THE CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
WITH PEACE EDUCATION
A COMPILATION OF LEARNING MATERIALS IN GEC 3
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD WITH PEACE EDUCATION
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Republic of the Philippines
Catanduanes State University
Virac, Catanduanes
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This learning material is used in compliance with the flexible teaching-learning approach espoused by
CHED in response to the pandemic that has globally affected educational institutions. Authors and publishers
of the contents are well acknowledged. As such the college and its faculty do not claim ownership of all
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commercialization.
CatSU College of Arts and Sciences
COURSE OVERVIEW
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD WITH PEACE EDUCATION
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted
phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic,
social, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of
the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the
world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and goal ethical responsibility.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Differentiate the competing concepts of globalization
• Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization
• Examine the various concepts of globalization
• Distinguish the different definitions of globalization from experts; and
• Adopt a working definition of globalization
• Define economic globalization
• Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization
• Define the modern world system
• Articulate a stance on global economic integration
• Explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a global economy
• Narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century
• Identify the attributes of global corporations
• Explain the effects of globalization on governments
• Identify the institutions that govern international relations
• Differentiate internationalism from globalism
• Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations
• Identify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century
• Explain the relevance of the nation-state amid globalization in the twenty-first century
• Differentiate between regionalization and globalization.
• Identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions.
• Explain the term Global south.
• Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of Globalization and regionalization through
regionalism.
• Differentiate the global south from third world.
• Explain how regions are formed and kept together.
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of regionalism.
• Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region.
• Analyze how various media drive various form of global integration
• Explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production
• Explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs
• Analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and, conversely, global peace
• Analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization
• Explain the theory of demographic transition as it affects global population
• Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people
• Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of OFW’s
• Differentiate stability from sustainability
• Articulate models of global sustainable development
• Define global food security
• Critique existing models of global food security
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Globalization plays a vital role in the economic system of the world. The world economy
which is set to be a system of being globalized. What does it mean? It means that the whole world is
increasingly involving as a part of a single market, with interdependent production, consuming similar
goods, and responding to the same impulses. It also involves of spreading of ideas, practices, and
technologies. It is the connectivity across the entire world of the economic and cultural life that
increased throughout the centuries. However, what is the real concept of globalization and when did
it begin? Does the perspective of every experts differ from one another? What are some impacts of
globalization to the development of world’s economy? Do you think it is beneficial? Why or why not?
The aim of this chapter is to outline some of the main dimensions of globalization and to
indicate some ways in which they are being studied and criticize by the experts. This chapter is an
attempt to open more doors than it closes and to point the reader in directions that I have myself
found fruitful.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
A. At the end of the unit, the students shall be able to:
1. Examine the various conceptions of globalization
2. Distinguish the different definitions from experts
3. Adopt a working definition of globalization
Lesson Outline
I. Introduction to Globalization
1. Concepts of Globalization
2. Definitions of Globalization from Experts
3. Attributes of Globalizations
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Cultural Imperialism – a conviction that there is a better culture
Globalism - widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic
markets is beneficial for everyone since it spreads freedom and democracy across the world
Globalization – the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world
time and world space.
Globality –future social condition characterized by thick economic, political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that make currently existing political borders and economic
barriers irrelevant
Global Village – through globalization and communication technology, the world has become
borderless
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LESSON 1 CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION
CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the growth of
the international flow of money, ideas, and culture. Thus, globalization is primarily focused on
economic process of integration has social and cultural aspects.
• It is the interconnectedness of people and business across the world that eventually lead to
global, cultural, political, and economic integration.
• It is the ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the world in order to
conduct business internationally.
• It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless and
integrated manner.
• It is the liberation of countries of their impact protocols and welcome foreign investment into
sectors that are the mainstays of its economy.
• It refers to countries acting like magnets attracting global capital by opening up their
economies to multinational corporations.
GLOBALIZATION AS DEFINED BY OTHER AUTHORS
• “Globalization as process by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single
world society.” – Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King
• “Globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in
such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice
versa.” – Anthony Giddens (The Consequence of Modernity)
• “Globalization as the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of
the world as a whole.” – Prof. Roland Robertson (Sociology), 1992, University Aberdeen
GLOBALITY
• Globalization as a condition
Future social condition characterized by thick economic, political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that make currently existing political borders and economic
barriers irrelevant (Steger (2005).
GLOBALISM
• Steger (2014b) globalization as an ideology
Appadurai (1996) five dimensions of global cultural flow.
1. Ethnoscape- global movement of people
2. Mediascape- flow of culture
3. Technoscape- circulation of mechanical goods and software
4. Finacescape- global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape- realm of political ideas
Windows into the broader phenomenon of globalization
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GLOBALIZATION IS ALSO DEFINED DIFFERENTLY DEPENDING ON SOMEONE ELSE’S
EXPERTISE, EXPERIENCE, AND PERSPECTIVE
A. Economics expert
Globalizations means;
- fast speed of trade (importing and exporting are done in just a millisecond through
technology)
- global economic organizations such as International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank
(WB), World Trade Organization (WTO). International Labor Organization (ILO), ASEAN, etc.
- multinational and transnational corporations
- free trade (governments not to restrict the importation of products and the exportation of
local products
B. Culture expert
Globalizations means;
. - establishment “global village” (media, facebook has connected the world)
- “shrinking world” (breaking boundaries)
- cultural imperialism (Better Culture)
- borderless world
- adoption of other cultures (KPOP)
C. Political science expert
Globalization serves as a challenge to the nation-state.
- strengthening of regional blocs (ASEAN) (UN)
- emergence of global political norms (the norm that each country is entitled to the
exploitation
of human resources for its own growth)
- emergence of corporations (businessmen and investors)
- international laws (conflicts)
- world governance
FOUR ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalization occurs worldwide (Every person is a global citizen because he or she thinks about
the issues of the world)
- Think about the world
- Associate ourselves with global trends
- Sense of responsibility
2. Globalization Intensification & acceleration of social exchanges and activities
- Door-to-door mail delivery to FB messages – IG, SnapChat, Twitter
- Live TV telecast
- Travel capacities brought about by low airfares
3. Globalization Expansion & stretching of social relations
- Regional and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
- Humanitarian Institution
- Government associations
- multinational companies
4. Globalization has Various forms of connectivity
- They are diverse (economic, political, cultural, etc.)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION
• There is social mobility of movement of people regardless of reason
• There is an intensification of interactions
• It’s an active process
• Borderless interaction
• Spread of ideas, knowledge, technology, religion, etc.
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF THE TERM “GLOBALIZATION”
Before the Age Age of
1820s
of Discovery Discovery
1900s 20th century
• 1897 - Charles Taze Russel (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society) coined the term
“CORPORATE GIANTS”, referring to a large national trust and other large enterprises of the
time.
• 1930 - the world “GLOBALIZE” as a noun appeared in a publication entitled “Towards new
education” where it denoted a holistic view of human experience in education.
• Late 1970s - Globalization was coined
• Early 1981 - Globalization was used as an economic sense
• Late 1980’s - Globalization was popularized by Theodore Levitt
• Late 2000’s – The IMF identified four basic aspects of globalization
• 2013 – the Globalization was used to define “borderless society”
• 2017 – Globalization was often used in the Academe
• 2018 – Globalization was now used in all discipline
INDICATORS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Interdependence of countries in different social aspects
• Advancement of science, technology etc
• Environmental issues across borders
• Economic globalization, cultural globalization, and political globalization
NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION
• A Conglomerate of various multiple units located in different parts of the globe which are
linked by common ownership.
• Multiple units draw a common pool of resources such as money, credit, information, patents,
trade names and control system
• The units respond to some common strategy. Product presence is in different markets of the
world. Human resources are highly diverse. Transactions involving intellectual properties
such as copyrights, patents, trademarks, and process technologies are across the globe.
REASONS FOR GLOBALIZATION
• Rapid shrinking of time and distance across the globe. One can easily cross the bridge going
to the other side of the market place due to advance tools of technology than before.
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• Domestic markets are no longer rich as a consequence of many interlocking factors.
• Companies and institutions go global to find political and economic stability which is relatively
good in other countries than the country of origin.
• To get technological and managerial know-how of other countries due to their advancement
in science, technology, education, health, and other fields of discipline.
• To reduce high transportation costs if one goes globally using the advance tools of
communication and information.
• To be close to raw materials and to markets for their finished products which are not
available in the country of origin.
• The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) had made it possible in stimulating
increased cross border trade. There are other world bodies like the UN and several
arbitration bodies where countries agree.
STAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
STAGE 1. The first stage is the arm’s length service activity of an essentially domestic company/
institution which moves into new market overseas by linking up with local dealers and distributors.
STAGE 2. In this stage, the company/ institution takes over these activities on its own.
STAGE 3. In this stage, the domestic-based company institution begins to carry out its own
manufacturing marketing and sales in key foreign markets.
STAGE 4. In this stage, the company/ institution moves to a full insider position in these markets
supported by a complete business system including Research and Development (R&D) and
engineering. However, the headquarters mentality continues to dominate.
STAGE 5. In this stage, the company/ institution moves towards a genuinely global mode of
operation. In this stage, global localization happens, that is, the company institution serves local
customers in markets around the globe responding to their needs. This requires an organizational
transition, i.e. the company must denationalize its operations and create a system of values shared
by global managers.
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. An open economy spur fast innovation with fresh ideas from abroad
2. Exports jobs often pay more than other jobs
3. Productivity grows more quickly when countries produce goods and services in which they
are of comparative advantageous
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Exploitation of underdeveloped countries
2. Widening of rich-poor gap
3. Harmful effects on small industries and small business
SYNTHESIS:
Globalization may be defined and conceptualized from different lenses, but an
interdisciplinary definition is necessary. Some scholars consider it as a process, a condition, or an
ideology. Experts from different fields of social sciences also define globalization based on their
specialization or expertise. Every one of them talks about different networks and connections that
are expanding and intensifying in the contemporary world.
REFERENCES
Brazalote T., and Leomardo R. (2019). The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City