1. Explain IOT architecture in detail. Ans.

IOT technology has a wide variety of applications

and use of Internet of Things is growing so faster. Depending upon different application areas of
Internet of Things, it works accordingly as per It has been designed/developed. But it has not a
standard defined architecture of working which is strictly followed universally. The architecture
of loT depends upon its functionality and implementation in different sectors. Still, there is a
basic process flow based on which loT is built. Let us discussed 4 Stage loT architecture So,
from the above figure it is clear that there is 4 layers are present that can be divided as follows:
Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application Layer. These are
explained as following [Link] Layer Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this
Sensing layer. These Sensors or Actuators accepts data(physical/environmental parameters),
processes data and emits data over network. Network Layer Internet/Network gateways, Data
Acquisition System (DAS) are present in this layer. DAS performs data aggregation and
conversion function (Collecting data and aggregating data then converting analog data of
sensors to digital data etc.). Advanced gateways which mainly opens up connection between
Sensor networks and Internet also performs many basic gateway functionalities like malware
protection, and filtering also sometimes decision making based on inputted data and data
management services, etc. Data processing Layer This is processing unit of loT ecosystem.
Here data is analyzed and preprocessed before sending it to data center from where data is
accessed by software applications often termed as business applications where data is
monitored and managed and further actions are also prepared. So here Edge IT or edge
analytics comes into picture. Application Layer This is last layer of 4 stages of loT
architecture. Data centers or cloud is management stage of data where data is managed and is
used by end-user applications like agriculture, health care, aerospace, farming, defense, etc.
Explain different protocol used in IOT
(A) LINK LAYER Link Layers Protocols will determine how data is physically send over the
network physical layer or medium. The scope of link layer is local network connection to which
host is attached. Hosts on same link exchange the data packets over the link layer using link
layer protocols. In Link layer it is determine how packets are coded and signalled by the
hardware device over the medium to which host is attached. Some the Link layer protocols are
(1) 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE 802.3 is collection wired Ethernet standard for link layer. These
standards provides data rates from 10Mbs to 40Gbs and higher. The shared medium in
Ethernet can be coaxial cables, twisted-pair or optical fibre. This shared medium carries the
communication for all the devices in the network. So the data sent by the one device can be
received by all devices subject to propagation conditions and transceiver capabilities. (2) 802.11
WiFi: IEEE 802.11 is collection of wireless local area network (WLAN) communications
standards. 802.11a operates at 5GHZ band, 802.11b and 802.11g operate at 2.4GHZ band,
802.11coperates at 5 GHZ band, 802.11ad operates at 60 HZ band. These standards provide
data rates from 1 MBS/s to 6.7 GHZ/s. (3) 802.16 WiMax - IEEE 802.16 is collection of wireless
broadband standards. WiMax standards provides data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. (4)
802.15.4 LR-WPAN: IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless personal
area networks (LR-WPAN). These standards form the basis of specifications for high level of
communication protocols such ZIGBEE. LRWPAN standards provide data rates from 40 Kb/s to
250 Kb/s. These standards provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power
constrained devices. (5) 26/3G/4G- Mobile Communication:- There are different generations of
mobile communications standards, including 2nd Generation i.e. 26 GSM and CDMA, 3rd
Generation including UMTS and CDMA 2000, 4th Generation i.e. LTE. loT devices based on
these standards can communicate over cellular networks. Data rates for these standards range
from 9.6 Kb/S for 26 to 100 Mb/s for 4 6.(B) NETWORK/INTERNET LAYER The network layer
is responsible for sending of IP datagram from the source network to the destination network.
This layer performs the host addressing and packet routing. The datagram contains the source
and destination addresses which are used to route the data packet from the source network to
destination network across multiple network. Some of the network /internet protocols are: (1)
IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 is the most deployed Internet protocol that is used to identify
the devices on a network using hierarchical addressing scheme. IPv4 uses a 32 bit addressing
scheme that allows total of 212 addresses. The IP protocol establish connection on packet
network but do not guarantee delivery of packets (2) IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 is the
newest version of Internet Protocols and it it is successor of IPv6. Which uses 128 bit address
scheme which allows total of 2 125 addresses. (3) 6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low power wireless
Personal Area Network bring IP Protocol to the low power devices which have limited
processing capability. It operates in 2.4GHz frequency range and provides data transfer rates of
25OKb/s. (C) TRANSPORT LAYER Transport Layer protocols provide end to end message
transfer capability independence of network. The message transfer capability can set up on
connection either using handshakes i.e. TCP or without handshake / acknowledgements i.e.
UDP (1) TCP:- Transmission Control Protocol is most widely used transport layer protocol that
is used by web browser along with HHTP, HTTPS, email protocol i.e. SMTP and File Transfer
Protorol (FTP). TCP is connection oriented protocol. TCP ensures reliable transmission of
packets in order. TCP also provides error detection capability so that duplicate packets can be
discarded and lost packet can be retransmitted. Flow control of TCP make sure that rate at
which sender sends the data is not too high for the receiver to process the packet. The
congestion control capability helps in avoiding network congestion due to which congestion
collapse occurs which will leads to degradation of network performance (2) UDPU:-DP is
connectionless protocol. It is useful fortime sensitive application that have very small data units
to exchange and do not want the overhead of connection setup., UDP istransaction oriented
and stateless protocol. UDP does not provide guaranteed delivery, Ordering of message and
duplicate elimination. (D) APPLICATION LAYER Application layer protocols define how the
application interface with lower level protocols to send the data over the network. The
application data are generally in files which is encoded by the application layer protocols and
then encapsulated in transport layer protocol which then provides the connection over the
network. Generally Port No are used for application addressing like port no 80 for HTTP.
Various protocols in application layer for loT are as follows (1) Web Socket: - Web socket
protocols allows full duplex communication over a single socket connection for sending
messages between client and server. Web socket is based on TCP and allows Streams of
message to be send back and forth between client server during which TCP connection remain
open. (2) MQTT:- Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol
based on Published Subscribe Model. MQTT used client server architecture where any 1OT
device which works as client will get connected to server (which is also a MQTT Broker) and
publish messages to topic on server. Now the broker will forward the message to the clients
subscribed to topics. MQTT is suited for constraint environment where the IOT devices have
limited processing and memory resources and bandwidth is low. (3) AMQP: - Advance Message
Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol for business message. AMQP supports both
point to point and Publisher/Subscriber Models, Routing and Queuing. AMQP brokers receives
message from publisher i.e. 1OT device or applications which generate data. Publisher publish
the message to exchanges which then distribute message copies to queries. Messages are
either delivered by the broker to the consumers which have subscribed to the queues or to the
consumers which pull the messages from the queue.
Define Sensors and Actuator. Ans. Sensor:-"Sensor is a device used for the conversion of
physical events or characteristics into the electrical signals. This is a hardware device that takes
the input from environment and gives to the system by converting it." Actuator:-“ An actuator is
a component of a machine that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.
Normally, the actuators are used in conjunction with the power supply and a coupling
mechanism.” It converts physical characteristics into electrical signals. /It converts electrical
signals into physical characteristics. It takes input from environment. /It takes input from output
conditioning unit of system. It gives output to input conditioning unit of system./ It gives output to
environment. Sensor generated electrical signals./ Actuator generates heat or motion. It is
placed at input port of the system. /It is placed at output port of the system. It is used to
measure the physical quantity. /It is used to measure the continuous and discrete process
parameters. It gives information to the system about environment./ It accepts command to
perform a function. Example: Photo-voltaic cell which converts light energy into electrical
energy. /Example: Stepper motor where electrical energy drives the motor.
What is IOT device? Explain basic building blocks of IOT device. Ans. IOT Device loT
devices are pieces of hardware, such as sensors, actuators, gadgets, appliances, or machines,
that are programmed for certain applications and can transmit data over the internet or other
networks. They can be embedded into other mobile devices, industrial equipment,
environmental sensors, medical devices, and more. There are several standards for device
integration, especially for consumer and industry devices. That is, these standards are
compactly and constantly optimized toward integrating a wide variety of distributed,
decentralized, and disparate devices. However, the ultimate target is to establish smarter
environments that readily link cross domain automation modules. A home automation device
that allows remotely monitoring the status of appliances and controling the appliances. An
industrial machine which sends information about its operation and health monitoring data to a
server. A car which sends information about its location to a cloud based service. Basic
Building blocks of an IOT Device An loT device can consist of a number of modules based on
functional attributes, such as Sensing: Sensor can be either on-board the loT device or
attached to the device. loT device can collect various types of information from the onboard or
attached sensors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, etc. The sensed information can
be communicated either to other devices or cloud - based servers/storage. Actuation : loT
devices can have various type of actuators attached that allow taking actions upon the physical
entities in the vicinity of the device. For example, a relay switch connected to an loT device can
turn an appliance on/off based on the commands sent to the device. Communication:
Communication modules are responsible for sending collected data to other devices or cloud
based servers/storage and receiving data from other devices and commands from remote
applications. Analysis & Processing: Analysis and processing modules are responsible for
making sense of the collected data. The representative loT device used for the examples in this
book is the widely used single-board mini computer called Raspberry Pi. The use of Raspberry
Pi is international since these device are widely accessible, in expensive, and available from
multiple vendors. Figure shows a generic block diagram of a single - board computer (SBc)
based loT device that include CPU, GPU, RAM, Storage and various type of interfaces and
peripherals.
Explain Physical and Logical Design of IOT. Ans. (1). Physical Design of IOT Things of IOT
is usually refers to as loT devices which have unique identities and can perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capacitates. loT devices can exchange data with other connected
devices and applications directly or indirectly. It can also collect data from other devices and
process the data either locally or send the data to centralized servers applications back end for
processing the data. it can also perform some task locally and other tasks within loT
infrastructure which is based on temporal and space constraints The above Figure shows a
block diagram of loT device. An loT device may consists of several interfaces for connections to
other device which can wired or wireless. This can include (i) I/O Interface for sensors (ii)
Interface for Internet connectivity (iii) Memory and storage interface (iv) Audio Video interface
An loT device can also be connected to actuators that allow them to interact with other physical
entities including non loT devices in the neighbourhood of the device. An loT device can also be
of various types for instance wearable sensors, smart watehes, LED lights, automobiles and
industrial machines. Almost all loT devices generate data in some form which can processed by
data analytic teams which then lead to information to guide further action. (1) Logical Design of
IOT Logical Design of loT System means it is an abstract of the entities and processes without
going into low level specification and implementation. Here we will discuss about functional
blocks of an loT system and Communications API that are used generally. An loT consists of
number of functional blocks that provide the systems the capability for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication and management as per above figure. The functional biocks are as
follows: (1) Devices:- An loT system consists of devices that provide sensing, actuation,
monitoring and control function. (2) Communication:- The Communication blocks handl es the
communication for the loT system. Here various protocols which are used for communication
and services to discover the devices are explained (3) Services:- An loT System uses various
types of loT services such services for device monitoring., devices for control services, device
for publishing services and services for device discovery. (4) Management:- Management
Functional block provides various function to govern loT system (5) Security:- Security
functional block secures the loT system and provides the function through which one can have
authentication, authorization, message and content integrity and data security. (6) Application:-
loT Applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various
functions of IOT system. It allows the users to view the system status and TM view or analyze
the processed data.
Discuss various characteristics of IOT. Ans. Definition: A dynamic global network
infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable
communication protocols where physical and virtual things have identities physical attributes,
virtual personalities and intelligent interfaces, and they are seamlessly integrated into
information network where often communication data associated with users and environment.
Characteristics Dynamic & Self Adapting: IOT Devices and systems may have the
capabilities to dynamically adapt with the changing contents and take actions based on their
operating condition, Users context, sensed based environment. Take a example If a
Surveillance system comprising of a number of surveillances camera then this cameras can
adapt their modes from normal to infrared night modes and vice versa based on whether it is
night or day. Camera can switch from lower resolution to higher resolution modes when any
motion is detected and alert surrounding cameras to do the same. Here Surveillance system is
adapting itself on the based of dynamic condition. Self Configuring: IOT devices may have self
configuring capabilities which will allow a large number of devices to work together to provide
certain functionalities like weather monitoring. This devices have self configuring themselves in
accordance to IOT infrastructure, networking setup and latest software upgrades with minimal
user interface. Interoperable and Communication Protocols: IOT devices may support a
number of interoperable communications protocol and it can communicate with other devices
and also with infrastructure. Unique Identity: Each loT devices have unique identity and unique
identifier like lIP address OR URI. IoT Systems may have intelligent interfaces which can adapt
based on context and it can allow to communicate with users and the environmental contexts.
loT device interface can allow users to query the devices and monitor their status. Also it can be
control remotely in association with control, configured and managed infrastructure. Integrated
into Information Network: loT devices are usually integrated into information network that
allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems. IOT device
can dynamically discovered in the network by other devices and network and it have the
capability to describe their characteristics to other devices and user applications.
Big Data Analytics. Ans. Big Data Analytics Big Data analytics is a process used to extract
meaningful insights, such as hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, and
customer preferences. Big Data analytics provides various advantages-it can be used for better
decision making, preventing fraudulent activities, among other things. Big Data Analytics
important In today's world, Big Data analytics is fueling everything we do online-in every
industry. Take the music streaming platform Spotify for example. The company has nearly 96
million users that generate a tremendous amount of data every day. Through this information,
the cloud-based platform automatically generates suggested songs-through a smart
recommendation engine-based on likes, shares, search history, and more. What enables this is
the techniques, tools, and frameworks that are a result of Big Data analytics. If you are a Spotify
user, then you must have come across the top recommendation section, which is based on your
likes, past history, and other things. Utilizing a recommendation engine that leverages data
filtering tools that collect data and then filter It using algorithms works. This is what Spotify does.
Big Data Big Data is a massive amount of data sets that cannot be stored, processed, or
Analysed using traditional tools. Today, there are millions of data sources that generate data at
a very rapid rate. These data sources are present across the world. Some of the largest sources
of data are social media platforms and networks. Let's use Facebook as an example-it
generates more than 500 terabytes of data every day. This data includes pictures, videos,
messages, and more. Data also exists in different formats, like structured data, semi-structured
data, and unstructured data. For example, in a regular Excel sheet, data is classified as
structured data-with a definite format. In contrast, emails fall under semistructured, and your
pictures and videos fall under unstructured data. All this data combined makes up Big Data.
types of Sensors.1. Temperature Sensor One of the most common and most popular sensors
is the Temperature Sensor. A Temperature Sensor, as the name suggests, senses the
temperature i.e., it measures the changes in the temperature. There are different types of
Temperature Sensors like Temperature Sensor ICs (like LM35, DS18820), Thermistors,
Thermocouples, RTD (Resistive Temperature Devices), etc. Temperature Sensors can be
analog or digital. In an Analog Temperature Sensor, the changes in the Temperature
correspond to change in its physical property like resistance or voltage LM35 is a classic Analog
Temperature Sensor. Coming to the Digital Temperature Sensor, the output is a discrete digital
value (usually, some numerical data after converting analog value to digital value). DS18820 is
a simple Digital Temperature Sensor. Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like
computers, mobile phones, automobiles, air conditioning systems, industries etc. A simple
project using LM3S (Celsius Scale Temperature Sensor) is implemented in this project:
TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED SYSTEM. 2. Humidity Sensor If you see Weather Monitoring
Systems, they often provide temperature as well as humidity data. So, measuring humidity is an
important task in many applications and Humidity Sensors help us in achieving this. Often all
humidity sensors measure relative humidity (a ratio of water content in air to maximum potential
of air to hold water). Since relative humidity is dependent on temperature of air, almost all
Humidity Sensors can also measure Temperature. Humidity Sensors are classified into
Capacitive Type, Resistive Type and Thermal Conductive Type. DHT11 and DHT22 are two of
the frequently used Humidity Sensors in DIY Community (the former is a resistive type while the
latter is capacitive type). 3. Gas Detector Sensor A gas detector is a device that detects the
presence of gases in an area, often as part of a safety system. A gas detector can sound an
alarm to operators in the area where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave.
This type of device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic
life, such as humans or animals. Gas detectors can be used to detect combustible, flammable
and toxic gases, and oxygen depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can be
found in locations, such as on oil rigs, to monitor manufacturing processes and emerging
technologies such as photovoltaic. They may be used in firefighting. 4. Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure distance or travel time using ultrasonic waves. A
source will be used to emit ultrasonic wave. After wave hits the target, the waves are reflected
and the detector collects the signal. The travel time between the transmitted wave and reflected
wave is measured using Ultrasonic sensor. Optical sensors use two different element for
transmitter and receiver. Whereas ultrasonic sensor uses single element for transmission and
reception. 5. Fire detector Sensor Fire-detection systems play a pivotal role in green buildings.
Kate Houghton, director of marketing for Kidde Fire Systems says, By detecting a fire quickly
and accurately (i.e., by not sacrificing speed or causing false alarms)and providing early
warning notification, a fire-detection system can limit the emission of toxic products created by
combustion, as well as global-warming gases produced by the fire itself. These environmental
effects often are overlooked, but undoubtedly occur in all fire Scenarios. Therefore, reducing the
likelihood of a fire is an important part of designing a greenbuilding. 6. Light Sensor Sometimes
also known as Photo Sensors, Light Sensors are one of the important sensors. A simple Light
Sensor available today is the Light Dependent Resistor or LDR. The property of LDR is that its
resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the ambient light i.e., when the intensity of
light increases, its resistance decreases and vise-versa. By using LDR is a circuit, we can
calibrate the changes in its resistance to measure the intensity of Light. There are two other
Light Sensors (or Photo Sensors) which are often used in complex electronic system design.
They are Photo Diode and Photo Transistor. All these are Analog Sensors. 7. Sound Sensor
Sound is a waveform of energy which is produced by the form of mechanical vibration. The type
of sound determines its frequency. For example, a bass drum has a low-frequency sound and a
cymbal has a higher frequency sound. The sound sensor is a simple device which can detect
the sound. The Sound sensors are very simple to use. 8. IR Sensor When we look into
electromagnetic spectrum, infrared region is divided into three regions as Near Infrared, mid
infrared and far Infrared region. Infrared spectrum has a higher frequency range than microwave
and lesser frequency than visible light. An infrared sensor is used for emitting and detecting IR
radiation. By this principle, IR sensor can be used as Obstacle detector. There are two types of
IR sensors as Active and Passive IR sensors.
Types of Actuator 1. Pneumatic Actuators: Pneumatic actuators convert energy in the form
of compressed air into mechanical motion. Here pressurised gas or compressed air enters a
chamber thus building up the pressure inside. Once this pressure goes above the required
pressure levels in contrast to the atmospheric pressure outside the chamber, it makes the piston
or gear move kinetically in a controlled manner, thus leading to a straight or circular mechanical
motion, Examples include pneumatic cylinders, air cylinders, and air actuators. Cheaper and
often more powerful than other actuators, they can quickly start or stop as no power source has
to be stored in reserve for operation. Often used with valves to control the flow of air through the
valve, these actuators generate considerable force through relatively small pressure changes.
Examples of maker projects using pneumatic actuators include lifting devices and humanoid
robots with arms and limbs, typically used for lifting. Advantages: The simple design of the
actuator makes it popular, and perfect for application . Where cleanliness is a must. There is a
minimal risk of contamination from the power supply because these actuators are gas-driven.
These actuators feature no motors, which means no magnetic interference is . Created at high
temperatures. This makes the actuator ideal for applications involving high temperatures.
These actuators require almost no maintenance, are lightweight, and equipped with durable
components. All these help lower their costs of operation. Pneumatic actuators are suited for
applications, where regular closing and the opening is required. Disadvantages:
Compressibility and pressure losses are two factors that make these actuators imperfect for
various key linear motion applications. At times, it is very difficult to achieve positional accuracy
with these actuators. Which is one of the largest drawbacks. Noise generated by these
actuators is large, which makes them incapable of applications where silence is required. 2.
Hydraulic Actuators: Hydraulic actuators have a cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic
power to generate mechanical motion, which in turn leads to linear, rotatory or oscillatory
motion. Given the fact that liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can
exert a large force. When the fluid enters the lower chamber of the actuator's hydraulic cylinder,
pressure inside increases and exerts a force on the bottom of the piston, also inside the
cylinder. The pressure causes the sliding piston to move in a direction opposite to the force
caused by the spring in the upper chamber, making the piston move upward and opening the
valve. The downside with these actuators is the need for many complementary parts and
possibility of fluid leakage. Advantages: These actuators offer high horsepower than the
pneumatic actuators. The small and compact construction of these actuators makes them
perfect for many miniature devices of the day. Disadvantages: In some cases, the fluid may
leak that will lead to huge losses. More to this, these fluid leaks will also cause cleanliness
problems, and damage their surrounding components. These actuators require too many
companion parts, such as heat exchangers, motors, pump and more. This increases user
maintenance throughout the lifetime of the actuator. Midstroke positioning is difficult to achieve
with these actuators, and it requires lots of user support, as well as additional components. 3.
Electrical Actuators: Electrical actuators are equipped with a motor. The rotational energy of
the motor is converted into the linear movement of a device. This actuator possesses high
positioning capabilities owing to electronic controllers fitted within. These capabilities along with
velocity control are brilliantly exploited by various industries today. These actuators are easy to
set up, and can be reprogrammed quickly, and offer an immediate response. Electric actuators
offer a wide range of motion profiles, owing to their versatile designs. Advantages: These
actuators require almost no maintenance, except for the replacement of worn parts. They do
not leak fluids, so there are no cleanliness issues, also the Environmental hazards are
eliminated. Disadvantages: The purchasing cost of these actuators is considerably high than
the other two types, but their operating and maintenance costs are low. They are not suitable
for hazardous and flammable areas.
[Link] components of Raspberry pi. Ans. 1. Processor & RAM: Raspberry Pi is based on
an ARM processor. The latest version of Raspberry Pi 4 B Comes with Broadcom BCM2711,
Quad core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64 bit SoC @ [Link] and 2G8, 4GB or 8GB LPDDR4- 3200
SDRAM (depending on model) 2. USB Ports: Raspberry Pi comes with two USB 2.0 ports. The
USB ports on Raspberry Pi can provide a current upto 100mA. For connecting devices that
draw current more than 100mA, an external USB powered hub is required. 3. Ethernet Ports
Raspberry Pi comes with a standard RJ45 Ethernet port. You can connect an Ethernet cable or
a USB Wifi adapter to provide internet connectivity. 4. HDMI Output: The HDMI port on
raspberry Pi provides both video and audio output. You can connect the Raspberry Pi to a
monitor using as HDMI cable. For monitors that have a DVIl port but no HDMI port, you can use
an HDMI to DVI adapter/cable. 5. Composite Video Output: Raspberry Pi comes with a
composite video output with an RCA jack that supports both PAL and NTSC video output. The
RCA jack can be used to connect old televisions that have an RCA input only. 6. Audio Output:
Raspberry pi has a 3.5 mm audio output jack. This audio jack is used for providing audio output
to old televisions along with the RCA jack for video. The audio quality from this jack is inferior to
the HDMI output. 7. GPIO Pins: Raspberry Pi comes with a 40 number of general purpose
input/output pins. There are four types of pins on Raspberry Pi-true GPIO pins,12C interface
pins, SPI interface pins and serial Rx and tx pins. 8. Display Serial Interface(DSI):The DSI
interface can be used to c ct and LCD panel to Raspberry Pi. 9. Camera Serial
Interface(CSI):The CSI interface can be used to connect a camera module to Raspberry Pi
[Link] LEDs : Raspberry Pi has five status LEDs. [Link] Card Slot: Raspberry Pi does not
have a built in operating system and storage. You can plug-in an SD card loaded with a Linux
image to the SD card slot. [Link] Input: Raspberry Pi has a micro - USB Connector for
power input