sample Problem 33: A solid wood of cylinder of Sample Problem 41: What is the required thickness
specific gravity 0.60 is 600mm in diameter and is "V under a head of 500m if the allowable tensile
1200mm high. If placed vertically in oil (sg= 0.85), ]^ = stress of the pipe is 118 MPa and assuming that
20
would it be stable? the joints are 80% efficient.
b.) Longitudinal Stress
Sample Problem 34: A block of wood sg= 0.64 is in
the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped having a "V Practice Problems/ Take Home Exam:
]_ =
10cm square base. If the block floats in salt water `0
with its square base horizontal, what is its Where: P is pressure of the vessel, D is the 43. A manometer is attached to a tank containing
maximum height for stable equilibrium in the diameter of the tank and t is the thickness three different fluids, as shown in the figure.
upright position? What will be the difference in elevation of the 45. The elevation of the liquid surface in
mercury column in the manometer? piezometer A.
SITUATION: A rectangular scow 9m wide, 15m long,
and 3.6m high has a draft in sea water of 2.40m. A. 2.10 m C. 2 m*
Its center of gravity is 2.70m above the bottom of B. 1.90 m D. 1.7 m
the scow.
46. Elevation of the liquid in piezometer B.
Sample Problem 35: find the initial metacentric A. 0.54 m C. 0.82 m*
height B. 0.65 m D. 0.30 m
Sample Problem 36: The righting or overturning
moment when the scow tilts until one side is just at FOR SPHERICAL TANK 47. Total pressure at the bottom of the tank.
the point of submergence A. 19.62 kPa C. 14.13 kPa
A.) Circumferential/ Longitudinal Stress B. 18.95 kPa* D. 20.21 kPa
Sample Problem 37: The waterline section is 1500 kN
barge as shown. It’s center of gravity is 1.50m 48. A square frame 3.5 m by 3.5 m in dimension
above the center of buoyancy. Compute the initial is submerged in water vertically with its top 4
metacentric height against rolling and pitching. m from the surface. If oil (s = 0.80) occupies
the top meter, determine the horizontal force
acting on the frame.
A. 679.45 kN C. 690.99 kN
A. 0.45 m C. 0.78 m B. 680.34 kN D. 666.96 kN*
"V B. 0.63 m* D. 8.52 m
]a_ =
`0

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