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Q. How many states of matter are there?

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

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➢ Rigid ➢ Not Rigid ➢ Not Rigid

➢ Fixed Shape and ➢ No Fixed Shape and fixed ➢ No Fixed Shape and no fixed
Volume Volume Volume
➢ Takes the shape of its container ➢ Expands to fill its container
Rigid is a solid body in which deformation is zero or negligible.
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➢ Particles are tightly packed in regular pattern.

➢ Particles cannot move.
➢ They can vibrate about fixed position.
➢ The hotter the solid, the more they vibrate.
➢ The attraction force (forces pulling particles together)
between the particles are strongest.
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➢ Particles are less tightly packed than solid.

➢ Particles can move around and vibrate.
➢ The hotter the liquid, the more they move and vibrate.
➢ The attraction force (forces pulling particles together)
between the particles are slightly weaker.
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➢ Particles are far apart.

➢ Particles move freely, bouncing off one another and off
the walls of the container.
➢ In air at room temperature, the average speed of the
particles is about 500 m/s.
➢ The attraction force (forces pulling particles together)
between the particles are weakest.
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➢ Nuclear fusion requires very high temperatures and pressures.

➢ Nuclear fusion naturally occur in sun.
➢ The temperature inside the sun is closer to 15 million kelvin.
The pressure is also very high.
➢ At this temperature, all atoms are ionized.
➢ All the electrons have been removed from all the atoms
creating plasma (gas of positive nuceli and negative
electrons).
➢ It is essential to hold the hot plasma in place for long enough
for fusion to take place.
➢ In the sun, the star’s enormous gravitational field prevents
the plasma escaping.
➢ In the earth, magnetic field prevents the plasma touching the
walls.
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➢Melting: changing from solid to liquid.

➢Boiling: changing from liquid to gas at fixed
temperature called the boiling point.
➢Evaporation: changing from liquid to gas at
any temperature.
➢Condensation: changing from gas to liquid.
➢Solidifying/Freezing: changing from liquid to
solid.
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➢ When substance is heated, its

particles gain kinetic energy and
move faster.
➢ The higher the temperature, the
faster the particles move.
➢ When substance is cooled, its
particles lose kinetic energy and
slow down.
➢ The lowest possible temperature at
which particles have no kinetic
➢ Kinetic mean movement. energy is -273 ℃ or 0 𝑲.
➢ All matter is made up of tiny particles-
atoms, molecules or ions.
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➢ In 1827, Robert Brown was using a microscope

to study the pollen grain suspended in water.
➢ He noticed tiny particles moved jiggling about.
➢ He thought that they might be alive.
➢ He repeated his experiment with tiny grains of
dust suspended in water.
➢ He saw that the dust also move around.
➢ This happens because of dust are collided by
small fast moving particles of air. It follows
random path and frequently changing the
direction.
➢ This motion is know as Brownian motion.
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Q. Why does a gas cause pressure on the walls of its container?

➢Particles of gas collide with the wall of

container and rebound back.
➢It causes change in momentum and exerts a
force on the wall.(F=∆𝒑/𝒕)
➢Pressure is force per unit area on the walls of
the container.
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Q. What happens to a gas when it is heated?

➢Particles of gas increase kinetic energy.

The higher the temperature of a gas, the faster its
particles are moving.
➢Particles hit the walls more often and exert
more force on the walls.
➢This increases the pressure.
Q. What happens to a gas when it is cooled?
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Q. What happen when a gas is compressed (volume of a

gas gas is reduced)?
➢ Particles hit the container walls more often.
➢More collisions per second means a greater
average force.
➢This increases the pressure
Q. What happen when volume of a gas is increased ?
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Pressure and Volume Relation (Boyle’s Law)
For a gas fixed mass (no. of molecules/particles does not change) and temperature:

➢ doubled the pressure, the volume of the gas halved.

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Pressure and Volume Relation (Boyle’s Law)
For a gas fixed mass (no. of molecules/particles does not change) and temperature:
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Pressure and Temperature Relation (Gay Lussac’s Law)
For a gas fixed mass (no. of molecules/particles does not change) and volume:
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Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.

✓ Temperature indicates the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

✓ It does not depend on the size of the object.
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✓ Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
✓ It does not depend on the size of the object.
✓ Internal energy is the total energy (k.e+p.e) of the particles in an object.
✓ It depends on the size of the object.
Sparkler-1500℃ Bath of water-50℃
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➢Thermometer rely on liquid expansion.

➢Most objects expand when their temperature increases.

Expand: Particles
✓ gain energy
✓ move faster pushing each other further apart
✓ take more space. (volume increase)

Liquid: alcohol and mercury

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Two fixed points:

➢ 0 ℃: Melting point of pure ice at atmospheric pressure
➢ 100 ℃: Boiling point of pure water at atmospheric pressure
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✓Read the scale at right angle/eye level.

To avoid parallax error.
✓ Stir before reading
To ensure that all the water is at the same temperature.
✓ Ensure thermometer does not touch the side/base of beaker
To avoid temperature to that of the bulb of the liquid.
✓ Wait until the thermometer stops rising at the start.
To record the maximum temperature of the liquid.
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