Heat Transfer

ME F220
Prof. Satish K Dubey
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

1
One-Dimensional, Steady-State
Conduction with
Thermal Energy Generation

Chapter Three
Section 3.5, Appendix C
Implications

Implications of Energy Generation

• Involves a local (volumetric) source of thermal energy due to conversion

from another form of energy in a conducting medium.

• The source may be uniformly distributed, as in the conversion from

electrical to thermal energy (Ohmic heating):
Eg I 2 Re
q  (3.43)
 

or it may be non-uniformly distributed, as in the absorption of radiation

passing through a semi-transparent medium. For a plane wall,

q  e  x

• Generation affects the temperature distribution in the medium and causes

the heat rate to vary with location, thereby precluding inclusion of
the medium in a thermal circuit.
ThePlaneWall

The Plane Wall

• Consider one-dimensional, steady-state conduction
in a plane wall of constant k, uniform generation,
and asymmetric surface conditions:

• Heat Equation:
d  dT  d 2T q
k q0 2  0 (3.44)
dx  dx  dx k

Is the heat flux q independent of x?

• General Solution:
T  x     q / 2k  x 2  C1 x  C2 (3.45)

What is the form of the temperature distribution for

q  0? q > 0? q < 0?

How does the temperature distribution change with increasing q ?

PlaneWall(cont.)

Symmetric Surface Conditions or One Surface Insulated:

• What is the temperature gradient

at the centerline or the insulated
surface?
• Why does the magnitude of the temperature
gradient increase with increasing x?

• Temperature Distribution:
q L2  x2 
T  x  1  2   Ts
2k 
(3.47)
L 

• How do we determine Ts?

Overall energy balance on the wall →
 E out  E g  0

hAs Ts  T   q As L  0

qL
Ts  T  (3.51)
h

• How do we determine the heat rate at x = L?

RadialSystems

Radial Systems
Cylindrical (Tube) Wall Spherical Wall (Shell)

Solid Cylinder (Circular Rod) Solid Sphere

• Heat Equations:
Cylindrical Spherical
1 d  dT  1 d  2 dT 
 kr q0  kr q0
r dr  dr  r 2 dr  dr 
RadialSystems(cont.)

• Solution for Uniform Generation in a Solid Sphere of Constant k

with Convection Cooling:

Temperature Distribution Surface Temperature

dT q r3
kr 2
  C1 Overall energy balance:
dr 3 q ro
 Eout  Eg  0  Ts  T 
q r 2 C1 3h
T    C2
6k r
dT Or from a surface energy balance:
|r 0  0  C1  0
Ein  Eout  0  qcond  ro   qconv  Ts  T  o
dr qr
q ro 2 3h
T  ro   Ts  C2  Ts 
6k
q ro 2  r2 
T r   1    Ts
6k  ro 2 

• A summary of temperature distributions is provided in Appendix C

for plane, cylindrical and spherical walls, as well as for solid
cylinders and spheres. Note how boundary conditions are specified
and how they are used to obtain surface temperatures.
 Heat Transfer
ME F220
Prof. Satish K Dubey
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

8
Extended Surfaces

Chapter Three
Section 3.6
 NatureandRationale

Nature and Rationale of Extended Surfaces

• An extended surface (also know as a combined conduction-convection system

or a fin) is a solid within which heat transfer by conduction is assumed to be
one dimensional, while heat is also transferred by convection (and/or
radiation) from the surface in a direction transverse to that of conduction.

– If heat is transferred from the surface to the fluid by convection, what

surface condition is dictated by the conservation of energy requirement?

– Why is heat transfer by conduction in the x-direction not, in fact, one-

dimensional?
NatureandRationale(cont.)

– What is the actual functional dependence of the temperature distribution in

the solid?
– If the temperature distribution is assumed to be one-dimensional, that is,
T=T(x) , how should the value of T be interpreted for any x location?
– How does qcond,x vary with x ?
– When may the assumption of one-dimensional conduction be viewed as an
excellent approximation? The thin-fin approximation.
• Extended surfaces may exist in many situations but are commonly used as
fins to enhance heat transfer by increasing the surface area available for
convection (and/or radiation). They are particularly beneficial when h is small,
as for a gas and natural convection.
• Some typical fin configurations:

Straight fins of (a) uniform and (b) non-uniform cross sections; (c) annular
fin, and (d) pin fin of non-uniform cross section.
Extended Surfaces: Fins

Energy Balance:
GDE: Constant cross section area

GDE: Variable cross section area

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 Extended Surfaces: Case-1: Convective tip
Temperature Distribution
GDE: Constant cross section area

Rate of Heat Transfer from Fin

Approach-1
BCs: Case-1

Approach-2

13
 Extended Surfaces: Case-2: Insulated tip
Temperature Distribution
GDE: Constant cross section area

Rate of Heat Transfer from Fin

BCs: Case-1 Approach-1

Approach-2

14
 Extended Surfaces: Case-3: Very Long (Infinite fin)
Temperature Distribution
GDE: Constant cross section area

Rate of Heat Transfer from Fin

BCs: Case-1 Approach-1

Approach-2

15
Summary

16
Fin Performance

Example : Fin effectiveness for Case-3: Very long fin

Example : Fin efficiency for Case-3: Very long fin
hPkAc  b
f 
hPkAc b mkAcb mkAc 1 hAc b
f    
hPLb hPLb hPL mL hLc
Example : Fin efficiency for Case-2: Insulated tip
Bi 
k

1 1 1
f   
hAc hLc Bi
kP k
17
Fin Performance
Fin Resistance

Corrected fin length

18
Efficiency of Fins

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Efficiency of Fins

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Problem-1

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Problem

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Problem-2

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Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

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Solution

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 Fin Resistance
Overall Surface Efficiency

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Problem

29
Solution

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Solution

31
Straight Fins

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Circumferential Fins

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Problem

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Solution

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References
Text Book:
T1:Frank P. Incropera, David P. Dewitt , et al., Incropera's Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer,
Wiley India Edition, 2018

Reference Book:
R1: J.P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, 2002, 9th Edition.

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