IJSART Volume 6 Issue 12-DECEMBER 2020 ISSN IONLINEJ: 2393-1032

The Impact Study Of Vehicular Pollution On

Environment
Md Shahjada Alam', Dr. Arif Khan
1.2
Dept of Environmental Engineering
1.
Nuva College of Engineering &Technology Nagpur, India
Abstract- The rapid development in urban Indla has resultedn population as th ey do not have adequate m ausures to rotect
a tremendous ncrease in the number of motor vehicles. In themselves fom air pollution
some cities, this has doubled in the last decade. Rapld
and of motor vehicles impose a serlous Most of the Indian Cities are also experlencing rapid
urbanization growth
effect on human life and the environment in recent years. urbanization and the majority of the cxuntry's population is
Motor vehicles are a significant source d urban alr pollution expected to be living in cties within a span of next two
and are inceasingly important contributors of anthropogenic decades. Since por ambient alr qmlity is largely an urtn
carbon dioxide and other grenhouse gases. Transport sector problem this will directily affect milllons of th e dwelers in the
contributes a major sector, contributing 90% ot total cities.
emissions. Alr pollution Is a serious environmental health
threat to humans. Adverse effects range from nausea, dificulty The rapid urbanization in India has also resulted in a
in breathing and skin irritations, birth defects, tremendous increase the number of motor vehicles. The
immunosuppresslon and cancer. All these situations indicate vehicle flets have even doubled in some cites in the last one
that air polution becoming a major problem in Indian context decade. This increased mobilty, however, come with a high
and there is an essential need to build up healthy environment price. As the number of vehicles continues to gow and the
and increase the level of research around the world. consequent congestion increases, vehicles are now becomin g
The document presents a review of the vehicular
the main source
of air pollution in urban India. Although, the
air quality can be improved through a combnation of
emission problems in Indian cities, the various developments technical and non-technical measures, legislative reforms,
that have taken place in the past including the studies institutional approaches and market-based nstruments, there
conducted for assessment of the air quality in cities, the are certain umique challenges whlch the country has to face in
legislation and sandards adopted for the cotrol of vehicle tackling the problem of urban air pollution. Th ese include, the
emissions, the role of the various concerned agencles, the transport features which are different from the developed
steps taken for improvement in the qualty of the automaive countries particularly in terms of the types of vehicles
fuel, the overall impact of these measures and the future commonly used, the manner in which the road netwark is
strategy to be adopted for vehicular emission reduction and operated and sharing of the lmited space by pedestrians and
related issues. non-motorlzed modes with modern vehicles in Indian cities.
Vehicles in India are often much olde and usually comprise
Keywords Vehicular Pollution, Air Pollution, technologies constdered as out-dated in the developed world.
Environment,Greenhouse Gases, Carbon Dioxide, Ozone, The institutions responsilble for managing urban air quality are
Pollutant also not as well developed as those in the developed countries.
The country has however taken a number of measures for th e
I. INTRODUCTION improvement of the air quality in cities. These include, right
from the improvement in the fuel quality, foamulation of
Air pollution is one of the serious environmental necessary legislation and enforcement of vehicle emission
concern of the urban Aslan cities including Indla where standards, improved traffic planning and management etc. The
majority of the population is exposed to poor air quality. The non-technical measures taken include awareness raisng
health related problems sich as resptratory diseases, risk of regarding the posslble economic and health impacts of air
developing cancers and other serious allments etc. due to poor polution and avallable measures tor improving alr quality,

air quality are known and well documented. Besides the health increasing use of clean e fuels and purchase of vehicles with
affects, air pollution also contributes to tremendous economic advance emission control devices, increasing institutional
losses, especially in the sense of financial resaurces that are framework and capacity building for the monitoring of vehicle
required for giving m edial assistance to the afected people. emissions.
The por are often the most affected segment of the

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1.1 Vehicular Pollution: Ozone- The primary ingredient in urban smog, ozone iscreated
when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides both of which are
Vehicular pollution is the introducion of harmfiul chemicals released by automobile fiel combustion react
material into the environment by motor vehicles. These with sunlight. Though beneficial in theupper atmosphere, at
materials, known as pollutants, have several bad effects on the ground level ozone can iritate the respiratory system,
human health and the ecosystem. Transportation is a majpr causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capadty.
source of air pollution in many countries around the world due
to the high number of vehicles that are available on the roads Particulate matter- These particles of soot, metals, and
today. An incease in purchasing power means that more pollengive smog its murky color. Among vehicular pollution,
people can now afford cars and this is bad for the fine particles pose the most serious threat to human health by
environment. Vehicular polluüon has grown at an alaming penetrating deep into lungs.
rate due to growing urbanisation in India. The air pollution
from vehicles in urban areas, particularly in big cities, has Nitrogen oxides- These vehicular pollutants can cause
become a serious problem. The pollution from vehicles has lungimitation and weaken the body's defenses against
begun to tell through symptoms like cough, headache, nausea, respiratory infectins such as pneumonia and influenza. In
imitation of eyes, various bronchial and visibility problems. addition, they assis in the formation of ozone and particulate
matter.
1.2 Vehicular Pollution in India:
Carbon monoxide- This odarlesS, colorless gas is formed
Air pollution is one of the serlous environmental bythe combustion of fosSsil fuels such as gasoline. Cars and
concens of the urban cities where majarity of the population trucks are the source of nearly two-thirds of this polutant.
5 xposed to poor air quality. The ra pid urbanization in India When inhaled, Co blocks the transport of oxygen to the brain,
has resulted in a tremendous incease in the number of mor heart, and other vital rgans in the human body. Newborm
vehicles. As the number of vehicles continues to grow a nd the children and people with chronic illnesses are
especlally
consequient congestion increases, vehicles are now becomin g susceptible to the effects of co.
the main source of alr pollution in urban hdia. The
country
has taken a number of measures for the
improvement of the air Sulfur dioxide- Motor vehicles create this pollutant byburning
quality in cities. These include, the improvement in the fuel sulfur-containing fuels, especially diesel. It can react in the
quality, formulation of necessary legislation and enforcement atmosphere to form fine particles and can pose a health risk to
of vehicle emission standards, improved trafic planning d
an young children and asthmatics
management, etc.
Hazardous air pollutants- These chemical compounds,
1.3 Vehicular pollutants whichare emitted by cars, trucks, retineries, gas pumps, and
related sources.
Automotive vehicles emit several
polutant
depending upon the quality of the fuel they consume and II. VEHICULAR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
engine efticiency. The release of pollutants from vehicles also
IN INDIA
Include fugitive emissions of the fuel and the source and level
of these emissions
depending upon the vehicle type, Its Motor vehicles have been closely identified with
maintenance, etc. The major pollutants
released as vehicle/fuel
emissions are, carbon monoxide (CO),
increasing air pollution levels in urban centers of the world.
nitrogen oxides (NOOx), Besides subsantial Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
emissions,
photochemical oxidants, air toxics, namely benzene (C6H6), significant quantities of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon
aldehydes, 1,3 butadiene (CAH6), lead (Pb), particulate matter (HC), Nirogen Oxide (NOX),
(PM), hydrocarbon (HC), axides of Suspended Particulate Matter
sulphr (SO:) and (SPM) and other air toxins are emitted from these motor
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS). While the vehicles in the atmosphere, causing serious environmental and
predominant pollutants in petrol/gasoline driven vehicles are health impacts. Like
many other parts of the world, air
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, the predominant pollution rom motor vehicles is one ot the most serious and
pollutants from the diesel based vehicles
are Oxides of
nitrogen and particulates rapidly growing problems in urban centers of In da. The
problem of air pollution has assumed serious
some of the proportions in
14 Ingredients of Vehicular Pollution: major metropolitan cities of In dia an d vehicular
emissions have been identified as one of
the major
contributors in the
deteriorating air quality in these ur ban
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centers. The problem has further been compaunded by the emissions. During, the past three decades, carbon dioxide
concentration a large number of vehicles and comparatively emissions from transport have increased faster than those from
all dher sectors and are projected to increase more rapidly in
high motor vehicles to population ratios in these clties. future, The Road transport alone emits round 16% of the
Reasons for increasing vehicular pollution problems in wban global CO2 emissions (Source: oICA). From 1990 to 2004,
Indla are as below; carbon dioxide emissions from the world's transport sector
have increased by 36.5%.F the same period, road transpart
emissions have increased by 29% in industrialized countrles
High vehicle density in Indian urban centers. and 61% in the other countries (1EA, 2006). The global
Older vehicles predaminant in vehicle vintage
Predominance of private vehicles especially cars and emissions of GHG's from diffrent sectors have been shown
two wheelers, owing to unsatisfactory public n ngure 1.0. shipping & Rallways sector emissions of CO2
Irom transport sector are about 11%, 9% & 2% respectively.
transport system, thereby causing higher idling
emissions and traffic congestion.
Absence of adequate land use Pplanning in
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions
development of urban areas, thereby causing mre
by Economic Sector
vehicle travel and fuel consumption
Inadequate inspection & maintenance facilites.
Adulteration of fuel & fuel products
Improper traftlc management system& road
T0N
conditions
Electricity and
High levels of pollution at traffic intersections Heat Production
25%
Industiy
I. VEHICULAR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE 21

CHANGE

The world average temperature has risen by abaut 1

F over the past century. It is widely accepted that the global Transportation
14%
warming is reated to anthropogenic Green House Gases
(GHGs). GHGs include, the common gases namely, carbon
dioxide and water vapor, and rarer gases such as nitrous oxide, Jalldling
methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS) whose propertiesS 6%

relate to the transmission or refletion of different types of

solar radiations. The incease in such gases in the atmosphere
(Figure 1.0 : Global emissions of GHG's from different
is a result of the hurning of fossil fuels, emisson of pollutants
Sectors)
into the amosphere by power plants and vehicle engines, etc.
Of all human activities, driving motor vehicles produces the
The COz emisslons in the maja developed and
most intensive CO2 emissions and other toxic gases per
1980 to 2030 is
capita. A sngle tank of gasoline releases 140 -180 kilogramsevelopmg countries around the World during
of CO2. Over 25% of transportation-related GHG emissions W u ugure 1.l. Ine ngure shows that the global CO
to
ge stabilized in the developed
onginate from urban passenger travel (Yang M. 1998). emssions are going
countries in the near future, the CO2 are likely to in crease in
Unsustainable trends in urban transportation have already
to t s aue economic growth as
manifested infrequent congestions, periodic gridlock and eveoping Countes owng
eviaence nking resplratory illnesses and daths to poor aire Isng numan population. However, in terms of per capita
emissions the emissions from developing countries alike
quality.
developed countries, are also expected to stabilize in the near
[Link] EMISSIONS OF GHG's FROM
future.
TRANSPORT SECTOR

Transport sector contributes around 14% towards the

global emisions of green house gases. Carbn diaxide
represents the largest roportion of basket of greenhouse gas

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IJSART-Volume 6 ssue 12-DECEMBER 2020
ISSN [ONLINE]: 2393-1032

total energy (of whidh 98% comes from oil) is consumed

road sector only. Vehicles in
by
major metropolitan cities are
estimated to account for 70% of co, 50% of
HC, 30-40% of
NOx, 30%of SPM and 10% of SO2 of the total
pollution load
of these cities, of which two third is contributed
by two
wheelers alone. These high level of
pollutants are mainly
responsible fr respiratory and other air polludon related
ailments including lung cancer, asthma etc., which is
significantly higher thn the national average (CSE, 2001;
CPCB, 2002).

VI. POLLUTION LOAD FROM ROAD

TRAFFIC IN
(Figure 1.1: C02 emisions Transport sector 1980 - 2030 VARIOUS MEGA CITIES
Source: Modified from IEA 2008, World Energy Outlook) The vehicle
pollution load as estimated through a

The mode wise

joint study conducted by Central Road Research Institute
distribution of CO2
emissions (CRRI), National Environmental Engineering
amongst transport section ( See figure 1.2), reveals that road Research
Institute (NEERI) & Indian Institute of Petroleum (1IP) in
transport contributes major share of ar aund 73% towards total the
CO, emissions from transport sector. Avlation, International year 2002 for four key pollutants (Le. Co, NOx, HC and PM)
in elght mega cities namely Delhi, Mumba, Kolkata, Chennal,
Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kanpur &Agra are given in Table 1..
This is attributable to the
highest number of automobiles
operating in Delhi. From the table it can be seen that Delhi has
the maximum vehicle
pollution load compared to any other
city in the country.
t y veicles

VIL. SERIOUS EFFECTs OF VEHICULAR

POLLUTION

1. Global Warming:
(Figure 1.2: Global GHG's emissions
sector ( Mode-Wise)
from Transport One of the
leading effects of vehicular pollution is
global warming. Vehicular pollution results in the emission of
[Link] EMISSIONS LOAD IN INDIA greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which results in the
depletion of the ozone layer and an increase in
atmospheric
In India, the number of motor vehicles temperature, leading to global warming.
has grown
from 0.3 millon in 1951 to
of which, two wheelers
approximately 50 millon in 2000,
As a result, it contributes to adverse weather such
(mainly driven by two stoke engines) as
accounts for 70% of the toal vehicular heavy rains, flooding, and extremely high or cold
population. Two linked to the losSs of temperatures
wheelers, combined with cars (four wheelers, excluding taxis) lives, destruction of property, damage to
the soils, and sometimes
(personal mode of transportation) account for approximately
even
adversely impacting agriculture.
four fifth of the total vehicular
been further population. The problem has 2. Poor Air Quality:
compounded by steady increase in urban
population (from approximately 17% to 28%% during 1951-
2001; Shama; 2001 and larger cancentration of vehicles in
Vehicular pollution
destroyed has the air so much
that in some countries,
these urban cities speclally in tour
majr maros namey, people have to wear face
reduce the number of harmful substances masks, to
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkatta which inhaled. In the Us
account for more
than 15% of the total
vehicular population of the whole particularly, vehicles pr oduce about a third of the nation's a ir
country, whereas, more than 40 other pollution.
human metropolitan
cities (with
popuationmore than Imillion) accounted for 35% of
It makes I
the vehicular
population of the country. Further, 25% of the iving in such cities uncomfortable,
to walk around with a maskall day, let alone the fact having
that there
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are
possibilities of developing health complications. The air in 6. It Affects Tourism:
such areas is filled with various kinds of
pollutants, which
greatly reduce the alr quality index. Because of the adverse effects of vehicular
pollution,
3. Reduced Visibility:
especlally the tormation of
sm0g, tourism ends up being
affected. Most people are not willing to visit cities or countries
that are not going to be good for their health or knowing that
Vehicles produce a lot of emissions, and can at times their visit could led ther
make premature death. The decrease in
visibilityproblem, especially
a if an old vehicle or a tourism results in the loss of foreign exchange income.
truck carrying lot of l oads drives
a
by. Such vehicles produce
a lot of smoke, which
hampers visibility making one unable to VIL. SOLUTIONS TO VEHIcULAR POLLUTION
see what is in front. This means that if
you were driving
behind such a vehicle, visibility would be affected, even if it is 1. Drive Less:
for a few seconds.

on fossil fuels and the

In heavily polluted
cities with many vehicles We desperately dependent
are
number of vehícles on the roads will continue to increase. We
producing such smoke, visibility becomes a huge problem. can only try and reduce vehicular emissions by doing our
The matter is Worsened when there is
tog, which results in the parts, and one ot the astest things to do 1s drive less and
formation of smog (a mixture of smoke and fog). choose al ternatives sudh as
walking, using the tran or public
transportation, and even using a bike. Carpooling is another
4. Health Issues and Complications: way to drive less, where people from the same neighborhood
or the same area can share one vehicle instead of each
using
Pollutants from vehicular pollution can result in lung their own.
infections, complicatons, and even varlous types of cancers.
The hydrocarbons are not good for h uman health and they can 2. Governmental intervention:
also cause heart disease, damage the central nervous system,
make breathing difficult, aggravate asthma and if left Most city governments can take acton to lower
unchecked, they could result in premature death. vehicular pollution, seeing that m ore emissions are
produced
by vehicles in urban areas because of trafic and the fact that
Approximately 5,000 people die evary year because people have to drive slowly in towns. The necessary daly
ot lungcancers and heart attacks caused by vehicle exhaust commute to work further worsens the roblem of vehicular
fumes. Treating these diseases also reqires a lot of money pollution.
and causes a lot of
emotional pain to the relatives of a patient.
To address the issue, city governments or
The spillage of oil further affects plants, animals and order that no vehicles enter the central
marine life. The health of a nation could also be at ri sk,
municipalities can
business di stict and instead, they be parked on the outskirts.
especlally if the economy will stall after the ability of people To overcome the shortage, bus rapid transit systems should be
to work and generate income is affecte.
improved, as well as trains that operate within the cities This
5. It Results in Acid Rain:
Would eliminate traffic jams, and lower vehicular polution in
urban cities.

One of the gases produced by vehicles is nitrogen 3. Invest in zero-emission vehicles:

oxide and it contributes to the formatian of highly carosive
smog which results in the rusting of vehicles and the corrosion Not all vehicles today are relying on fosil fuels for
of structures. locomotion. Electric vehicles have moved trom
away burning
fuel to
When the trogen oxide dissolves in rain, acid rain is
and use electrochemical processes produce the energy
required for a vehicle to move. The by-product of fue-cell
produced, which can significantly reduce the lifespan of vehicles is water and that is why these types of cars are known
buildings made by limestone and marble if they come into as zero-emission vehicles.
direct contact. Besides, any water harvested from this type of
rain is not fit for human and animal consumption and can They store energy in an onboard battery and emit
cause stunted growth in plants. nothing from their tailpipe. More research needs to be invested
in electric cars because as of now, they cannot handle difficult

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JSART -Volume 6 ssue 12-DECEMBER 2020
tasks such as ferrying heavy loads. There also exist hybrid-
electric vehicles that use both a gasoline engine and an electric old vehicles are responsible for mre vehicular
motor plus battery. They are a ht expensive, but eventualy, pollution because thelr transmission systems are outdated.
They also cause accidents on the roads because of their many
they save at the gasolme pump.
complications and getting rid of them for newer models serves
4. Burn Fewer Fuels: as the most sensible and practical alternative or solution.
Newer vehicles use new technologies and pollute the
The key to burning fewer fiuels is making vehicles environment less than their older counterparts.
more efficlent. Governments need to set fuel-economy
standards for all passenger vehicles, ncluding the advocacy 8. Cntrol the formation of nitrogen oxide by investing in
for the use of technologies that help cars and trucks to further novel designs:
on a gallon of gasolne.
some changes can be done to the vehide's operation

Most pi ckup, SUVs and minivans, on a verage travel parameters or designng them in a way that it lowers the high
less distance on a gallon of gas than they did decades ago. If temperature of the combustion system, which prodices the
this is implemented, it can help reduoe the number of dangerous gas. Some high tech devices could also he used to
dangerous gases that are emitted into the atmosphere. reduce the formation and emission of the nitrogen oxide In
combustion chambers.
5. Having in Place Pollution Control Technologies:
IX. EVOLUTION OF VEHICULAR POLLUTION
Some jurisdictions require the use of technologies CONTROL MEASURES TAKEN IN INDIA
that dramatically reduce the amount of smog-form aton
For containing vehicular pollution, the Government
pollution and carban gases coming from vehicles. For di esel
vehicles, two-way catalysts and engine controls reducehas taken important intlatives in recent years. The Union
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emitted, although they Govemment and the Provincial Govemmnts in India have
still emit a lot of nitrogen oxide and toxic particulate matter been emphasizing the need for planning and developing
strategies to implement mitigation measures to maintain the
For gsoline vehicles, three-way' catalysts, precise urban air qualty and make the cties cleaner and greener tor
engine and fuel controls, as well as evaporative emisslon achieving better air quality and good health for its citizens.
controls, reduce smog-forming emissions from new vehicles Over the past decade or so, the govemment has bought n
by a factor of ten. New technolagies can identify emission- statutes aimed at regulating and montoring Indusrial and
equipment control failures, as well as, help reduce the gross vehicular pollution agoss the country
pollution problem.
9.1 Awareness Raising:
i. Civic Education:
Public awareness and participation is a key to
Many people know about the effects of these bringing about policy ch ange. Widespread environmental
emissions but play ignorant, while some simply do not know education promotes understanding of linkages between
about them. Civic education, especially on the short-term and pollution and health and encourages public involvement.
long-tem effects of vehicular pollution on our lives and the Ralsing mass awareness among general public has been
planet in general, could open up eyes and help people make perceived as one of the major tool in the success of our
sane decisions. vehicular pollution control policy framework. Private sector
participation through nnovative schemes like accepting
It is a task that should be imposed upon every delivery only from trucks that meet emission standards, Adopt
individual, govenment, non-governmental institutions and a street campaigns, and ar quality monitoring displays should
various other institutions all over the world, and they could be encouraged / strengthened. Media can also participate in
awaken the society to the realities of pollution, its effects and awareness raising by disseminating air pollutian related data.
how to reduce it. A sense of responsibility should be cultivated
in each person so that they grow a desire and willingness to do 9.2 Developing fuel economy standards:
the right thing.
Adopting fuel economy standards will not only help
7. Discarding Old Vehicles: check the growing consumption of petrol and diesel, it will

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JSART -Volume

also reduce the transport sector's contribution to acaumulation IX. CONCLUSION

of CO, not to speak of conventional ar pollutants such as
particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons. The In this age of rapid advancement a t pollution due to
less fuel burned/consumed per km travelled, the less will be automobiles has become a critical concern tor the

the emissions. environment. Today, in a lmost every country the majprity of

population exposed to the poor quality of envir onment. The
1s
The nternational Concil on Clean Technology human beings have become vulnerable to different disease
(ICCT) is working to improve the environmental performance startingfrom aheadache to serious diseases such as ngs
and eficlency of cars, trudks, buses and transportation cancer. This indirectly leads to the eonomic loss dacounty
systems in order to protect and improve public health, the as financial resources are need to be spent for providing

environment, and quality of life. The

Japan lnhas ingreased required medical fadlities to the affected pubiic,.
the
stringency of ts fuel economy tandards. ndia,
Petroleum Conservation and Research Assodation (PCRA), The pollution from m or vehicles can be minimized
an autonomous research body under the Union ministry of by using newas well as innovative technology, altermate fuels
petroleum and natural gas, has signed a memorandum of and govermment policies. These methods need to be used n
understanding with the Bureau of Energy Eficiency to proper way to improve the condition of the environmant
develop fuel economy stan dards under the Energy significantly. The present study helps the automobile
Conservation Act, 2001. The fud efficiency standard is manufacturers for a better sustanable environment.
applicable for all types of vehicles, in duding cars, trucks and
buses. According to government projections, the country could It's ofien been said that we only have one earth and
save up to $36 billion if fued efficiency s improved by 50%% by we should do everything to protect it. One cannot afford to sit

2030 in all sectors. A committee of experts is now being set up on the sidelines and watch because when it comes to polluton,
by PCRA to set target values. everyone is affected, even the ones that did not contribute to it.
Vehicle transportation is one of the leading causes of alr
TABLE 1.0 pollution the world over. The good thing is that sometning can
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POLLUTANTS ON actually be done about it It begins with individual
ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH. responstbilty in having a cleaner planet. When people change
ectsiraa their mindsets and become more practive, a lot of good
CabonMeoeaide (CO% NA
inreu t
things can be a chieved. In the same manner, vehicle pollution
nd
can also be reduced and managed.
iuvemu Caales 00s) shieta afa

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