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Parts of Speech
Every Word that is used in asentence has different name according to what job it does in the
sentence.
These words are known as parts of speech and are shown in the table below:

Part of Speech: Type and Description: Example:

Common Noun Desk

Noun
(Naming word for a
The name given to an ordinary thing.
Proper Noun Mr Smith

person, place or thing.) The name given to a particular thing such as:Wednesday
people, places, days, months, educational January
noun subjects, titles of films, books and songs. South Africa
English
Lord of the Flies
Despacito
Abstract Noun Honesty
Anoun that describes something we cannot see,
hear, taste, feel or touch.
a person, plaoe, Collective Noun Alibrary of books.
thing or idea. Anoun that describes a group or collection of
people or things.
Personal Pronoun He is my best
Pronoun
(Takes the place of a
Used for people or things. friend.
Possessive Pronoun The book is mine.
noun.) Shows ownership of something.
Reflexive Pronoun He prefers to sit by
pronoun Ends in -self or -selves. himself.
Indefinite Pronoun Nobody is going
Refers to things of an indefinite amount. there today.
Demonstrative Pronoun Those boys are in
Used to point out something specific. the team.
Relative Pronoun The girls who were
a word that takes
the place of a noun., Refers back to a noun which has already been on the bus, got
(he, she, it) mentioned. home late.
Describes a noun or a pronoun. It was an amazing
Adjective movie!

ad jective

a part of speech
that deScribes a
noun or pronoun.

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 2018 Terri-Lee Boucher
Action or doing word. Ishowed her my
Verb new game.
He was eating a
verb cake.

a word that
represents an aotion
or state of being

Adverb of Time | will finish my

Adverb Describes when something was done. speech later.
(Describes the verb.) Adverb of Place have looked
Describes where somethingwas done. everywhere for my
adverb friend.
Adverb of Manner Ilaughed loudly at
Describes how something was done. the comedy.
Adverb of Degree She is almost
Describes to what extent something was done. finished her
homework.
aword that
desoribes a verb,
adverb or adjective.

A word that joins two phrases or sentences. On Saturday night

Conjunction we watched TV and
a movie.
Conjunction

aword that joins

sentences or words
together.
 Aword that indicates position in relation to a noun Before, at, to, by,.
Preposition or a pronoun. under, in front, next
to, etc.
Preposition

aword that links a

noun to another
Word.

Article A small word used before a noun or an adjective. The egg was boiled
Definite Article - the for five minutes.
Indefinite Articles -a and an Anegg takes five
article minutes to cook.

the words 'a, an, the'

that can be used
before a noun in a
sentenoe.

A short exclamation (word or phrase) used to Oh! Ouch! Hurray!

Interjection expres an emotion.

interjection

short exlamation
sometimes inter jected
into a sentence. (Ouch!,
Hil, On)
 2018 Terri-Lee Boucher
Punctuation
The use of capital letters, full stops, commas, colons, semicolons, question marks,
exclamation
marks, quotation marks and apostrophes is called punctuation.
The table below describes the main types of punctuation marks that are used:
Punctuation Mark: Description: Example:
The first word of asentence begins with Thabolives in
CAPITAL acapital letter. Maputo.
Proper nouns also start with a capital| The girl asked,
LETTERS letter. "May Igo to
What Gets a Captal Letter ? The first word of direct speech starts Susan's house this
Proper Nos The word weekend?"
Yesterday I
with a capital letter.
rgn three

At the beginning
Sndey. iondoy. Of.a sentence:
fuestoy, wednesday.
Thursday, Friday,
Saturday

A full stop is a dot used to show the end of a Erin and Joanne
FULL STOP (.) sentence. dance at the party.

FULL STOP
Use at the
end of a
sentence
or on

aboreviations.
 2018Terri-Lee Boucher
Acomma is apause within asentence Let's eat,
COMMA() that assists with the meaning. Grandma!
A comma is used between items in a l bought sweets,
list. chips, gum and
Use to We can use Comma before al fruit.
separate conjunction. Itravel to Spain,
Words or A comma often shows Where one but my mom
when yoU travels to
phrase ends and another begins.
need to Germany.
pause in a Mr Elliot, who is
sentence. the inspector, will
SciSSO glue nc investigate the
case.

A colon is used after a complete Erin has many

COLON(:) sentence to introduce an idea, skills: typing,
explanation or list of items. singing, cooking
COLON Use before
It is also used before a quote. and dancing.
Mark Twain said:
"Age is a question
certain lists of mind over
and when matter."
writing the
time.

School begins at 8:5.

Aquestion mark is used at the end of a Where has the cat

QUESTION question sentence. gone?

MARK(?) Did you sleep

well?
QUESTION
MARK
Use at
the end
of a
question.

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 2018 Terri-Lee Boucher
end of a Watch out!
An exclamation mark is used at the
EXCLAMATION Don't do that!
sentence or short phrasethat expresses a
strong feeling.
MARK( )
EXCLAMATTON
POTNT
Use at the
end of a
sentence
to show
oexciterment.
Ipassed the science testl

Thabo said, lam

Inverted commas (or speech marks) are excited about the
INVERTED also known as quotation marks.
production."
They are used to show the beginning Jane said, "It's a
COMMAS ( and end of spoken words, i.e., direct
nice, sunny day."
speech.
"It's a nice, sunny
Direct speech has an introductory clause, day," Jane said.
with a verb such as "said" or "asked". This
Use to is always followed by a comma.
show when Ifthe spoken wordsare placed before the
verb, they are always followed by a
Someone comma, question mark or exclamation
mark, but nevera full stop.
is talking.
The teacher said Lneup for
recess

An apostrophe is used to join two words We have we've

APOSTROPHE together to indicate how they are said Could not
in spoken (informal) language. couldn't
The shortened word is called a Have not- haven't
contraction. The apostrophe replaces My mom's
APOSTROPHE the letter or letters that have been necklace has a
removed. long chain.
Use to show
An apostrophe is also used to show Sarah's car is blue.
possession The girls' dads are
possession.
or when
The 'before the sis used when the noun playing rugby.
writing The horses' tails
contractions.
issingular (one person).
If the noun is in the plural (more than one were swaying in
the wind.
person), the is placed after the s.
fnd
 2018 [Link] Boucher

PLURALS
Anoun can be either in singular or plural form.
o Singular means only one.
o Plural means more than one.

There are many different rules when changing a noun from singular to plural.
Most common rules for changing a singular noun to a plural noun are described below:
o For some words youonly need toadd "s" tothe word to make it plural. If a word ends in "o",
it sometimes ends in "s",

E.g. desk ’ desks; piano ’ pianos.

o For nouns endingin "s", "ss", "*", "ch" or "sh", we add "es" to make them plural. If a
Word ends in "o", it sometimes ends in "es".
E.g. beach > beaches; tomato > tomatoes.
o If the word ends in "f or "fe" and it sounds like "y" in the plural, we change the 4f" or fe"
to "v" before adding "es",
E.g. leaf’ leaves; thief> thieves.
o Ifyou can hear the f" when saying the plural, then you usually just add "s".
E.g. chef > chefs; roof > roofs.
If the wordends in "y" and itsounds like a vowel (i.e., it is said as "ee" or "i") drop the y"
and add "ies".
E.g. lady ’ ladies; berry > berries.
We add "s" after the "y" if there is a vowel before the "y".
E.g. monkey > monkeys; key > keys.
Irregular nouns don't follow the rules and have their own set of rules when it comes to plurals.

E.g. goose > geese; child ’ children.

added, the
o For compound nouns, the main noun takes the floral form. When a preposition is
word before the preposition takes the plural.
E.g. alarm clock’ alarm clocks.
change the "us" to i"
o For some nouns ending in "us" (mainly Latin words)
E.g. cactus ’ cacti
 TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. Question Sentences: A question is a sentence that needs to be answered. A question starts
with acapital letter and ends with a guestion mark.
Examples:
a. Was the bus full?
b. Are you coming over this weekend?
2. Statement Sentences: A statement is a type of sentence that tells us
something or gives us
information. A statement starts with a capital letter and ends with a full
stop.
Examples:
a. It was very hot that day.
b. She went to the shopsthat afternoon.

3. ExclamationSentences: An exclamation is a sentence that expresses an emotion, such as

fear, anger or surprise. Exclamations are sometimes one-word sentences. An exclamation
starts with acapital letter and ends with an exclamation mark.
Examples:
a. Don't do that!
b. Ouch!

4. Command Sentences: A command is a sentence that is used to tell someone to do

something, or to give an order. Commands can end witha full stopor an exclamation mark.
Examples:
a. Watch the bal!
b. Wash the dishes before dinner.

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 Rules Direct
Presernt
tense: "
aWhen The The
said, I
pronoun example: action The [Link]:
Past The action The Look
for Direct
Someonesaid.
else We
rule
e.g. and
boy introductory The boy changing
"I "I" verb$ introductory The at use Notes:
verbs speech
want tor is for said
boy'said/I says boy the indirect
reported
used "I":
that changes introductory
example:
to thatstays Says) sentences is
eat in he verb verb (reported)
the he in person's aspeech
unch." is am is the
introductory was one islate."am
inlate." late. from
late.
step the present the in verb. when
>I own
direct speech:
said back past present we
tense. words! want
sentences tense speech
that into
tense to
I the ’ For
wanted the to tell
it past exampie: ’ indirect someone
is tense the
not tense.
to tense
eat replaced of speech:
For the what
lunch. of
the
by

"
must
NUuld
shal! ’> PresentPresentSimpleSimpleTenses: yesterday
tomorroW today that Adverbs
this there
>here >
wouldwil ’
> >
had continuous pastpresent
perfect of
> ’ that place
to ’ the the day
> past > and
following
previous
past perfect
’ simple
time
perfect past past day day changes
continuous

may ’Could
have might can ’ to:

to these
those >
then
now >
’
had
to
 wIrect Speech
Changes into Reported Speech
Simple Present
He said, "I am happy" SimpiePast
He said that he was
happy.
Present Progressive
He said, "Im looking for my Past Progressive
keys." He said that he was
t:
looking for his keys.
Simpie Past
e said, 1 visited
New York last yea:" Past Perfect Sirmple
aHgsaid that he had visited New
York the previous year.
Present Perfect
He said, "ve ived here for a Past Perfect
long He said that he had ive
time" there for a
long time.
Past Perfect
Hesaid, They had
fnished the
Past Perfect
workwhen Iarriwed" He said that they had
workwhen he had hnished
arrived."
the
WHAT IS ASUMMARY?
version of a text.
Summarising is an important skill. Asummary is a shortened
summary is
summary always covers the essential points of the original passage. A
A points of
used to sum up information is short, precise sentences, or tO state the main
a passage without including any detailed information.

Guidelines for writing a summary:

1. Read the passage carefully.

2. Make note of key words, main points or topic sentences.
3. Extract 7 main ideas from the passage.
4. Use your own words as far as possible.
5. The summary must be written in the third person.
6. llustrations, examples, quotations, explanations, figurative language,
statistics etc., must be omitted(left out).
7. Replace long phrases with single words.
8. Writearough draft, edit it, and adjust the length.
9. Follow the original organisation of the passage.
[Link] the summany to the original passage for accuracy.
11. Check the draft for spelling mistakes, punctuation, and
[Link] all the summarised points intO one grammatical errors.
paragraph.