INTRODUCTION TO
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY
Ridwan Z Sjaaf
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WHY ?
RIGHT LEGAL ECONOMICS
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Direct Costs
Medical Costs
Worker’s Compensation
Indirect costs
Time Lost (by worker and
supervisor)
Schedule delays
Training new employees
Cleanup time / equipment repairs
Legal fees
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LEGAL ILO CONVENTION NO.120
• PELAYANAN KESEHATAN KERJA
• LINGKUNGAN KERJA
• PENANGANAN BAHAN BERACUN DAN
BERBAHAYA
NATIONAL • NILAI AMBANG BATAS FAKTOR KIMIA DAN
FISIKA
• UNDANG-UNDANG
• PERATURAN PEMERINTAH
• PERATURAN MENTERI
• KEPUTUSAN MENTERI
• SURAT EDARAN DAN INSTRUKSI MENTERI
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LEGAL NATIONAL
• UNDANG-UNDANG
Undang-undang No 3 Thn 1969 Tentang Persetujuan Konvensi ILO
No.120 Mengenai Hygiene dalam Perniagaan dan Kantor-kantor
Undang-undang No.14 Tahun 1969 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan Pokok
Mengenai Tenaga Kerja (lembaran Negara No.55 Tahun 1969
Undang-undang No.1 Tahun 1970 Tentang Keselamatan Kerja
(Lembaran Negara No.1 Tahun 1970)
Undang-undang No.3 Tahun 1992 Tentang Jaminan Sosial Tenaga
Kerja
Undang-undang No.23 Tahun 1992 Tantang Kesehatan
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LEGAL
NATIONAL
• PERATURAN PEMERINTAH
Peraturan Pemerintah No.7 Tahun 1973 Tentang Pengawasan
atas Peredaran, Penyimpanan dan Pengawasan Pestisida
Peraturan Pemerintah No.11 tahun 1975 Tentang Keselamatan
Kerja Terhadap radiasi
Keputusan Presidan RI No.22 Tentang Penyakit yang timbul
Karena Hubungan Kerja
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WHAT ?
¾ SCIENCE
¾ PROGRAM
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Occupational Health and Safety
Engineering Control,
Administrative Control
Behavior Control
Illness/
Health Disease
Property
VALUE HAZARD RISK damage LOSS
Incident/
Safety Accident
OHS Integrated
Management System
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Condition or set of
circumstances that has the
HAZARD potential of causing or
contributing to illness, injury or
death
probability x consequences
RISK exposure x hazard
probability x exposure x hazard
A condition... of being
exposed.
A position... in relation to a
hazard.
DANGER An interaction... between an
employee and a hazard.
product of hazard and risk
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PRIMARY HAZARD
¾ Physical
¾ Biological
¾ Chemical
¾ Psychosocial
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SECONDARY HAZARD
Interaction of
work components
primary hazard
¾ Man
¾ Tools/Equipment
Secondary Hazard
¾ Material
¾ Environment
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RD
ZA
HA
HAZARD MAN
HAZARD MAN
MAN MAN
HAZARD
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OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
ILLNESS/
DISEASE
WORK-RELATED DISEASE
UNSAFE BEHAVIOR
INCIDENT/
ACCIDENT
UNSAFE CONDITION
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ACCIDENT ?
Accidents are
are….
Events with low degree of:
• Expectedness
• Avoidability
• Intention
Events in which the consequence is often:
• Injury/death
• Property/equipment damage
• Loss
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Unsafe Act 80% - Unsafe Condition 18% - Unpredictable 2%
RY
T
D
Y
ETN
NN
ADR
YR
ST
IEDN
OO
JRU
AZR
RRSS
CE
ICD
IJNU
HZA
ACC
AN
PPE
IN
HA
AC
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
FAULT OF PERSON
UNSAFE ACT + UNSAFE
ACCIDENT
INJURY
CONDITION
TheDomino Model of Causation (from H. Heinrich, D. Petersen, N. Roose., Industrial Accident Prevention, McGraw-Hill, 5th ed., 19980
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D D
ARADR
AZZ
HHA
UNSAFE ACT + UNSAFE
RY
T
CONDITION
EN
RY
N
ST
SO
JU
CE
CI
R
IN
PE
AN
AC
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
FAULT OF PERSON
ACCIDENT
INJURY
McGraw-Hill, 5th ed., 19980
TheDomino Model of Causation (from H. Heinrich, D. Petersen, N. Roose., Industrial Accident Prevention, McGraw-
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D
AR
AZ
H
UNSAFE ACT + UNSAFE
CONDITION
Y
EN
R
JU
D
CI
IN
AC
ANCESTRY PERSON
T
EN
ACCIDENT
N
INJURY
M S O
N R
O
R PE
VI F
EN O
AL U LT
CI FA
SO
TheDomino Model of Causation (from H. Heinrich, D. Petersen, N. Roose., Industrial Accident Prevention, McGraw-Hill, 5th ed., 19980
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T
EN
CT
S
M
EM
SS
IN
TA
O
PT
AG
LO
N
RI
CO
M
AN
SY
O
M
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
LACK OF CONTROL
INJURY-DAMAGE
BASIC CAUSES
ACCIDENT
Updated sequence (Frank E. Bird Jr., Management Guide to Loss Control,
Control, Institute Press, Atlanta)
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The Three Basic Causes
Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions
Basic Causes
Personal Factors - Environmental Factors
Indirect Causes Unsafe
Unsafe Act
Condition
Unplanned
release of energy
ACCIDENT
and/or
Personal Injury
Hazardous material
s es Property Damage
C au
ect
r
Di
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System Thinking
¾ There is not one root cause
¾ Injury is caused by environment, behavior, and
person factors
¾ Assess safety with measures of environment,
behavior, and person factors
¾ Injury investigation is fact finding, not fault
finding
¾ Feedback directs and motivates
¾ The principle of consistency develops
commitment.
¾ Embrace the principle of reciprocity
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HUMAN FACTORS
HARDWARE
LIVEWARE
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
S = Software LIVEWARE
H = Hardware
E = Environment
L = Liveware The SHEL model as modified by Hawkins
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SWISS CHESE MODEL
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INTEGRATED
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
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INTEGRATION
• INTEGRATED INTO ASPECT OF BUSSINESS
OPERATION
• INTEGRATED TO ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES
• INTEGRATED TO QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• INTEGRATED TO DESIGN, EQUIPMENT AND
PRODUCTIVE PROCESS
• INTEGRATED TO EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOR OR TO
CORPORATE CULTURE
GALLAGHER
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SAFETY AND HEALTH CULTURE
The product of
individuals and group values, attitudes
and beliefs, competencies and pattern behavior
that determine the commitment to, and the style
and profiency of,
an organization’s health and safety management
The British Health & Safety Comission
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SAFETY AND HEALTH CULTURE
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Does a “Safety Culture” Exists
¾ Shared beliefs, practices, attitudes
¾ “Safety” is not an add-on!
¾ Safety Culture is reinforced by all
employees
¾ “It’s the way we work around here”
Dan Petersen
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What It Is Not
¾ Exclusive
¾ Created by mandate
¾ A regulatory requirement
¾ Created in a short time
¾ Created with little effort
¾ Maintenance free
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Why a Process Fails!!
Not managed in the same manner as
production, quality, and cost
Not driven through management Commitment
and Employee Participation!
Activities not integrated
Safety considered a priority, not a value!
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• Basic Compliance System
• Self-Directed Safety Compliance System
• Behavioral Safety System
• Rule-Based
• Organizational-Based
• Behavioral-Based
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STRATEGIES
¾ TOP-DOWN APPROACH
¾ BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
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WHERE ARE WE?
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