DISTILLATION

ÑB =
129.4118 %F- ×
98.7954 Ibm
lbmot

in D= 12,785.29
lbnY-

BATCH DISTILLATION ( DIFFERENTIAL)

hexane ( 6 Him 86.172 Ibm/ lbmol Distillation

Rayleigh Equation :
Batch
= =

heptane = G- 11-16=100-198 Ibm/lbmol

Fll ✗ F)
Fw×✗F_w In
-

* How do we determine the more volatile In =

gaps
WCI -
✗w )
component ? ↓ MM ,
thus hexane
where F = Feed
In terms of the more volatile component , Xp = Feed cone .
of MORE VOLATILE COMPONENT
bottoms
D) W =

✗D= 0.95 Xw =
bottom conc . of MORE VOLATILE COMPONENT
relative of Aunt
AAB =
volatility B

7--200 / bmollhr
→ Derivation of Rayleigh Ean

✗f- 0.40
VAV
=

✗ AB =

✗ ☐ =/ -0.90 VA -
PI Vapor the "ⁿe
volatility =

B ✗a Concentration
Xp = 0.10 UB =
PI
✗
BOMB
F =D 1- B:

%¥
Ya

CMB :
200 =D + B

hexane bat
✗ am =

!¥t_ =

H¥÷
=

"
¥7s
✗ FF =
✗ DD + ✗ BB "" ha PAV
PPI
=
=
* = ha RT
(0.40)( 200) ( 0.95)( D) t 10.10) B
=
It Ptv =
nt RT
80--0-9517 +0.1013
Pa = PTYA
D= 70.5882 / bmo / 1hr
Pts = Pt YB
13=129.4118 lbmollhr
✗¥
Ñof B = ( ✗ hexane)lM hexane )t( ✗heptane) (M
heptane)
✗ AB = ✗ AB =

1¥ . ✗B_
YB

Ñ•fB= (0-10) (86.17-2)+10.90) ( 100.198)

¥7s ✗ AB= YA ( 1- ✗ a)
ÑofB= 98.7954 lb / ✗All YA )
Ibmol [ A)
-
 DA
dAtdB
1-s original amount

A- DA DA
2 →
remaining amount in bottom
✗A B-

any/ d§ ) =
✗ AB lAo-dA)tldB) = Ao DX ✗
-
= =

YI dB_ dB
✗b dAtdB Bo -
dB/ Bi A,

Bo dB
DACCA
A¥
-

¥7
*
✗ AB In =
In
A¥)t-dB) dB( (B
> DA
7 distillate
In Ñ In
dB ✗ AB
=

A 1=11 ✗F) FXF

}F
volatile
-

A → more
Ao →
B
Bo

☐ A .
-
DA

Bo -
dB

0
Etoltl ( (zHs0H ) : M =
46.068
Huo 18.016 In FYI ✗ F)
:

✗AB In F (
M=
=
I -

D
Xp 0.30
s =
WXW WII Xw) -

In 125110.07) 2511-0.07 )
= 12 In
✗ AB R
w/ ✗ w ) w / 1- ✗ w )
-

-25kg
F-
, e
e
✗F= 0.07

✗ w =
0.01058 [ A]

W=
w 19.87kg [ B)

5.l3
Xw
D= 25 -
w =

OMB : f- =D + W

25 =
Btw → D= 25 - w

CMB : ETOH 1.75 = 7-5 -0.30W t XWW

,

[
✗ FF =
KID + Xww
° "W ✗WW =
5.75
0.071257=10.30 D) 1- Xww
-
-

1. 75=0-30 D 1- XWW
W ( 0.30 -
✗w ) =
5.75
1- 75=0.30 ( 25 -
w) + ✗w w
W= 5
0.30 - XW
?⃝
 → teed

0
toluene ( ( 7- Hg) :
M = 92-134
benzene ( Ca Hu ) : M = 78.108 * more volatile

D= 0.45 (F) =

0.451100kg )
> XD D= 45kg

f- -400kg
,
✗f- = 0.65

✗AB =3
Xw
↓

Assume feed
:
100kg of

OMB :
F D +W
=

100=45 + W
W=
55kg
CMB : XFF =
XD Dt Xww
(0.65×100) =
Xp 145) + ✗w/ 55)
65--45 Xp + 5511W

1" Fll ✗F)

¥÷w-
-

=
taps In
wll Xw)-

In 10.65) / too )
=3 In (100711-0.65)
✗ w( 55) (55111 ✗w ) -

✗w= 0.5169 [A ]

✗ D= 0.8126 [ B)
✗ PD
✗ 100
% benzene =
✗ pp

%
(◦ •

81261145kg)
benzene =
no,
( 0.65 ) ( 1001cg)

I. benzene = 56.26 %
 hot fraction ly )

0
A → more volatile
B
D initantaneons concentration
> Ya = 0.55

Ya
Ya
✗a
✗a Yall ✗ a)
-

✗ AB = 2.5 =
= =

✗ all Ya )
4¥ 1,7¥
'
= -

>

✗ F- =D -65 ,

2.5 =
0.55 ( 1- ✗ a)
✗ a (1-0.55)
> W
✗a ✗w = 0.3284 [ AT
✗w =

Assume :
1m01 of feed 42¥
OMB : f- =D 1- W
I =
btw

CMB : XFF =
XDD 1- Xww
C. 65111) = XDD t 0.3284W
0.65 -- XD D t 0.3284W

In FIXF) (F) ( 1- ✗ * )
= ✗ AB In
w/ ✗ w ) all -

✗ w)

In 4) 10.65) / (1-0.65)
In
W/ 0.32841=2.5 W (1-0.3284)

W= 0.2140 (B)

D= 0.7859 Il]

Xp =
0.7376 ID]
 #
DISTILLATION p Pa + pb*
STEAM
=

total P = S vapor P of the liquids

heat is supplied steam distillation lower distillation 1- is lower
by
→
steam → 1- → boiling
for heat sensitive of immiscible
→
products made
up liquids
Huo )
D-
leg .
oil &

For ideal gases,

NA = Pa* p* →
vapor P
volatile
more
component TVB ☒
→

PV=nRT
pa*=na #
← bottoms
will remain
PB# ✗ NB# =

pa*
☒
=

:c
-

0
0

A =

naphthalene 1- = 200°C = 473.15K F- 190°C

760 mmHg 29.921 inHg 1-1-26 inHg )
D= steam PF / atm p= Patient Pvae =
=

* #
T
Flaten -
29.92 / inHg
PT = Pa + Ppg
Pt= 3.921
inHg ✗ 7ÉnHg =
99.59 mmHg [AT
760 mmHg =
PA*tPn* 29.921in,

glad Mslgce 92.09

PpA÷+*
hA_ = At T=W0°C -
in =

hB PA*= mmHg 475

PB*= mmHg 1lb MHI Ibn / Hw

[Link]#rnA=lmo1lIbm*inl8.6TmHw1lbn.l
285 ×
. 92-09
✗
glycerin
" m" 475 mmHg _hHw= 5- 11 lb not HM
[ B]
T /bono / glycerin
=
no
NB 285 mmHg

nB= 0.6 0m01 PEW = Pt -

P
*
glycerin
Pitino =
70.59 mmHg CC]

h HN 70.59 mmHg
=

h 6 29 mmHg
hHw / bad HW [ D]
2.43
→ =
lbmol glycerin
g-
% theo
5^24%3-+100
excess - actual -

✗ too =

theo

% excess = 109.98%
 -

F- 90°C

PT= 734 mmHg

✗( = 0.73 ✗ Hao =
1-0.73=0.27

*
P'
n=nµs_µ
NL *
=

naw PH*w

At F- 90°C
,
P**ro =
70182 Pay × 760mn14

101325kg
P*Hw = 526.41 mmHg [ AT

Pt =
PET P*Hw

PL*= 207.59 mmHg CB ]

Mimi =
Pe*
Mitro
PHI
µ Huo

0<73

ML =
207.59 mmHg/
526.41
0.27
mmHg
18.016

Me 123.52
91m01
FLASH DISTILLATION
→ continuous process

Assumptions :

1-
Equilibrium Ratio , K V Yi
f
/

Yi not frae in
phase
→
k = gas
Xi → not frae in liquid phase

K= Pi* →
vapor pressure
F
>
F- → total P Zi

Derivation
'

It ideal gas Raoult law

,
L , Xiu
PI
*
Yi = P, = Pi Xi

PT ✗i = Pi OMB :
F =
Ltv
pi*
Combining
CMB : 1=(2-1) =
LCX, ) + V ( Yi )
¥
'
=P
"
¥÷ ;
=
=

pp¥
* Since no L & Yi in the
eqn
,

L: F =L + ✓ 1- =
F -
V

Yi :
K=÷ Yi=kXi

Thus ; CMB :

5- ( Zi )= ( F V) -
✗ it Vlkxi )
 F) Yi
F
→

tp= 0.40

2- h= 0.60

Xi
At F- 250°F = 121.11°C = 794.26K [ A]

F- 80 psi

P*p = 926313.1052Pa CB ] p*h = 404814.25Pa [D]

kp=pPp÷= 926713.1052K ka =
pn* =
*
peg
€325k [Link]#Pa
sopsia ✗ 14.696psia
14.696*9 Ich = 0.7339 CET

kp= 1.679 [ CT

2- i
✗ i=
I ≤ * =/ 0<40
/ ¥ )ki -11 Xp
=
It

° -60
11-(0.61111-6797)
0.40
[F) Cc]

(0.7339-1)=1
+
"
(E) a. a > g- )
, It (E) Xp -_
0.282 Cy ]

¥ = 0.6195 [ F)

Yp= Kp Xp
Assuming f- = 1m01
yp=(1.679 )( 0.2815)
U= g)
0.6195mm;1¥- AT [

Yp =
0.473
f- Ltv → ( V
= =
F -

1--1-0.6195
u%
= 0-3805
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
→
multistage distillation

condenser
rectifying
↑
[ greater cone . liquid reflux , R,
than feed )

boiler ( heat exchanger)

pre
( lower cone .

than feed )
steam

/
Rectifying Enriching section

OMB :

CMB :

\ reflux
>

line that describes the

g)
concentration of each

tray in the column

g-int
shortcut eqin for y int
-

line Mccabe -
Thiele Method
R → reflux ratio plot points
R= L lieflnx) 1: XD i XD
D-
L= RD
( distillate ) 2 :
y
-

int ( IIT )
*
gint =
D
Vntl

OMB :
condenser
Vntl =
Lt D
D XD
s yint =
Lt D
2=1217

¥,÷☐=¥¥ Slope
pfp%=¥
RD
3-int -
=

=
up
RD
¥+7
int
g-
-_

Slope RIP
=

,
 q= ?

q= I Hv
-
Hc ) + Cp ( Tis TF )
-

( Hu -
Hc)

q=
40.61m¥ ,
1- 20.1k¥,
40.6 kt

g
→
quality of the feed 501

9=1 .
4951
the feed
'

For sat 'd solus of

, g
→ not fraction liquid in

specific heat of feed

He )
q= (Hu +
cpᵗ IT, Tell Tfeed
- -

Is 1-boiling point Hv Hi =
latent heat
(Hu
-

- *☐
soap # Cpe ( TB -
TE ) sensible heat
=

9- ✗ XI 1 : ✗ F) ✗* 9 =
Latent heat + sensible heat
y
=
-

g- I g- I 2:
latent heat
m ✗ b

→ VF Y
/ ,

F
→
XF

4=1 ×

OMB : F = VF 1- LF
CMB : FXF = VFY 1- LFX
FXF -
LFX
Y =

VF

y =

_=×
slope

LF =9F

LF -9T
=
=

IF F- LF

slope
÷
-_

,
 a. D ( Ks / hr)
b. B ( Ks / hr)
c. no .
of trays

R=l"¥=¥
Cp it =
159 KI
lgmol
-
K

H ')
( Hu 32099
¥gm
- =

Benzene ( Ca Ha) : M = 78.108 * more volatile ,

Toluene ( (7 Hs) : M =
92.134
OMB : f- =D 1- B
p

kmn¥
✗ D= 0.95 100
> = DTB
,

:
CMB benzene
F- "
9¥ , p=1o , , kpa
✗FF = ✗ DD + ✗BB

✗F= 0.45 10.45) / too ) = (0-95) Dt ( 0.10) ( B)

45 = 0.95 D t 0<10 B
TF = 327.6k
I
D= 41.1765kg not 1hr CAT
B = 58.8235kg Mol /hr CB ]
> ✗ D= 0.10
B
MT, = (0.95717-8.108) + 10.05) 192.134)

Tint 0.95
MJ =
78.80931¥.mil
÷
=
=

, 41-1
MT = ( 0.10) (7-8.108)+10.90 ) ( 92.134 )
bint =
0.1g

1st
point : Xp ,
✗ is
MÑ=
90.73144%-1
2nd point y int
:

41%7%5
-

inn
kgw¥ 78.*
=

kgmot
hip =
4635.841¥ [CT
hip =

58.82351810¥ ,1¥µ
90.7314

this = 5337.14 m¥ [D]

 benzene plot
g- Hi )tcp( Tb
q=( Hu TF )
-
-

Hc )
-

( XD XD) ( Hr
• -

-
( 0-9510.95
Tb of feed :
✗ =
0.45 ( benne)
fine Tb
-

- 367.1k
"
notify
9--32099%1,1-159,¥w
-

(367.1-327-6)
,,
( ✗F F)
-

/ ✗
•

¥5m,
32099
bint =
__
(0.45/0.45)
0-19
9=1-1957 [ C ]
-

m =
9-
II 9- I
✗
m= 6.1109 [ D ]

stages
•
(0-9510.95) N= 8
A- 6

•
(0.19/0.19)

@
0.1g

= 0.10 = 0.45 = 0.95

 Distillation PT

A
1. 1-
µ XD 0.95
=
.

2. D OMB : 100 =D 1- B

J B F- / CMB :
10010.45 ) G. 95 )D 1- 0.10 ( B)
1001¥
. =

→
4.

B ✗ F-
-0.45 D= 41.18 kgmollhr
5.

B 58.82 kgmollnr
=

G. B
7. ✗ 13=0-10

8. OMB : F =D tw
11.09 D t 4.74
F)
9. 2 .
=

, [ 27
10
D= 6.35
.

11 F ✗ = 2
D( Xp ) 1- WCXW )
.

→ CMB : FCXF ) =

✗F
( it g) (0.5%27)=(6-35) ( Xo ) +14.74)( Xw)
12
!o"
.

13 . [ AT
5. 91 = 6-35 XD 1-4-74 ✗ w
vii.
w =
4.74 lbmol
In FXF_ Fll -
Xt )
15 -
✗w = ✗ In
heptane ( G- Hla ) =
100.198 WXw WCI -
Xw ) cp]
octane ( Cs His )
=
114.224 In [Link]
In
11.8%(1-0.5327)
- 2
g. yy ✗ w 4- 7411 -
Xw )
f- =
537kg
✗w= 0-3891 CE ]
M
heptane 268.51g
=

M octane =

268.5kg Xp = 0 -6399

nF heptane 1km / Ibm"

,
-_
268.51g ✗ ✗ =
5.91 Ibmol heptane [A]
100-198 Ibm
0.4535924kg
he Km / Ibm"
, octane =

268-518 ✗ ✗ =
5.18 Ibm / octane
.
CB ]
0.45359241kg 114.224 / by

hF=hF heptane ,
1- hp , octane
he = 11.09 Ibmol feed [ C]

,5g
*
[Link]?e-
=

=
= 0.5327 CD ]

Hw -

Liquid
3 . PT =
774
mmHg At 90°C ,
1- =
P¥w= 701821Pa -17*+5
hHw p* 101325Pa
Im
Hw

mmltg
← =

hl Pc P*Hw = 526-4083 [A ]

1- 0.73

18.016 526.4083 mmHg CAT

=

0<73
(734-524-4083) mmHg
ML
[ A]

Miignid =
123.52
4.