Introduction to
FIELDS and METHODS Managing the Paradigm Shift
THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH IS TO…
Review or synthesize existing
knowledge
Investigate existing situations or
problems
Provide solutions to problems
Explore and analyse more general
issues How to identify POSITIVISM...
Construct or create new procedures
or systems
Explain new phenomenon
Generate new knowledge
…or a combination of any of the above!
(Collis & Hussey, 2003)
REPUBLIC ACT 11036
PHILIPPINE MENTAL HEALTH LAW
PASADO NA! Criticism on POSITIVISM...
FIELD METHODS
•As the name suggests, field methods are
used “in situ”, in the actual setting in
which a particular phenomenon of interest
occurs.
•suggests that the investigator who uses
such methods "deliberately spends as Criticism on POSITIVISM...
much time as possible in the theater of
observation" and "becomes personally
involved with, or at least exposed to, the
phenomena of interest"
Criticism on POSITIVISM...
INTERPRETIVISM
Gives you options, different point of
view, and this is “healthy” for society
(Denzin & Lincoln, 2008; Willis, 2007).
You can have access to different aspects
of reality.
The individual is an “active agent”
(Wotherspoon, p.20)
DISADVANTAGE
Difficulty to identify right or wrong.
“Anything goes” (Feverabend, 1975).
Anything could be just claimed without
any validation of data or scientific
approach.
What can we learn from qualitative
• research? WHAT AN EXPERIMENT NEEDS
The strength of qualitative research is its
ability to provide complex textual
descriptions of how people experience a
given research issue. It provides information
about the “human” side of an issue – that is,
the often contradictory behaviors, beliefs,
opinions, emotions, and relationships of
individuals.
Qualitative methods are also effective in
identifying intangible factors, such as social
norms, socioeconomic status, gender roles,
ethnicity, and religion, whose role in the
research issue may not be readily apparent.
The Experimental Approach
PHENOMENOLOGY
The way we experience the world
determines how we respond and is based on
our unique mixture of needs, history and
expectations.
Each of us lives in our own subjective world,
which cannot be fully and completely
POSITIVISM understood by anyone else Tony Merry
Gives validity and objectivity to a (2002).
research.
it is based on precise methods and can
support a research with statistical and
objective data.
Disadvantage
Lack of in-depth understanding of a
context.
“You cannot capture a full richness of
the individuals and environments” (Gay,
Mills & Airason, 2009, p.20).
Deterministic view, people are social
products (Wotherspoon 1998, p.20)
WHAT IS CORRELATIONAL TRIANGULATION METHOD
RESEARCH
1. Methods Triangulation
According to Creswell, correlational 2. Investigator Triangulation
research design are used by 3. Theory Triangulation
investigators to describe and measure
the degree of relationship between two The importance of REFLEXIVITY in
or more variables or sets of scores. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
A procedure in which simply subjects’ Ability of the researcher to locate
scores on two variables are simply himself in the process of the research
measured, without manipulation of any Critical awareness of one’s own beliefs,
variables, to determine whether there is biases
no relationship.
WHAT IS REFLEXIVITY?
Correlational research examines the Reflexivity requires an awareness of the
relationship between two or more non researcher’s contribute to the
manipulated variables. construction of meaning throughout
the research process, and an
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH acknowledgement of the impossibility
of remaining “outside of” one’s subject
answer the question “What if?” matter while conducting research.
Reflexivity then, urges us “to explore
The research manipulates independent the ways in which a researcher’s
variables (e.g., type of treatment, involvement with a particular study
teaching method, communication influences, acts upon and informs such
strategy) and measure dependent research.
variables (anxiety level, English
comprehension, satisfaction) in order to Ang "reflexivity" sa research ay tumutukoy
establish cause-and-effect relationship sa kamalayan at pagsusuri ng mga
between them. mananaliksik sa kanilang sarili at sa
The independent variable is controlled kanilang mga impluwensya sa proseso ng
or set by the researcher. pananaliksik. Kasama dito ang pag- unawa
The dependent variable is measured by kung paano ang mga personal na pananaw,
the researcher. bias, mga karanasan, at mga posisyon ng
An “experiment” Is a prescribed set of mananaliksik ay maaaring makaapekto sa
conditions which permit measurement mga desisyon, interpretasyon, at resulta ng
of the effects of a particular treatment. pananaliksik.
Sa madaling salita, ang reflexivity ay ang
pagiging kritikal at bukas sa mga epekto ng
mananaliksik sa kanilang sariling pag-aaral.
Mahalaga ito upang mapanatili ang
kredibilidad at integridad ng mga resulta ng
research, at upang masiguro na ang mga
findings ay hindi labis na nahuhulog sa mga
personal na opinyon o hindi
pagkakapantay-pantay.