MODEL I SET A- ANSWER KEY
PART – A (10 X 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Various Reasons for Water Demand in Recent Times:
o Population growth
o Urbanization
o Industrialization
o Agricultural expansion
o Climate change
2. Factors Influencing the Design Period:
o Population growth rate
o Economic considerations
o Future expansion potential
o Life expectancy of structures
3. Definition of Intake: An intake is a structure used to withdraw water from surface or
subsurface sources for treatment and distribution.
4. Economic Diameter of a Pumping Main: It is the diameter that results in the
minimum overall cost, considering both capital and operational expenses.
5. Tests for Residual Chlorine in Water:
o Orthotolidine test
o DPD (N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) test
o Starch-iodide test
6. Difference Between Unit Operation and Unit Process:
o Unit operation: Physical treatment (e.g., sedimentation, filtration)
o Unit process: Chemical/biological treatment (e.g., coagulation, disinfection)
7. Definition of Reverse Osmosis: A water purification process where pressure forces
water through a semi-permeable membrane, removing contaminants.
8. Distinction Between Physical and Chemical Adsorption:
o Physical adsorption: Weak van der Waals forces, reversible.
o Chemical adsorption: Strong chemical bonding, irreversible.
9. Methods to Identify Leakage in Pipelines:
o Acoustic leak detection
o Pressure testing
o Infrared thermography
o Visual inspection
10. Definition of an Equivalent Pipe: A hypothetical pipe that has the same head loss
and discharge as a complex pipe network.
PART – B (5 X 13 = 65 Marks)
11. (a) Characteristics of Surface and Ground Water & Environmental Significance:
Surface water: Prone to contamination, lower mineral content.
Groundwater: Naturally filtered, higher mineral content.
Environmental significance: Essential for sustainable water resource management.
(OR)
11.(b) Physico-Chemical Tests on Water and Their Limitations.
pH test
Turbidity test
Hardness test
BOD & COD tests
Limitations: Costly, time-consuming, requires skilled personnel.
12. (a) Intake Structure Site Selection & River Intake Features (with Sketch):
Factors: Water quality, siltation, accessibility, cost.
River intake: Tower intake, gravity flow, sediment removal.
(OR)
(b) Different Types of Pipe Materials Used in Water Transmission:
Cast iron
Ductile iron
Steel
PVC
HDPE
13. (a) Slow Sand Filter Design & Design Principles of Flash Mixer & Flocculator:
Calculation based on population and water demand.
Flash mixer: Uniform mixing of chemicals.
Flocculator: Promotes particle agglomeration.
(OR)
(b) Conventional Disinfection Methods & Rapid Sand Filter Design:
Methods: Chlorination, ozonation, UV treatment.
Design: Based on daily water demand and filtration rate.
14. (a) Different Methods of Water Softening:
Lime-soda process
Zeolite process
Ion-exchange method
(OR)
(b) Techniques of Defluoridation:
Nalgonda technique
Activated alumina method
Reverse osmosis
15. (a) Analysis of Distribution Networks in Water Supply:
Loop and branch methods
Pressure and flow considerations
(OR)
(b) Classification of Plumbing Systems with Comparison:
One-pipe system
Two-pipe system
Cost, efficiency, maintenance factors.
PART – C (1 X 15 = 15 Marks)
16. (a) Pipe Network Design & Flow Values Calculation:
Design the pipe network shown below and tabulate the flow values in each of the pipe.
CH=130
(OR)
(b) Short Notes on Water Purification Methods:
Desalination by evaporation and distillation
Electrodialysis
Reverse osmosis
Freezing process
Solar distillation method
DWST MODEL – I SET B - ANSWER KEY
PART – A (10 X 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Define Design Period:
o The design period is the estimated time span for which a water supply system
is planned to meet future demands.
2. Maximum Acceptable Limits for Public Drinking Water:
o Color: 5 TCU
o pH: 6.5 - 8.5
o Chlorides: 250 mg/L
o Sulphates: 200 mg/L
3. Factors Controlling Choice of Materials for Water Conduits:
o Durability
o Corrosion resistance
o Cost
o Ease of maintenance
4. Basis for Selection of Types and Capacity of Pumps:
o Discharge requirement
o Head requirement
o Power consumption
o Efficiency
5. Factors Influencing Settling of a Particle:
o Particle size and shape
o Water temperature
o Density of the particle
o Viscosity of water
6. Difference Between Sterilization and Disinfection:
o Sterilization: Complete removal of all microorganisms.
o Disinfection: Elimination of pathogenic microorganisms.
7. Membrane Bioreactors (MBR):
o A combination of biological treatment and membrane filtration for wastewater
treatment.
8. Methods of Desalination:
o Reverse osmosis
o Electrodialysis
o Multi-stage flash distillation
o Solar distillation
9. Requirements of Water Distribution System:
o Adequate pressure
o Sufficient quantity
o Reliability and redundancy
o Minimal leakage
10. Air Valves and Their Types:
Function: Release air pockets from pipelines.
Types: Kinetic air valve, automatic air valve, combination air valve.
PART – B (5 X 13 = 65 Marks)
11. (a) Population Forecasting Using Arithmetical Increase & Incremental Increase
Methods:
The population of a town as per census records is given below. Calculate the population in the
year 2020 and 2035 using arithmetical increase method and incremental increase method.
Estimate the water demand at 135 LPCD for the year 2035.
Census Year 1935 1955 1975 1995
2015
Population 39250 54390 68010 83630 99850
(OR)
(b) Sources & Characteristics of Water:
Surface water: Prone to contamination, variable quality.
Groundwater: Naturally filtered, high mineral content.
12. (a) Site Selection for Intake Structure & Canal Intake (with Sketch):
Factors: Water quality, sedimentation, accessibility.
(OR)
(b) Pipe Joints & Pipeline Testing:
Types: Flanged, bell-and-spigot, socket, compression joints.
Testing: Hydrostatic, air pressure test.
13. (a) Rapid Sand Filter & Sedimentation Tank Design:
Components: Under-drain system, wash water troughs.
Design: Based on population demand.
(OR)
(b) Sedimentation Process & Coagulation Calculation:
Theory and working of sedimentation tanks.
Chemical requirement calculations for filtration.
14. (a) Demineralization Plant & Ion Exchange Mechanism:
Cation and anion exchange for softening.
(OR)
(b) Removal of Iron & Manganese from Groundwater:
Methods: Aeration, oxidation, ion exchange.
15. (a) Water Supply Connection from Main to Residential Building (with Sketch):
Components and functions of service connection.
(OR)
(b) Pipe Network Design & Flow Calculation:
Design the pipe network shown below and tabulate the flow values in each of the pipe. CH=130
PART – C (1 X 15 = 15 Marks)
16. (a) Screening Types & Aerators:
Coarse, fine, micro screens.
Aerator types: Cascade, spray, diffused aeration.
(OR)
(b) Short Notes on Water Treatment Methods:
Desalination by evaporation/distillation.
Electrodialysis.
Reverse osmosis.
Freezing process.
Solar distillation method.