Republic of the Philippines Region 1

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

Instructor
 Chapter I
COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS

LEARNING OUTCOME
 Describe the nature, components, process, principles and ethics
of communication in various multicultural contexts

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

The term communication process refers to the exchange of
information between two or more people. For communication to
succeed, both participants must be able to exchange information
and understand each other. If the flow of information is blocked
for some reason or the parties cannot make themselves understood,
then communication fails.

If you have texted your friend or given an oral presentation

in class, then you have engaged in communication. Any time two or
more people get together to exchange messages, they are engaging
in this basic process. Although it seems simple, communication is
actually quite complex, with a number of components (Nordquist,
2018).

LEARNING CONTENTS

A. COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Nordquist (2018) describes the components of communication as

follows:

1. SENDER. The communication process begins with the sender, who

is also called the communicator or source. The sender has some
kind of information - a command, request, or idea- that he or she
wants to share with others. In order for that message to be
received, the sender must first encode the message in a form that
can be understood and then transmit it.

2. RECEIVER. The person to whom a message is directed is called

the receiver or the interpreter. In order to comprehend the
information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to
receive the sender's information and then decode or interpret it.

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

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3. MESSAGE. The message or content is the information that the
sender wants to relay to the receiver. It is relayed between the
parties. Put all three together and you have the communication
process as its most basic.

3. MEDIUM. Also called the channel, the medium is the means by

which a message is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are
transmitted through the medium of cell phones.

5. FEEDBACK. The communication process reaches its final point

when the message has been successfully transmitted, received, and
understood.
The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating
comprehension. Feedback may be direct, such as a written or verbal
response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in response.
The communication process is not always simple or smooth, of
course. Two other elements may affect how the message is
transmitted, received, and interpreted.

6. NOISE. This can be any sort of interference that affects the

message being sent, received, or understood. It can be as literal
as static over a phone line or esoteric as misinterpreting a local
custom.

7. CONTEXT. This is the setting and situation in which

communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact
on the successful exchange of information. It may have a physical,
social, or cultural aspect to it.

B. THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

According to [Link] the goal of
communication is to convey information-and the understanding of
that information-from one person or group to another person or
group. As already discussed, this communication process is divided
into three basic components: A sender transmits a message through
a channel to the receiver.

The sender first develops an idea, which is composed into a

message and then transmitted to the other party, who interprets
the message and receives meaning. Information theorists have added
somewhat more complicated language. Developing a message is known
as encoding. Interpreting the message is referred to as decoding.

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

Instructor
 For example, Emilia wants to remind her husband, Ramir, to
stop by the grocery after work and buy milk for dinner. She forgot
to ask him in the morning, so Emilia texts the reminder to Ramir.
He texts back and then shows up at home with a gallon of milk
under his arm. But something's amiss: Ramir bought chocolate milk,
and Emilia wanted regular milk (adapted from Nordquist, 2018).

In this example, the sender is Emilia. The receiver is Ramir.

The medium is a text message, an electronic medium. The code is
the English language they are using. And the message itself:
Remember the milk! In this case, the feedback is both direct and
indirect. Ramir texts a photo of milk at the store (direct) and
[Link] then come home with it (indirect].
However, Emilia did not see the photo of the milk because the
message did not transmit [noise], and Ramir did not think to ask
what kind of milk (context) (adapted from Nordquist, 2018).

The other important feature in the communication process,

then, is the feedback cycle. When two people interact,
communication is rarely one-way only. When person receives a
message, she responds to it by giving a reply. The feedback cycle
is the same as the sender-receiver feedback noted in Figure 1.
Otherwise, the sender can't know whether the other parties
properly interpreted the message or how they reacted to it
([Link]

The critical factor in measuring the effectiveness of

communication is common understanding. Understanding exists when
all parties involved have a mutual agreement as to not only the
information, but also the meaning of the information. Effective
communication, therefore, occurs when the intended message of the
sender and the interpreted message of the receiver are one and the
same. Although this should be the goal in any communication, it is
not always achieved (https:// [Link]).

The most efficient communication occurs at a minimum cost in

terms of resources expended. Time, in particular, is an important
resource in the communication process. For example, it would be
virtually impossible for a teacher to take the time to communicate
individually with each student in a class about every specific
topic covered. Even if it were possible, it would be costly. This
is why managers often leave voice mail messages and interact by e-
mail rather than visit their subordinates personally.

However, efficient time-saving communications are not always

effective. A low- cost approach such as an e-mail note to a

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distribution list may save time, but it does not always result in
everyone getting the same meaning from the message. Without
opportunities to ask questions and clarify the message, erroneous
interpretations are possible. In addition to a poor choice of
communication method, other barriers to effective communication
include noise and other physical distractions, language problems,
and failure to recognize nonverbal signals.

Sometimes communication is effective, but not efficient. A

work team leader visiting each team member individually to explain
a new change in procedures may guarantee that everyone truly
understands the change, but this method may be very costly on the
leader's time. A team meeting would be more efficient. In these
and other ways, potential tradeoffs between effectiveness and
efficiency occur.

C. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
In [Link] the following
principles about the nature of communication are discussed. These
principles if assimilated will facilitate communication and render
it effective:

1. Communication is an interaction situation wherein the

participants are affected by each one's behavior. Every message is
simultaneously a stimulus to new behavior and a response to prior
behavior of the receiver. No message should be isolated from what
has occurred before between the communicants if we really want to
understand the message. It should be understood in the totality of
the situation.

2. One does communicate. We do communicate even when we are

ignoring the message of another or maintaining complete silence.
An easy way to understand this would be to think what you would do
if someone, you did not want to interact with, passed a smile to
you. Even by ignoring him, you would still be communicating, I do
not want to relate to you. Silence, posture and all non-verbal
behaviors are the ways we communicate even when we wish to deny
doing so.

3. The message received is not necessarily the message sent. We

usually relate to others as if there was only one reality the way
we perceive the world. We all live as separate individuals with
different experiences and different views of reality. How we
interpret verbal and non-verbal messages may be quite different

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

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from the meaning intended by the speaker (communicator). Even when
several people are viewing the same behavior, each interprets it
differently. While talking or writing we are describing only those
experiences that occur inside us and they may not be the same for
others because every person, because of his different background,
is unique.

4. Communication occurs simultaneously at more than one level. We

communicate on the level of the literal content of the information
being conveyed as well as on the relationship level. In other
words, we do not convey information to the receiver verbally only.
By the context, in which the communication occurs, and by various
verbal and non-verbal cues, we are also telling the other person
how we see our relationship with him, how we see ourselves, and
how he should interpret our messages.

This second level of communication is called meta-

communication and refers to any communication about communication
or any verbal or non-verbal cues about the literal content of the
message sent. For example, I may say to another person, I'm very
happy with you, and be serious indicating that I do not mean what
I say. I may also verbally meta-communicate by adding, I was only
joking, which tells the receiver how he should interpret my
original statement.

The context in which communication occurs is another

important component of meta-communication. If a man slaps his wife
while travelling in the bus, he would be telling the world
something quite different than if he were to do the same thing in
his own house.

Meanwhile, according [Link] there are four

basic principles of interpersonal communication. These principles
underlie the workings in real life of interpersonal communication.
They are basic to communication, thus, we can't ignore them:

1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable. We can not not

communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates
something. Through not only words, but through tone of voice and
through gesture, posture, facial expression, etc., we constantly
communicate to those around us. Through these channels, we
constantly receive communication from others. Even when you sleep,
you communicate. Remember a basic principle of communication in
general: People are not mind readers. Another way to put this is:
People judge you by your behavior, not your intent.

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2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible. You can not really
take back something once it has been said. The effect must
inevitably remain. A Russian proverb says, Once a word goes out of
your mouth, you can never swallow it again.

3. Interpersonal communication is complicated. No form of

communication is simple. Because of the number of variables
involved, even simple requests are extremely complex. Theorists
note that whenever we communicate there are really at least six
people involved: a) who you think you are; b) who you think the
other person is; c) who you think the other person thinks you are;
d) who the other person thinks /she is; e) who the other person
thinks you are; and f) who the other person thinks you think s/he
is. We do not actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for
ideas. This also complicates communication. Words (symbols) do not
have inherent meaning; we simply use them in certain ways, and no
two people use the same word exactly alike.

Osmo Wiio gives us some communication maxims similar to

Murphy's law (Welin-Goos, 1978; in [Link]

a. If communication can fail, it will.

b. If a message can be understood in different ways, it will be
understood in just that way which does the most harm.
c. There is always somebody who knows better than you what you
meant by your message.
d. The more communication there is, the more difficult it is for
communication to succeed.

These tongue-in-cheek maxims are not real principles;

they simply humorously remind us of the difficulty of
accurate communication.

4. Interpersonal communication is contextual. In other words,

communication does not happen in isolation. There is:

a. Psychological context, which is who you are and what you

bring to the interaction. Your needs, desires, values,
personality, etc., all form the psychological context (You
here refers to both participants in the interaction.);
b. Relational context, which concerns your reactions to the
other person -the mix;
c. Situational context, which deals with the psycho-social
where you are communicating. An interaction that takes place
in a classroom will be very different from one that takes
place in a bar;

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

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 d. Environmental context, which deals with the physical where
you are communicating. Furniture, location, noise level,
temperature, season, time of day, all are examples of
factors in the environmental context; and
e. Cultural context, which includes all the learned behaviors
and rules that affect the interaction. If you come from a
culture (foreign or within your own country) where it is
considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, you will
out of politeness avoid eye contact. If the other person
comes from a culture where long, direct eye contact signals
trustworthiness, then we have in the cultural context a
basis for misunderstanding.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

A message may be conveyed via these types: verbal - non-
verbal and visual. Though communication is often thought of as
verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally essential as it enhances
one's message.

VERBAL-NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Effective communication calls for the blending of these two

types. One cannot be separated from the other. For instance, door-
to-door salespersons who demonstrate product knowledge can only be
effective if they know how to properly punctuate what they say
with proper gestures and facial expressions. Their communication
with the customer begins upon greeting him/her with a welcoming
smile then assessing customer needs and answering customer queries
enhanced by gestures and a friendly, happy, and pleasant
disposition. It is only through this mode that salespeople with
excellent communication skills are able to provide the best
information needed, thereby convincing the client to patronize
their products.

When you were in Senior High School, you were trained to

blend verbal and non-verbal modes of communication. In fact, when
meeting people for the first time, as what you may have
experienced many times, the initial meeting when you speak during
the first few minutes is significant as it leaves a lasting
impression on your listeners. You show interest in meeting these
people by acknowledging their presence through an amiable,
congenial disposition, and a smiling face. Rather than just

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

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speaking, it is to use the non-verbal code through a handshake, an
approving facial expression, and a kind disposition or character.

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Visual communication, on the other hand, is the type of

communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or
messages. Some examples are signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs,
charts, diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or illustrations,
and even various forms of electronic communication. Some examples
of electronic communication symbols or images are the emojis,
emoticons, and animation among others to convey the writer's
emotions or clarify the intent of the message sender. These are
achieved through digital mode or text.

How these symbols are interpreted is very crucial in visual

communication. There are some instances when visual communication
is classified under non-verbal communication. Whatever the
classification is, note that this type has now become pervasive in
communication. It is then important that the receiver of the
message is able to decode the meaning correctly by contextualizing
the information received.

Visual communication now occupies an important place in any

work environment. For instance, during presentations, instructors,
managers, doctors, lawyers, legislators, and the like use visuals.
to transfer data into digestible information. Very likely, they
will have greater success in catching the attention of the
audience, making the latter easily recall the information. What
makes visual communication even more advantageous is that it makes
use of technology that provides apps (applications), videos, and
images that rely less on the printed word making presentations
more interesting. This leaves a powerful effect on the audience
and prospective clients. Speakers/presenters should, however, be
mindful of the content of their presentation since wrong and
irrelevant information may lead to miscommunication or
communication breakdown, thereby defeating the very purpose for
the use of visuals. Likewise, they should pay attention to graphic
elements, such as position, color, size, shape, and orientation as
all these play an important role in the preparation of slides.
Audience size should be considered as well when preparing slide
presentations or other forms of visuals.

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

Instructor
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO
CONTEXT
In this sub-section, context in communication is referred to
as a composite of people interacting with each other.
Communication may also be classified according to context: (1)
intrapersonal; (2) interpersonal; (3) extended; (4) organizational
communication; and (5) intercultural communication.

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
The Latin prefix intra- means within or inside. Intrapersonal
communication then means talking to oneself. Some label it as self
or inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue. Psychologists
call it with other names such as self-verbalization or self-
statement.

Do you find it normal to talk to yourself? Some say it is,

some say it's not. The gauge, however, rests on the frequency of
the occurrence and how you handle such. For instance, if you find
yourself talking to yourself, there is really no need for you to
answer back. You talk to yourself because you think that there is
the need to: boost your confidence when you are nervous to speak
in front of an audience, apprise yourself that you performed a
good job, or console yourself that you did a task poorly. Moreover,
engaging in inner speech such as fantasizing or daydreaming is not
bad as long as you are able to distinguish it from reality.

Self-talk can be advantageous as it can enable you to

practice what you ought to say in times when you lack the
motivation and confidence to speak. One magic statement that you
can try is: "I can do it!" Saying this over and over again will
give you positive reinforcement that you can do things
courageously and that it is not impossible to do so. Furthermore,
as you respond to life's challenges, you may also find yourself
verbalizing your thoughts and feelings. It is then important that
as you introspect, you are able to improve on your decisions in
life and likewise enhance your self-worth as a person.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
As opposed to intra, the Latin prefix inter- means between,
among, and together. An interactive exchange takes place as

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interpersonal communication takes place. However, as it occurs, a
transaction does not necessarily take place since it can only be a
simple interaction such as greetings, getting to know a person, or
ordinary conversations that happen between or among the
interactants. This may occur in dyads or small groups, also known
as group communication.

A communication situation is interpersonal if it is meant to

establish or deepen one's relationship with others. However, if
the objective is to achieve something at the end of the
conversation, it becomes transactional. While the former is
characterized by less seriousness and formality, the latter is
more formal and profound. Whereas interpersonal talks are meant
for maintaining social relationships, transactional talks aim to
accomplish or resolve something at the end of the conversation.
Note the examples below.

Analyze the following two situations:

1. Speaker A: Hello! I am Kaeselle Ramos. And you? Speaker B: Oh,

I am Venice Mendoza. Glad to meet you. How are you related to the
bride?

Speaker A: She is my cousin. Her mom and mine are sisters. How
about you?

Speaker B: She was my high school classmate. I never knew anything

about her personal life so we were kind of surprised when she sent
us the invitation. As always, she is very private.

Speaker A: I see. Well, she's really like that. Ever since we were
kids, she has always been a very quiet person.

2. Speaker A: Excuse me. Would you know how to get to the nearest
mall?
3.
Speaker B: Yes. In fact, you may go there on foot or simply take a
jeepney. If you walk, it will take you about 20 minutes to get
there. You can just take the exit gate near the hospital then turn
left and walk straight ahead. You won't miss it because of the big
sign. Jeepneys take the same route and it should not take you more
than 10 minutes even with the traffic.

Speaker A: Thank you very much. I think I will just take

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

Instructor
the public transportation as I am running out of time. You have
been really helpful. Thanks again.

Could you tell which is interpersonal and which is

transactional in the two situations above? Explain the objective,
the language, and the nature of the conversation.

EXTENDED COMMUNICATION
Extended communication involves the use of electronic media.
Unlike before when it only called for the use of television and
radio, nowadays, the description of extended communication may be
expanded as to include tele, audio, or phone conferencing; video-
conferencing; Skype calls; and other technological means. For
example, linked by a telecommunication system, people who are far
apart, or are far from the venue, can participate in a meeting or
a conference. In an e-conference like this, participants may not
be physically present but are still able to track down the
lectures and participate actively because of the mass articulation
and dissemination of information, allowing speakers to reach a
wider group of listeners. Since extended communication is public
in nature, speakers are expected to be prepared when they speak,
making their language more formal.

With the use of electronic media, messages are transmitted

quickly. For instance, with the use of the Internet, recorded
videos may be transmitted in seconds/minutes and may be viewed by
a greater number of people. With extended communication, your own
thinking, behavior, and attitude may be influenced by other people
and you may be persuaded to take the views you hear. It is
important then that you weigh what you hear and assess them
against those beliefs that you hold onto so you do not get easily
swayed by other people's convictions.

ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
With this type, the focus is on the role that communication
plays in organizational contexts. Organizations comprise
individuals who work for the company. When you graduate, for
example, you become a professional, either working for a company
or putting up your own. Whichever, you should know that each
organization has expectations that you as a communication
professional should meet or that you as the owner may establish.

For an organization to be successful, a system of

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communication should be put in place. A set of rules or standards
for communication protocol should be made clear so that
interaction patterns are established. On the part of the
individual, you should be equipped with the needed oral and
written communication skills that the organization expects you to
possess.

There are two types of organizational structure: (1) formal

and (2) informal. Formal structure allows communication to take
place via designated channels of message flow between positions in
the organization. This may make use of four approaches: (1)
downward communication, (2) upward communication, (3) horizontal
communication, and (4) crosswise communication. As the term
implies, downward communication is the type that flows from upper
to lower positions, i.e., president to a manager or supervisor, a
manager to an ordinary staff. The flow of communication is top-
down or from a superior to a subordinate, usually asking certain
individuals to perform a certain task. Conversely, message
transmission in upward communication is bottom-up in which
subordinates send communication to their superiors/bosses bearing
their views/feedback on organizational policies, issues related to
their jobs, and the like. Horizontal communication is lateral in
approach as it takes place among people belonging to the same
level but coming from different departments or units to facilitate
performance of tasks through proper coordination. Crosswise
approach is diagonal in nature as employees from different units
or departments working at various levels communicate with each
other. Each of these communication approaches has its own
advantages and disadvantages. Note that these structures are
usually presented in the company's organizational chart and policy
manuals.

Informal communication, on the other hand, comes from

unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as 'grapevine,'
messages coming from the different levels of the organization are
transmitted. This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of some
employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as superiors playing
favorites and unfavorable or unacceptable company rules and
regulations. Some employees even resort to baseless gossips and
rumors which they spread like wild fire. Tracing the origin of a
rumor is almost next to impossible. In fact, when some people are
confronted, they impute the blame to others so they can get out of
the mess quickly.

Each organization has its own culture. This is referred to as

"organizational culture. Based on its history and development, an

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organization develops its own core values, vision and mission
statements, goals, and objectives. Organizational culture is of
utmost significance since it will dictate the kind of behavior
that employees should possess as well as the extent of commitment
expected from them by the organization. They all share in the
values, practices, vision, and mission of the organization. Peter
Drucker's famous quote, "Company cultures are like country
cultures. Never try to change one. Try instead, to work, with what
you've got," underscores the view that indeed, culture is within
the control of the entrepreneur or company owner. If at the outset,
you think you cannot adapt to the organization's culture, better
look for another job or workplace where you will be happy and in
harmony with your superiors and colleagues.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Another type of communication is intercultural communication,
As the term implies, it is communication between or among people
having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and
professional backgrounds. Even gender difference affects
communication Individuals having different orientations
communicate and interpret messages differently. This particularly
happens with non-verbal communication. For instance, Australians
consider eye contact as important in assessing the sincerity of a
person while for Indians, looking straight into the eyes of a
person while talking is inappropriate. This does not, however,
mean that they are dishonest or insincere. Moreover, Indians
interpret waving of hands from side to side as no or go away while
it means hello among Westerners, For Filipinos, twitching of lips
means to refer to something or someone. When someone asks: "Where
is my book?"instead of responding: "There it is," the response may
be twitching or puckering lips. When seen by people from other
cultures, such facial expression may be taken to mean as
"seduction." It is important then not to be judgmental or to rush
into interpretations as cultures sometimes vary enormously.

Similarly, linguistic differences are of the essence. With

the advent of World Englishes, different cultures develop
different lexicon peculiar only to the speech community. In the
Philippines, a local variety of English called Philippine English
has been developed which has introduced lexical innovation, not
found or used in other varieties, such as thrice, batchmates, CR
(comfort room), solons, barangay captain, and high blood. Even in
terms of pronunciation, words are pronounced differently by
Filipinos, which, to some, are considered erroneous. For instance,

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these supposedly pronounced with a hard /th/ represented with a
dis pronounced instead with a /d/ by the average Filipino since
hard /th/ is not part of the Filipino phonology.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO

PURPOSE AND STYLE
Finally, communication may be classified according to purpose
and style. Earlier, formal and informal communication have been
discussed in relation to organization communication. Similarly,
the types of communication in relation to purpose and style are
formal and informal. However, rather than focusing on the
transmission of message and message flow, the focus here is on the
communication setting and the mode of delivery. Formal
communication employs formal language delivered orally or in
written form. Lectures, public talks/speeches, research and
project proposals, reports, and business letters, among others are
all considered formal situations and writings. Note that while
lectures and speeches are delivered orally, the texts have been
thought out carefully and written well before they are delivered.
To inform, to entertain, and to persuade are the main objectives
of this type of communication.

On the other hand, informal communication certainly does not

employ formal language. It involves personal and ordinary
conversations with friends, family members, or acquaintances about
anything under the sun. The mode may be oral as in face-to-face,
ordinary or everyday talks and phone calls, or written as in the
case of e-mail messages, personal notes, letters, or text messages.
The purpose is simply to socialize and enhance relationships.

ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication ethics is the notion that an individual's or
group's behavior are governed by their morals which in turn
affects communication. Generally speaking communication, ethics
deals with the moral good present in any form of human
communication. This includes interpersonal communication, mass
mediated communication, and digital communication.

The questions that need to be asked are the following: What

do ethics have to do with communication? How can ethics (the
consideration of right and wrong) help us in crafting our
communications? It is possible to be an effective communicator and

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yet not an ethical communicator? Emphasizing the importance of
ethics in communication, the credo of the National Communication
Association (in [Link] provides:

Questions of right and wrong arise whenever people

communicate. Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible
thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships
and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels,
and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth
and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility,
personal integrity, and respect for self and others.

Let us take the charismatic, but immoral, leader as a classic

example. He understands how to persuade his followers with
dazzling rhetoric that appeals to their emotions. Is he an ethical
communicator?

Communication ethics concerns not only the individual, but is

of great concern to businesses, corporations, and professional
entities. A business with unethical communication practices is not
as effective as one with ethical communication practices. For
example, a business with unethical communication practices may
withhold evidence that it is harming the environment or breaking a
law through a lack of transparence; while a business with ethical
communication practices will immediately press a release to the
affected parties. In this example, transparency makes the business
more effective because it notifies its clients, prospective or
established, providers/suppliers, or other affiliates of the
potential environmental hazard or law violation. In other words,
in this example, transparency will encourage trust and good faith,
that the effective business will not conceal what is in the
interest of its audience ([Link]

Johnson (2015) developed the Ten Basics of Ethical

Communication using principles learned in Straight Talk and
Nonviolent Communication as well as best practices for small group
work in general, with a little common sense added in:

1. Seek to elicit the best in communications and interactions with

other group members.
2. Listen when others speak.
3. Speak non-judgmentally.
4. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your
own thoughts, needs, and feelings.
5. Seek to understand others (rather than to be right or more
ethical than thou).

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6. Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what
others have said without checking your understanding, or by
universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values, and conclusions,
assuming everyone shares them.
7. Manage your own personal boundaries. Share only what you are
comfortable sharing.
8. Respect the personal boundaries of others.
9. Avoid interrupting and side conversations.
[Link] sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members
have relatively equal air time if they want it.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
Check your understanding of the input by answering the following
questions:

1. How do you differentiate the types of communication in relation

to communication mode?
2. How can visual communication enhance the message conveyed by a
speaker? Cite a particular situation when it is best to employ
visual communication.
3. What are the types of communication in relation to context?How
do they differ from one another?
4. How can you listen to speakers' opinions through electronic
media without being easily swayed into accepting their opinions?
5. Of the four approaches employed in formal organization
structure, which do you think is the best? Cite situations
which will call for the use of each approach. Give one
advantage and disadvantage of each.
6. Would you know any strategy or method by which you can reduce
the complexity of understanding another culture? Do you think
it will work with your current set of foreign
classmates/friends?
7. How do you differentiate formal communication from informal
communication in relation to purpose and style? Provide
situations to illustrate the differences.

JANILYN GRACE C. PALEB, [Link].

Instructor