Engineering Electromagnetics

W.H. Hayt, Jr. and J. A. Buck

Chapter 2
Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity

2-1
 2.1 Coulomb’s Experimental Law
 Assumption: “Static (or time-invariant) electric field”

 Force of repulsion, F, occurs when charges have the same sign.

Charges attract when of opposite sign.

Q1 Q2
+ R + F

where

2-2
 Free space permittivity

with which the Coulomb force becomes:

 Scalar,
Not vector

2-3
  QQ  QQ 
F1 = − F2 = 1 2 2 a21 = − 1 2 2 a12
4πε 0 R12 4πε 0 R12
2-4
 Ex.] Q1 = 3 × 10 −4 C @(1, 2, 3) , Q2 = −10−4 C @(2, 0, 5)
        
R12 = r2 − r1 = (2 − 1)ax + (0 − 2)a y + (5 − 3)az = ax − 2a y + 2az
  
 a x − 2a y + 2a z 1   
a12 = = ( a x − 2a y + 2a z )
1+ 4 + 4 3

F2 =
( −4
)(
3 ×10 ⋅ −10 −4
)   
a x − 2a y + 2a z
  
 a x − 2a y + 2a z
= −30 

1 N
4π × ×10−9 × 9/ 3  3 
36π
  
=−10ax + 20a y − 20az [N]

 The force on a charge in the presence of several other charges

is the sum of the forces on a charge due to each of the other
charges acting alone. (Superposition Theorem)
 2.2 Electric Field Intensity
 Consider the force acting on a test charge, Qt , arising from
charge Q1:

where a1t : unit vector directed from Q1 to Qt

 Electric field intensity : Force per unit test charge

 A more convenient unit for electric field is V/m, as will be shown.

2-6
Electric Field of a Charge Off-Origin

2-7
 Electric Field of a Charge at Origin
 Q is at the origin and a test charge (1 C) is at (x, y, z).
    
R = r = xa x + ya y + za z
  
  xa x + ya y + za z
a R = ar =
x2 + y2 + z2

 Q 
 x  y  z  
E= a x + ay + az
2 2 2 
4πε o ( x + y + z ) x + y + z
2 2 2
x2 + y2 + z2 x +y +z
2 2 2 
 

2-8
Superposition of Fields from Two Point Charges

For n charges:

* Assumption : Individual charge must be

independent to each other.
 Superposition theorem

2-9
 Example
 3 nC @ P1(1, 1, 0), P2(-1, 1, 0), P3(-1, -1, 0), P4(1, -1, 0)

E =? @P(1, 1, 1)
Find E at P, using

First, find the vectors:

        
R1 = r − r1 = a z R2 = r − r2 = 2a x + a z
          
R3 = r − r3 = 2a x + 2a y + a z R4 = r − r4 = 2a y + a z
2-10
Example (continued)

2-11
 2.3 Field arising from a Continuous Volume
Charge Distribution
2.3.1 Volume Charge Density Definition

 Volume charge density (ρv [C/m3]): Distribution of very small

particles with a smooth continuous distribution
 Small amount of charge ∆Q within a small volume ∆v :

∆Q = ρ v ∆v 

 Total charge :

r2sinθdrdθdϕ 2-12
Ex. 2-3] Find the charge contained within a 2-cm length of the
electron beam shown below.
 Charge density : ρ v = −5e
−10 5 ρ z
[µC / m ] 3

= −5 × 10 -6
×e [C / m ]
−10 5 ρ z 3

( −5 ×10 ) ρ d ρ dφ dz
0.04 2π 0.01
∫ ∫ ∫
−105 ρ z
Q -6
×e
0.02 0 0
∆z ∆φ ∆ρ

( −10 π × e ) ρ d ρ dz
0.04 0.01
∫ ∫
−105 ρ z
= -5
0.02 0

z = 0.04
0.01  −10 π −10 -5

=∫ ρz
ρ/  dρ
5

 e
 −10 ρ/
5
0
 z =0.02

2-13
 0.01 0.01
=∫ (10 π )(e
−10 − 4000 ρ
−e − 2000 ρ
) dρ = ∫ (−10 −10 π )(e −2000 ρ − e −4000 ρ )dρ
0 0

− 2000 ρ − 4000 ρ 0.01

 e 
(
= − 10 π 
(−
−10

)
)
−
(−
e
) 
 2000 4000 0
 e −20 e −40 1 
(
= − 10 π  −10
− ) 1
− +  ← e −1
≈ 0.368
 (− 2000) − 2000 (− 4000) (−4000) 

1 1  π 
(
≈ − 10 π 
 1−10
− )
1 
(
 = − 10 π  −  =  −  ×10 [C]
−12 −12
)
 2000 4000   20 40   40 
π
=− [pC]
40

2-14
 2.3.2 Electric Field from Volume Charge
Distributions

 The incremental contribution to the electricfield intensity at r
produced by an incremental charge ΔQ at r ′:
 
 ∆Q r − r' ρ v ∆v  
∆E (r ) =   2⋅   =   3 (r − r ')
4πε 0 | r − r ' | | r − r ' | 4πε 0 | r − r ' |
 ρ v (r ')  
∴ E (r ) = ∫   (r − r ')dv'
vol 4πε 0 | r − r ' |3
 Sum all contributions throughout a volume and take the
limit as ∆v approaches zero

2-15
 2.4 Line Charge Electric Field
 A filamentlike distribution of volume charge density such as a very
fine and sharp beam  Line charge density ρL [C/m]
 Straight-line charge extending along the z-axis
 Move around the line charge, varying
while keeping ρ and z
constantly.
 Unit charge: dQ = ρ L dz '
 Unit electric field intensity:

 ρ L dz ' (r − r ') ρ L dz ' (r − r ')

dE =   3 =   2  
4πε 0 | r − r ' | 4πε 0 | r − r ' | | r − r '|
    
where r = ya y = ρa ρ r ' = z' a z
   
r − r ' = ρa ρ - z ' a z 2-16
  
 ρ L dz ' ρa ρ - z ' a z
∴ dE =
4πε 0 (ρ 2 + z '2 ) ρ 2 + z '2
ρ L dz ' (ρaρ - z ' a z )
 
=
4πε 0 (ρ 2 + z '2 )3 / 2

 By dEz cancellation,

2-17
 dx x
 Appling ∫ (a 2 + x 2 )3 / 2 = a 2 a +x
2 2
,

∞
ρL  1 z' 
Eρ = ⋅ ρ 2 
4πε 0  ρ ρ 2 + z '2  −∞
ρL ⋅ ρ 1
= ⋅ (1 − (− 1))
4πε 0 ρ 2

ρL
=
2πε 0 ρ
  ρL 
E = Eρ aρ = aρ
2πε 0 ρ

2-18
 Another method
z ' = ρ cot θ
dz '
= − ρ csc 2 θ ∴ dz ' = − ρ csc 2 θdθ
dθ
R = ρ csc θ
ρ ρdz ' ρL ρ
dE ρ = L = ( − ρ ) csc 2
θdθ
4πε 0 R 3
4πε 0 ρ csc θ
3 3

ρL ρ sin θ
=− dθ = − L dθ
4πε 0 ρ csc θ 4πε 0 ρ

ρL ρL
[ ]
0
Eρ = − ∫π θ θ = θ 0
sin d cos π
4πε 0 ρ 4πε 0 ρ
ρL
= 선전하가 있을 때 임의의
2πε 0 ρ 위치에서의 field는 측정 점에서
제일 가까운 위치에 있는 선전하
 ρL  밀 도로부 터 거 리에 반비례 하고
E= aρ
2πε 0 ρ 선전하 밀도에 비례
2-19
 2.4.2 Field of an Off-Axis Line Charge
 Electric field in case of line displaced to (6,8)

where

 Finally:

2-20
 2.5 Field of a Sheet Charge
 Surface charge density ρS[C/m2]: infinite sheet of charge having a
uniform density
 Consider the field of the infinite line charge by dividing the
infinite sheet into differential-width (dy’) strips

2-21
ρ L = ρ s dy ' 대칭성에 의해 dEy
성분은 Canceling-out 됨.

R = x 2 + y '2
ρ s dy ' ρs x
∴ dE x = cosθ =
2πε 0 x + y 2 '2 (
2πε 0 x + y
2 '2
) dy '

∞ ρs x
Ex = ∫ ⇐ y ' = x tanθ dy ' = x sec 2 θdθ
−∞ (
2πε 0 x 2 + y ' 2 ) dy '

ρ s π2 x 2 sec 2 θ ρs π
ρs
= ∫ π 2 dθ = [θ] π =
2
2πε 0 − 2 x sec θ
2
2πε 0 − 2 2ε 0
 ρs 
E = ax
2ε 0
 ρs  1) charge 평면에 normal 한
∴ E = a N (in general) 방향.
2ε 0 2) 거리에 무관.

2-22
 2.5.3 Capacitor Model

 E = ? in conditions of ρS @ x = 0 and -ρS @ x = a
 ρs   − ρs 
1) In the region of x > a, E + = ax E− = ax
2ε 0 2ε 0
  
∴ E = E+ + E− = 0
 ρs   − ρs 
2) In the region of x < 0, E + = (− a x ) E − = (− a x )
2ε 0 2ε 0
  
∴ E = E+ + E− = 0
 ρs   − ρs 
3) In the region of 0 < x < a, E + = ax E− = (−a x )
ρS -ρS 2ε 0 2ε 0
   ρs 
∴ E = E+ + E− = ax
εo
0 a x
2-23
 2.6 Streamline and Sketches of Fields:
 One picture is worth about a thousand words if we just knew
what picture to draw. (百聞不如一見)
 ρL 
 Electric field due to line charge: E = aρ
2πε 0 ρ


a) φ Symmetric property is not explained.


b) Although φ symmetry property is
explained, the longest lines must be drawn
in the most crowded region.
2-24
 
c) Although φ symmetry property is explained, the stronger field
must be explained with the thicker line, especially at origin.

d) The spacing of the lines is inversely proportional to the strength

of the field.

d’
d

d < d’

2-25
 Methodology of Streamline Construction
 Sketch the field of the point charge in 2-dimension (xy-plane).

@ Ez = 0

 This equation will enable us to obtain the equations

of the streamlines.

2-26
  ρL 
Ex.] E = aρ ⇐ ρ L = 2πε
2περ
1 
= aρ in cylindrical coordinate
ρ
 1          1  
=
E (aρ ⋅ ax )ax + (aρ ⋅ a y )a y + (aρ ⋅ az )az=
 cos φ ax + sin φ a yz 
ρ ρ
1 x  y  
 ax + ay 
2  
x +y  x +y
2 2 2
x +y
2 2

x  y   
= a + a =+E a E a : in Catesian coordinate
x +y 2 x
x +y 2 y
2 2 x x y y

dy E y y / (x 2 + y 2 ) y dy dx
= = = =
dx E x x / (x + y ) x
2 2
or
y x
∴ ln y = ln x + C or ln y = ln x + ln C = ln Cx.
y = Cx
If this stream line pass through P(-2, 7, 10), C = -3.5 2-27