CHAPTER VII – ECOLOGY (focus is on interactions)
OIKOS – household
ORGANISM POPULATION COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM BIOSPHERE
Four ecological subdisciplines:
BEHAVIORAL: how does behavior contribute
POPULATION: what controls
COMMUNITY: biodiversity – among organisms (climatic events may influence) – food webs
ECOSYSTEM: passage of energy and nutrients through communities
SPECIES different groups of organisms
GENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT – distinct genetic, do not breed w other group of populations
POPULATION SIZE # of individuals
POPULATION DENSITY # of individuals/unit of area
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH constant proportion of population growth
DOUBLING TIME used to measure rate of population growth
CARRYING CAPACITY population growth reaches zero, birth + immigration = death + emigration +
limits results from RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
GROWTH FACTORS (food, space) * REDUCTION FACTORS (disease, predation) environmental
resistance
ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE density dependent (competition, predation, parasitism, disease) vs
independent (natural disasters)
FOOD CHAINS (gen. less than 5 links): autotroph heterotroph, biomass (energy)
Consumers: HERBIVORES (plant), CARNIVORES (meat), OMNIVORES (both), DETRIVORE (decay)
SUCCESION: community change (after a destruction)
PRIMARY: first life (volcanic island or glacial retreat)
SECONDARY: life got destructed-new life born (established soil sped it up)
ECOSYSTEM: community of organisms together with physical environment they live in; energy,
resources and organisms can move in between
CHAPTER VIII – ALCOHOL (2000 BC Egypt and Mesopotamia)
YEAST: under anaerobic conditions yeast ferments alcohol from sugars, SACCHAROMYCES
ELLIPSOIDEUS cultivated 14% - wild 4%
WINE (fruit juice - MUST), DRY (sek), SWEET (dömisek), FORTIFIED (other alcoholic spirit
added; sherry, port), SPARKLING (champagne), RED WINES may be aged several years
WHITE GRAPES – CHARDONNAY (lime), SEMILLON (peach), CHENIN BLANC (red
apple), RIESLING (apricot), SAUVIGNON (grapefruit)
RED GRAPES – CABERNET SAUVIGNON (blackberry), MERLOT (softer and rounder),
PINOT NOIR (cherry), ZINFANDEL (blackberry), SANGIOVESE (cherry), SYRAH (blackberry)
ANATOLIAN WINE (2000 – 3000 BC) – Hittite civilization, VINE YARDING – 4500 BC era
BEER (BREWED malted grains) Bee, ALE (top fermenting yeast - British), PORTER, STOUT
bottom fermenting yeast LAGER (Czech rep.)
DISTILLED BEVERAGES (concentrating alcohol from fermented production by distillation)
Whiskey, Brandy, Rum, Vodka, Gin, Tequila, Rakı
CHAPTER IX- EVOLUTION
THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY – “Nothing in biology makes sense EXCEPT in the light of evolution.”
Aristotle – FIXED CREATIONS arranged by their COMPLEXITY (lasted 2000 years)
BINOMINAL NOMENCLATURE (Genus species) – Linnaeus LATIN names
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, “Change occurs over time” “Adaptations acquired is passed to their
offspring.”
LAW OF USE AND DISUSE
Mistakes: didn’t know how they were inherited, acquired chrctstcs are not transmitted to
oncoming gens, MUTATION OCCURS BEFORE AN ORGANISM IS BORN (pre-adaptive)
Contributors to Darwin’s Theory
James Hutton – Gradualism (J)
Thomas Malthus – Struggle for existence (resources) (Econ)
John Baptiste Lamarck – Inheritance of acquired characteristics & law of use and
disuse (botanic)
Charles Lyell – uniformitarianism (J)
George Cuvier – species extinction (Catastrophism) (J)
Alfred Russel Wallace – organisms evolved from common ancestors) (biologist)
CHARLES DARWIN (naturalist)
Fossils – TRILOBITES (does not exists anymore, what happened?)
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Fitness (ability to survive & reproduce)
Adaptation
NATURAL SELECTION
The struggle for existence
Survival of the fittest
Descent with modification long periods of time
SPECIATION – evolution of new species through change with time DESCENDED FROM COMMON
ANCESTORS
The book ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES – didn’t publish it until Alfred Wallace wrote an essay to him
Darwin presented Wallace’s essay & some of his own work at Linnaean Society in 1858
MAJOR PROBLEM – no mechanism to explain natural selection rediscovery of Mendel’s work fixed
it
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
1. Homologous Body Structures: BACKBONE, differ in function – similar pattern (arms, wings)
2. Similarity in Early Development – EMBRYO
3. Similarities in Protein and DNA sequence
Evolutionary time scales:
MACROEVOLUTION: long time scale events that create and destroy species
MICROEVOLUTION: short time scale events that change the genotypes and phenotypes of
populations (generation-to-generation)
CHAPTER X
SOMATOGENIC – result from biological factors, and processes, such as brain, nervous system
PSYCHOGENIC – result from psychological factors
METHODOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM – John B. Watson
RADICAL BEHAVIORISM – B.F. SKINNER
THE BIG FIVE
OPENNES
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
ESTRAVERSION
AGREEABLENESS
NEURICISM