Review of Related Literature

This chapter covers a review of related literature and studies chosen by the researchers

that are particularly beneficial throughout the studies.

1. Factors Influencing Career Choices

Students' interests are important influencers in their career choices since they directly

affect their personal preferences, ideas, and beliefs about a certain career. Their interests

influenced their decision to pursue a career.

1.1 Interests of Students in Choosing Careers

According to the Division of Human Services, University of Cincinnati and University of

Wisconsin - Milwaukee (1999), their study investigates factors that might influence Asian

Americans' career choices and tests Lent et al.'s model to investigate the relationships among the

predicting variables and the outcome variable (career choice) for 187 college students. Variables

investigated are level of acculturation, family SES, family involvement, occupational interests,

and career self-efficacy. It was hypothesized that career choices are influenced by the predicting

variables in such a way that lower acculturated individuals tend to choose more typical

occupations (i.e., Realistic and Investigative occupations), that family background is influential

on their choices, and that interest may not necessarily be related to their occupational choices.

In the study of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education (2011), their findings

showed that most students who were studying science in university had a well-developed interest
that had motivated their choice of programme, and their subject interest and career decidedness

were linked. Regression analyses indicated that students’ interest in their subject was a

significant predictor of career decidedness, mediated by students’ desire to pursue that interest in

their career. Open-ended comments on the surveys suggested that decidedness was informed by

coursework, proactive career exploration, work experience, interest, feasibility, and familial

contacts. Interviews confirmed these factors and illustrated how they contributed to students’

career decidedness.

According to National Autonomous University of Mexico, University of East Anglia,

Durham University, University of Southampton, Renmin University of China (2015), their

research developed and tested a comprehensive model of the antecedents of international

graduate students' interest in an international career. Based largely on Social Cognitive Career

Theory (SCCT), the model included elements that pertain to perceptions of external constraints

(perceptions of the labor market, family pressure to return), international student experience

(adjustment in the foreign country during graduate studies, exposure and immersion to the

international context) and individual factors (self-efficacy with respect to working abroad and

outcome expectancy).

1.2 Demands in Jobs

According to Joe Mcgoldrick (2023) Outsourcing firms are leading the way in the

Philippines as a result of the global move to remote employment. The nation has a competitive

personnel pool with set procedures to benefit from online work. It's a terrific time to find work

because there are so many opportunities available right now.

probability that the occupations they select will be in demand. To get high paying jobs in the

Philippines, finding well-paying, in-demand jobs is comparatively simple, but only if you work

harder. Getting your desired career requires careful preparation and smart positioning, just like

any other endeavor. Here are three strategies for standing out from the pack.

The Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R model) gained a lot of traction among

academics. According to the current iteration of the concept, high workloads cause stress and

health impairment (the health impairment process), whereas high resource availability motivates

workers to work more and produce more (the motivating process). The JD-R model's creation

and key conclusions are reviewed in this chapter, along with the model's underlying assumptions.

The JD-R still has a number of significant unresolved issues, including the epistemological status

of the model, the definition of and distinction between "demands" and "resources," the

incorporation of personal resources, the distinction between the health impairment and the

motivational processes, the issue of reciprocal causation, and the model's applicability above the

individual level. A brief discussion of the model's practical application and an agenda for further

research are included in the chapter's conclusion (Schaufeli, Taris, 2013).

This study examines, simultaneously at the employee and work unit levels, the mediating

function of psychological need satisfaction for the effects of job demands and resources on

turnover intentions, psychological distress, and work-to-family conflict. In doing so, we take into

account how need fulfillment, when taken into account at the level of the work unit, generates a

setting likely to play an additional role in the prediction of these outcomes. The current study

offers a first thorough evaluation of the combination JD-R/SDT framework and Nielsen et al.'s

(2017) multilevel representation of job resources. The thoroughness of this assessment allowed
us to take into account a variety of job demands and resources whose role in the prediction of our

key outcomes (psychological distress, turnover intentions, and work-to-family) was important to

us. Although we were restricted to the job demands and resources measured as part of the UMP2.

1.3. Parent’s Influence

According to Sharif (2019) Parents influence are also a factor to student’s career

development. This career choice-making has become a major problem for students; most of them

find it difficult to make their career decision; There’s a chance that they are not well guided. So,

there’s a need of parents’ presence to assist their children in making good decisions on their

career choices. (Onoshakpokaiye, 2022).

Tziner, Loberman, Dekel and Sharoni (2012) study found that the child was more willing

to take career choice advice from their parents if the support they give to them is enough and if

the relationship between a parent and a child is good enough. When children or students’

opinions matter to their parents, they are more likely to accept their advice in choosing careers

and potentially look into the same professions as their parents. (Tillman, 2015)

The most important positive predictor for career adaptability came in the form of parental

support. Parental support predicts both global and personal career adaptability. Parental

involvement has a negative effect on career management, career self-assurance, and overall

adaptability. But only if parents get more involved in their kids’ careers. (Šimunović, Šverko,

Babarović, 2020)

Study of Jungen, (2008), states that more women are entering the workforce and working

mothers tend to influence children's career choices. A mother's experience with gender-
socialization impacted the types of careers encouraged children to pursue. Jungen also found that

mothers tend to have a higher influence in regard to the employment expectations of women.

Studies also found that mothers do different parenting practices according to their career. Study

of Maier (2005), found that mothers who had a career experience in the math and science field

provided an equal amount of challenge and support to their children. While mothers are more

likely to give different challenges and support based on their occupation, most adolescents agree

that mothers are more influential than fathers when it comes to plans on their careers. Maier

suggested that the cause of this might be due to more frequent discussions between a mother and

her children. Hairston (2000) further explains that mothers have a strong influence, especially

because they provide enough support of their children and prevent students from being scared to

make career choices. Study of O’brien, Friedman, Tipton, and Linn, (2000) revealed that

“Attachment to mother had a significant direct effect on career self-efficacy, and career self-

efficacy again influenced career aspiration”.

Studies of Allen & Daly, (2007) shows that the father’s interaction and closure to his

children gives them an opportunity to show his affection towards them. Like the mothers, fathers

also play a role in shaping their children's career decisions by providing continuous information,

support, and consultation (Bhattacharya, 2013).

2. Career Decisions of Students

This longitudinal, mixed-methods study sought to better understand the academic high

school students who intended to major in STEM, ABM, and HUMSS actually enrolled in such

programs 2 years later, as well as how these students perceived this process in retrospect. The
findings showed that students were quite persistent in their desire to work in their choice strand.

The results of a qualitative research showed that learning opportunities, parental involvement,

and role models influenced the course of study for students. These students have grown to

identify as what they want since they were little. The authors talk about the implications of their

findings for K–12 classroom teaching and learning. (Frei, [Link]., 2014).

2.1 Quality of STEM Education.

STEM was intended to represent the important connections that happened among science

(Bolds, 2017; Patton, 2013) Technology, engineering, and math. STEM-focused content on more

complex ideas and subjects than other strands. Student expectations for this track include to

pursue a career as a pilot, architect, astrophysicist, biologist, chemist, engineer, dentist, etc. This

course is open to a wide range of professionals, including maritime engineers, nurses, and

nutritionists.

STEM was created to symbolize the significant linkages that occurred among science,

Technology, engineering, and mathematics (Patton, 2013). STEM-related content on concepts

and topics that are more complicated than those covered by other strands. For this track, there are

a number of student expectations. to pursue a profession as a pilot, architect, astrophysicist,

biologist, chemist, engineer, dentist, etc. A wide spectrum of specialists, including maritime

engineers, nurses, and dietitians, are welcome to enroll in this course.

Numerous studies showed that STEM majors were prepared academically, particularly in

Test results in math and science performed well in terms of GPA, and they remained persistent in

obtaining a STEM degree (Chen, 2012) Shaw & Barbuti.

According to (Sparks, 2017). The literature study focuses on the ABM strand to provide

students a background on it, to inform them of the prospective college courses they may enroll in

aligned with the said strand, and to inform them of the potential professions they might be able to

obtain in the future. As our economy grows, more jobs become available. According to Jodi

Chavez, president of Randstad Professionals, job opportunities in finance and accounting have

increased with the growing economy, making it the most in-demand career in 2017. The

Philippines compete globally and have been the country with the strongest economic growth in

Asia.

The literature review was highly thorough and offers a wealth of information about

accounting and business management. The purpose of creating the literature review is to inform

the students about the ABM strand occupations that are appropriate for them and to persuade

them to pursue the aforementioned strand. The methods used to arrive at the statistical results

were appropriate and well-explained. Additionally, the author cited materials that strengthened

and clarified the study. The goal of producing the literature is to highlight and widen the

understanding of the students about what ABM is and to persuade them to pursue the mentioned

track. The Accountancy and Business Management (ABM) strand offers subjects that will help

and open our thoughts into the business world. The paper was pertinent and persuading, and the

author's goals were realistic and doable. Everything concerning the ABM track was clarified by

the literature research. Additionally, the article provided enough knowledge to meet the students'

expectations for learning about ABM.

Senior High School is a two-year upper division program. secondary education; students

may select their majors in accordance with their skills, hobbies, and academic [Link]

substance of the essay will depend on your career choice. course that students in grades eleven

and twelve will take. SHS Various topics are included in either the core curriculum or in a

specific direction (Official Gazette, 2012).

The quality of HUMSS education can be improved by implementing a well-balanced

curriculum that includes both core topics and electives. Additionally, it must take into account

how the job market and society's needs are changing (Westerheijden et al., 2010). By looking at

how HUMSS programs address current societal issues and global challenges, one can determine

their relevance (Dede, 2008).

3. Impacts on Student in Choosing their Career

Temperament is a forerunner or predisposing factor for mood disorders, according to a

long-standing theory among researchers. According to Clark and Watson's (1999) main

temperament model of depressive illnesses, depression results from having low positive

emotionality (PE) and high negative emotionality (NE). Most structural models of

temperament/personality in both children and adults incorporate PE and NE as higher-order

components. Positive affect, reward sensitivity, and sociability are some of the aspects of PE.

However, new studies suggest that the affective and motivational aspects of PE may be more

important than sociability (Shao, [Link]., 2000).NE stands for high sensitivity to negative
emotions, such as fear, sadness, and rage. Low PE may contribute to a number of different

diseases, such as social phobia and schizophrenia, but Clark suggested that it has a very

particular association with depression. High NE, on the other hand, is a general risk factor that

has a considerable impact on anxiety disorders and a significant but less significant impact on

externalizing illnesses including substance abuse, antisocial personality, and conduct disorders.

3.1 Psychological Impact

According to (Erikson's) psychosocial development theory, adolescence and the early

years of adulthood are critical times for identity development. One's self-identity is significantly

shaped by one's career decisions. According to Gordon and Meyer (2002), it is common for

people to have some degree of developmental career ambiguity. This may be due to a lack of

relevant job experience or knowledge of the working world. Students' developing career

hesitation is seen as a healthy state that may eventually lead the student to research careers and

set goals (Feldt, 2010). Researchers have discovered mental health issues and conditions in

catastrophe survivors of all ages, such as sadness, anxiety, and general distress (Norris et al.,

2002). Children's physical, developmental, and social differences from adults necessitate the use

of disaster response services tailored specifically to children in various age groups. Children are

more vulnerable to disasters due to their incapacity to identify themselves, flee danger, or make

important decisions, as well as their dependence on adults for care, housing, transportation, and

security.

Traumatic events' emotional effects might cause PTSD to manifest. The development of

this condition is influenced by traumatic experiences, as discussed by (Kessler, 2005). People

increased anxiety, which are signs of the inner upheaval they go through.

3.2 Physical Impact

The unintended effect of state-mandated academic performance testing has been to

decrease opportunities for kids to engage in physical activity both during and outside of school

hours. Some kids are held back from physical education classes or recess to take part in remedial

or enriched learning experiences aimed at improving academic performance, in addition to a

general shift in school time away from physical education to make more time for academic

subjects (Pellegrini and Bohn, 2005). The goal of physical education programming is to help

students develop and maintain a healthy level of aerobic fitness, as measured by criterion-

referenced standards from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Welk et al.,

2011). The formation of habitual and meaningful involvement in physical activity is the goal of

the national learning standard for physical education, which includes regular participation in

physical exercise (NASPE, 2004). However, despite the fact that all 50 states have set physical

fitness and involvement in physical activity as learning goals, there is little proof that kids

actually meet and sustain these criteria.

4. Synthesis

The synthesis provides an overview of the many factors that influence students' career

choices, such as interests, parental influence, educational paths, and the psychological and

physical consequences of these decisions. Understanding these characteristics is critical for

teachers, parents, and administrators as they help students make informed career decisions.