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✓ some equation of motion that can be used to calculate the speed and acceleration of objects
and the distances they travel at a certain time.
Average Speed
Speed
V=40ms-1 V=20ms-1 V=30ms-1
speed up Slow down
v= 30ms-1
Same Speed in the whole journey Different Speed in the whole journey
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Speed
The distance travelled by an object per unit of time .
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑,𝑠
Speed, v=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛,𝑡
Average Speed
The average speed calculated from total distance travelled divided by total time taken.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑,𝑠
Average Speed, v=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛,𝑡
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Triangle Method for rearranging equation
s
ms-1 ×
✓ Distance moved (s) is measured in metres and time taken (t) in seconds, so the speed
(v) is in metres per second (m/s).
✓ Kilometres per hour (km/h), Centimetres per second ( cm/s). Miles per hour (mph).
✓ Knots (nautical miles per hour).
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Examples
➢ A car travels 100 kilometres in 2 hours. What is the
average speed of the car?
➢ A train travels 440 km in 3 hours. Calculate its average
speed in m/s?
➢ If the car travels 12.8 metres in one second. What is the
speed of car in km/h?
➢ Planes fly at typical speeds of around 250 m/s. Calculate
the total distance travelled by a plane moving at this
average speed for 2 hours.
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Speed Gun
Mobile Speed Camera
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✓ C.B Q. 1 to 8
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✓ The car is travelling equal distances in equal time intervals -
it is moving at a steady or constant speed.
✓ The graph is a straight line.
✓ The slope or gradient of the line tells us the speed of the car.
✓ The steeper the slope the faster the speed.
✓ The shallower the slope the slower the speed.
The distance-time graph tells us about how the car is travelling
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The Coach drove away from the bus stop.
1. It travelled at a steady speed along the main road, leaving the
town.
2. After five minutes, it reached the highway where it was able to
speed up.
3. After ten minutes, it was forced to stop because of traffic.
➢ A- the graph slopes up gently
The shallower the slope, the slower it is moving.
➢ B- the graph becomes stepper
The stepper the slope, the faster it is moving.
➢ C- the graph is flat (horizontal)
It is stationary (not moving , at rest)
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❑ Objects might be moving at a
changing speed represented by a
curve.
➢ A and B- increasing gradient shows object was
speeding up (acceleration)
➢ B and C- decreasing gradient shows object was
slowing down (deceleration)
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❖Slope and speed is directly proportional in distance-time graph
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➢ The speed of a moving object can be calculated from the gradient of the line on a
distance-time graph:
➢ The rise is the change in y (distance) values
➢ The run is the change in x (time) values
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Step 1: Draw a large gradient triangle on the
graph and label the magnitude of the rise and
run.
Step 2: Convert units for distance and time into
standard unit
Step 3: State that speed is equal to the gradient
of a distance-time graph.
Step 4: Substitute values in to calculate the
speed
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✓ The distance travelled (rise) = 8 km = 8000 m
The time taken (run) = 6 mins = 360 s
✓ Speed=gradient=rise/run
✓ Speed=8000/360= m/s
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Q. Mark decides to take a stroll to the park. He finds a bench in a quiet spot and takes a seat,
picking up where he left off reading his book on Black Holes. After some time reading, Mark
realizes he lost track of time and runs home. A distance-time graph for his trip is drawn below.
(a) How long does Mark spend reading his book?
(b) There are three sections labelled on the
graph, A, B and C. Which section represents
Mark running home?
(c) What is the total distance travelled by Mark?
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Speed -200 m/s (size) mass- 100 kg (size)
Force- 100 N upward
Velocity -200 m/s due north
➢Scalars only have magnitude(size).
➢Vectors have both magnitude(size) and direction.
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➢The table lists some common
examples of scalar and vector
quantities:
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➢ Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
(The change of an object’s velocity per unit time)
It describes how much an object's velocity changes every second.
timetaken
time taken
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The acceleration of an object can be positive or negative
➢ If an object is speeding up, its acceleration is positive.
➢ If an object is slowing down, its acceleration is negative.
(negative acceleration-deceleration)
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✓ Uniform acceleration is change of equal velocity in equal intervals of time.
✓ Non Uniform acceleration is change of non-equal velocity in equal intervals of
time.
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➢ A speed-time graph shows how the speed of a moving object varies with time.
➢ The red line represents an object with increasing speed (acceleration).
➢ The green line represents an object with decreasing speed (deceleration).
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➢ straight line – constant/steady acceleration
➢ steep slope- large acceleration (or deceleration)
the object's speed changes very quickly.
➢ gentle slope-small acceleration (or deceleration)
the object's speed changes very gradually.
➢ flat line- acceleration is zero
the object is moving with a constant speed.
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➢ The acceleration of an object can be calculated from the gradient of a speed-time graph.
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Q. Tora is training for a cycling tournament. The speed-time graph below shows
her motion as she cycles along a flat, straight road.
(a) In which section (A, B, C, D, or E)
of the speed-time graph is Toraʼs
acceleration the largest?
(b) Calculate Toraʼs acceleration
between 5 and 10 seconds.
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➢ Distance travelled by an object can be found by determining the area beneath the
graph.
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Q. The speed-time graph below shows a car journey which lasts for 160 seconds.
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Q. The speed-time graph below shows a car journey which lasts for 160 seconds.
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Distance
60
50
Distance (km)
40
30
20
10
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Time Taken (min)
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❖ Read Q 21 from page 35
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