IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
Topic 1: States of Matter
- Matter is anything that has mass & occupies a space ‘volume’.
- Substances exist in one of 3 states of matter at room temperature.
Solid or Liquid or Gas
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Solid Liquid Gas
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Mass All have definite mass
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Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed volume
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Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape No fixed shape
‘Takes the shape of the ‘Takes the shape of the
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bottom of the container’ container’
Kinetic particle Theory:
• It’s a theory that states that matter is made of tiny particles called atoms or molecules.
• Particles are attracted to each other by forces which might be weak or strong.
• Particles are always moving.
• Particles move faster when substances are heated.
• Lighter particles move faster than heavy particles.
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
Properties of Solids, Liquids & Gases:
Solid Liquid Gas
Diagram
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Arrangement Regularly arranged Randomly arranged & Randomly arranged
& close to each other close to eachother & far apart
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Separation Tightly packed Loosely packed Widely separated
Motion / They don’t move
R Slide over eachother They Move freely /
movement around. randomly & Quickly
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They Vibrate in place
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Changes of states of matter:
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
- Changing the physical state of a substance can be done by: Heating or Cooling
- Changes of states are Reversible Physical Changes
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Melting
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By heating a Solid, particles gain kinetic energy & vibrate more.
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When temperature reaches the melting point, particles use all heat energy to break
the forces between them & turn to Liquid.
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Melting point: It’s the temperature at which solid melts & turns into a liquid.
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Boiling
By heating a Liquid, particles gain kinetic energy, move faster & further apart.
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When temperature reaches the boiling point, particles use all heat energy to
break the forces between them & turn to Gas.
Boiling point: It’s the temperature at which Liquid boils & turns into a Gas.
The Stronger the attraction forces between particles, the Higher the MP/BP
because high amount energy is needed to overcome the attraction forces.
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
Difference between Boiling & Evaporation
Evaporation Boiling
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Happens at any temperature below the Happens at a specific temperature
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boiling point. which is the boiling point
Only particles at the surface turn into gas All particles turn into gas
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Volatile Liquid: It is a liquid that has low Boiling point / evaporates easily.
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Sublimation
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It’s the change of state from solid to gas directly.
Example: Sublimation of iodine
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Condensation
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By Cooling a Gas, particles Lose kinetic energy , move slower & get closer together.
When temperature reaches the condensation point, particles turn to Liquid ‘ liquefies’.
Condensation point: It’s the temperature at which Gas condenses & turns into a liquid.
Freezing
By Cooling a Liquid, particles Lose kinetic energy , move slower & get closer together.
When temperature reaches the Freezing point, particles turn to Solid ‘ Solidifies’.
Freezing point: It’s the temperature at which Liquid freezes & turns into a Solid.
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
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a Solid at any temp. Below its Melting Point
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A Substance is a Gas at any temp. Above its Boiling Point
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a Liquid at any temp. Between its Melting & Boiling points
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The table shows melting and boiling points of 4 substances E,F,G,H.
And their physical state of matter at room temperature (22 oc)
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
Diffusion
Diffusion is the spreading out & mixing of particles from a region of high
concentration to low concentration until the particles are evenly mixed.
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- Diffusion happens in Gases & Liquids not in solids because solid particles only
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vibrate in position & can’t move around.
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- Diffusion happens faster in Gases than in Liquids because gas particles are widely
separated & are held together by weak forces. They move randomly & freely.
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Diffusion in Liquids
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Example: diffusion of potassium manganate (VII) in water.
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Crystals of potassium manganate dissolve in
water. They start to move randomly, diffuse,
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spread out & mix with water particles from
high to low concentration until evenly mixed.
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Diffusion in Gases
Example: diffusion of Bromine Gas with Air.
Bromine liquid is volatile. It evaporates &
Particles start to move randomly, diffuse,
spread out & mix with air particles from high
to low concentration until evenly mixed.
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
Temperature
Factors affecting Diffusion As Temperature increases, particles gain kinetic
energy, they move faster & diffuse faster.
Molecular mass
The smaller the molecular mass of the substance ,
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the faster it diffuses.
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Diffusion of Ammonia & Hydrogen Chloride
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- a cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution is placed in one end of the test tube &
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another cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid is placed on the other end of the tube.
- Both solutions evaporate giving off ammonia gas & Hydrogen Chloride gas
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respectively.
- When the 2 gases meet they react forming white solid called ammonium chloride.
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NH3 + HCl —> NH4Cl
Explain Why the white solid Ammonium Chloride is formed closer to the cotton
wool soaked in Hydrochloric acid?
Ammonia has smaller molecular mass than Hydrogen Chloride, so it diffuses faster &
further at the same time than hydrogen chloride.
Explain Why it takes several mins. for ammonium chloride to form though gas travel
quickly?
Gas particles move randomly and they collide with air and with the walls of the container.
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
Solutions and solubility
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- Solute: a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
- Solvent: a substance that dissolves a solute.
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- Solution: a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.
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- Saturated Solution: a solution that contains the maximum concentration of solute
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dissolved in the solvent at a specific temperature.
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Solubility: it is the amount of solute that can dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a Not for
double
specific temperature. award
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Explain how to measure solubility of sodium chloride in water at 40oc?
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1. Add 100 cm3 of water to a beaker using a measuring cylinder.
2. Heat water to 40 oc using a bunsen burner.
3. Add sodium Chloride to water & stir till no more dissolves.
4. Filter the undissolved solid.
5. Heat the saturated solution in an evaporating dish till all water evaporates
6. Weigh the mass of sodium chloride salt left behind.
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
Not for
double
Increase Temperature:
award
As temperature increases, particles gain energy and
move faster. Thus dissolve faster.
To speed up dissolving Decrease Particle Size:
The smaller the particle size, the faster it dissolves.
E.g.: powdered sugar dissolves faster than sugar cubes
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Stirring
Stirring transfers energy to particles so they dissolve
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faster
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Question: 12.28 g of Potassium Nitrate could dissolve in 20g of water at 40oc.
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Calculate the solubility of Potassium Nitrate at 40oc.
Solubility (g/100 g) = mass of solute x 100
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Mass of solvent
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Answer: 12.28 x 100 = 61. 4 g/ 100 g
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20
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IGCSE Edx Chemistry Topic 1: States of Matter
Not for
double
award
Solubility Curves
We can use solubility curves to work out what mass of crystals we would get if
we cooled a saturated solution.
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Example: From the above figure , we can notice that solubility of Potassium
Nitrate at 90oc is 200 g /100 g of water.
While its solubility at 50oc is 80 g / 100 g of water.
Therefore, if we have a solution containing 200 g of potassium nitrate dissolved in 100
g of water and we let it cool from 90 oc to 50 oc, 120 g of potassium nitrate will
crystallize out of the solution or precipitate out.
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