CHAPTER 5:

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS;
APPLICATIONS OF
INTEGRATION

SECTION 1:
INTRODUCTION

1
■ We know that there are many applications for integration – area, volume, mass,
moment of inertia, etc. We’re going to look at those (and more) applications of
single and multiple integrals.
■ Some review of basic integration:
1. Substitution
𝑒!
! 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒!

!
! 𝑥 " 𝑒 ! 𝑑𝑥

2. Integration by Parts:
! 𝑥 " ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
3. Partial Fractions
−5𝑥 + 4
! 𝑑𝑥
𝑥" − 𝑥

SECTION 2:
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE
INTEGRALS

3
 $
■ Recall from Calculus that ∫# 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 gives the ________________________________
from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏.
■ Also recall that we approximated this area with rectangles:

– As the number of rectangles increases, ________, and the sum of the area of
the rectangles tends to the actual _____________________________.
■ We’ll do something very similar in order to find the ________________ under a
surface.

■ Slice the 𝑥𝑦 −plane into rectangles that are ______ by ______ and therefore have
an area of __________.
■ Above each Δ𝑥Δ𝑦 rectangle is a tall box. We can find the ____________ of each of
these boxes and add them all together to get an approximation of the ____________
__________________________.
■ As the number of boxes increase and all ________ and ________, the sum of the
volumes of the boxes will tend to the actual ____________ under the surface.
■ We define the ________________________ of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 over the area 𝐴 in the
𝑥𝑦 −plane as the limit of this sum. We write:

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■ Now, let’s look at how to calculate integrals.
Iterated Integrals
Ex: Find the volume of the solid below the plane 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑦, bounded by the coordinate
planes and the vertical plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2.

■ We can evaluate this two ways:

1. Think of the triangle 𝐴 cut up into little rectangles ________________ and the whole
solid cut into vertical columns of height ____ and base ______.
– First, add up the _____________ (Figure a) for the fixed values of 𝑥, producing
the volume of a slab of thickness ______.
– This corresponds to integrating with respect to ____ (holding ____ constant)
from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 on the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2, that is 𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥.

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 – We’ve found the area of the ________. Its ____________ is the area times
______.
– Now, we add up the ________________ of the slabs. This corresponds to
integrating with respect to ____ from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1.

– What we did was:

– This is called an ____________________________________________.

– Note: We don’t need the parentheses if we’re careful to write our limits of
integration as 𝑥 = or 𝑦 = and if our 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 is in the proper order.

2. We could also add up the volume ________ by first integrating with respect to ____
%
(for fixed ____), as in figure b, from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 − .
"
– This gives the volume of a ________ perpendicular to the __________.
– Then, we could add up the ____________ of the slabs by integrating with
respect to ____ from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 2.

6
■ We have two ways of evaluating double integrals by using iterated integrals. Often,
one way is inherently easier than the other.
■ We’ll look at a couple of examples to help us decide what to do. In each case, think
of combining little ________________ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 to form strips and then combining the
________ to cover the whole area.

■ For images here, integrate with respect to ____ first.

■ Notice that the top and bottom of area 𝐴 are curves whose equations we know. The
boundaries at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 are either vertical straight lines or else points. So,

■ For images here, integrate with respect to ____ first.

■ Notice that the sides of area 𝐴 are curves whose equations we know. The
boundaries 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑 are either horizontal lines or else points. So,

7
■ For images here, we can integrate in either order. So, in these cases,

■ When areas are more complicated, we can break them up into two or more simpler
areas.
Ex: Set up an integral to find the volume under 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 above a triangle with
vertices −1,0 , 0,2 , and 2,0 .

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■ Special Case: Double integral over a rectangle (where both 𝑥 and 𝑦 limits are
____________) when ___________________ is a product. Then,

Ex: Find the mass of a rectangular plate bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0, and 𝑦 = 1, if

its density (mass per unit area) is 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦.
■ The mass of a tiny rectangle ____________ is approximately ____________, where
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 is evaluated at some point in ______.
■ We want to add up all the ___________ of all the ______s. This is what we find by
evaluating the double integral of ________________.
– We call _____ an element of mass and think of adding up all the ______s to get
____.

■ A triple integral of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 over a volume 𝑉, written

is also defined as the limit of a sum and is evaluated as an iterated integral.

■ If the integral is over a ______ (all limits are constant), we can do the 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
integrations in any order. Otherwise, we need to consider the geometry.
Ex: Evaluate
( " "%+)
! ! ! 6𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
%&'" )&* !&%+)

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 Ex: Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral to find the volume between the surfaces
𝑧 = 2𝑥 " + 𝑦 " + 12 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 " + 𝑦 " + 8 and over the triangle with vertices 0,0 , 1,0 ,
and 1,2 .

SECTION 3:
APPLICATIONS OF
INTEGRATION; SINGLE
AND MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

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■ In this section, we’ll do some problems setting up and evaluating integrals that give
a variety of physical quantities.
■ Imagine the physical object cut into a large number of small pieces called
________________. We write an approximation formula for the volume, moment of
inertia, etc. of an element and then sum over all elements of an object.
■ The limit of the sum is what we find by ________________.
Ex: Given the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 " from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1, find the following:
a) The area under the curve (the area bounded by the curve, the 𝑥 −axis, and the line
𝑥 = 1)
b) The mass of a plane sheet of material cut in the shape of this area if its density
(mass per unit area) is 𝑥𝑦
c) The arc length of the curve
d) The centroid of the area
e) The centroid of the arc
f) The moments of inertia about the 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 axes of the lamina in (b)

a) area under the curve

Area as a Double Integral:

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 b) The mass of a plane sheet of material cut in the shape of this area if its density
(mass per unit area) is 𝑥𝑦

Mass: If the density 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦 or 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is given, then the mass is given by

c) The arc length of the curve

Arc Length:

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 d) The centroid of the area
Center of Mass of a body has coordinates 𝑥,̅ 𝑦,
> 𝑧̅ given by the equations:

where 𝑑𝑀 is an element of mass and the integrals are over the whole body: ______________________
■ Note: These could be double or triple integrals depending on the problem.
■ 𝑥,̅ 𝑦,
> 𝑧̅ are ________________, so we could pull them out of the integrand to solve
for them.
■ For our example 𝑦 = 𝑥 " , ________ since the body is a sheet of material in the
𝑥𝑦 −plane.
■ The element of mass is ____________________.
■ For a variable density like that in part b, we would substitute 𝜌 into the Center of
Mass equations. However, let’s suppose that density is constant. Then, for
example,

■ The same method can be used to cancel a 𝜌 from the other equations, too.
■ In this case, the quantities 𝑥,̅ 𝑦,
> 𝑧̅ are called the _______________________________________
of the area (or volume of the arc).
■ The ________________ of a body is the center of mass when we assume constant
____________.
■ From our example, 𝑦 = 𝑥 " :

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Centroid of arc:

e) The centroid of the arc

■ The center of mass 𝑥,̅ 𝑦> of a wire bent in the shape of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is given by

where 𝜌 is the __________ (mass per unit length), and the integrals are single integrals given by

■ If 𝜌 is constant, we have the coordinates of the ____________.

■ For our example,

f) The moments of inertia about the 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 axes the lamina in (b)

■ The moment of inertia is a quantity that determines the ____________ needed for a
desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis.
■ The moment of inertia 𝐼 of a point mass 𝑚 about an axis is, by definition, the product
________ or 𝑚 times the square of the distance 𝑙 from 𝑚 to the axis.

■ For an extended object, we must integrate ________ over the whole object, where ____
is the distance from ____ to the axis.

Moment of Inertia:

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■ In our example, 𝜌 = 𝑥𝑦, 𝑑𝑀 = 𝜌𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.

■ Note: The fact that ________________ for a plane lamina in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane is known
as the ____________________________________.

■ It is customary to write moments of inertia as multiples of mass.

*
■ Using 𝑀 = from part (b):
*"

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Ex: Rotate the area from our previous example about the 𝑥 −axis to form a volume and
surface of revolution. Find:
a) The volume
b) The moment of inertia about the 𝑥 −axis of a solid of constant density occupying
the given volume
c) The area of the curved surface
d) The centroid of the curved surface

a) The volume
■ From Calc I, we know

Volume:

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■ This could also be done with a triple integral.
■ The equation of the surface is 𝑦 " + 𝑧 " = 𝑥 ,

■ To set up an integral for the volume of a solid:

– Cut the solid into ________ (Figure 3.4) – not necessarily circular as they are here
– Cut each slab into ________ (Figure 3.5)
– Cut each strip into tiny ________ of volume 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Volume:

■ To find limits of integration:

– Add up tiny boxes to get strips
■ Integrate with respect to ____ from one side of the circle to the other, from
________________ to ________________.

– Add up strips to get a slab

■ Integrate with respect to ____ from the bottom to the top of the circle, from ________ to
________ (radius of circle)

– Add up slabs to obtain the solid

■ Integrate from ______ to ______.

■ This seems unnecessary for volume (and it might be), but once we have the triple
integral set up, it’s much easier to write integrals for other things (like mass with given
variable density, centroid coordinates, moments of inertia, etc.). The limits of integration
are the same; we’ll just need to insert the proper expressions in the integrand.

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b) The moment of inertia about the 𝑥 −axis of a solid of constant density occupying
the given volume

■ We need to integrate ________, where 𝑙 is the distance from 𝑑𝑀 to the __________.

Since the 𝑥 −axis is perpendicular to the paper, ________________.

■ We’re assuming a constant density, so we can write 𝜌 outside of the integrals:

c) The area of the curved surface

■ We’ll use the curved surface of a thin slab as our element.

■ It has circumference ________ and width ____.

So, ________________.

Surface Area:

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■ In our example,

■ Note: We use 𝑑𝑠 here instead of 𝑑𝑥 because 𝑠 corresponds to the ________ height.

See the discussion on page 255 of your textbook for more on this.

d) The centroid of the curved surface

■ The 𝑦 and 𝑧 coordinates of the centroid of surface area are ____ by symmetry.
■ For the 𝑥 −coordinate:

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 SECTION 4:
CHANGE OF VARIABLES
IN INTEGRALS;
JACOBIANS

■ For some applications, we may want to use other coordinate systems besides the
rectangular ones we’ve been using.

■ For example, in the plane, we often use ____________ coordinates, and in three
dimensions, we often use ________________ coordinates or ________________
coordinates.

■ We need to be able to set up integrals for applications with these or other coordinate
systems, and we need to understand how they relate to rectangular coordinates.

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■ In the plane, the polar coordinates 𝑟, 𝜃 are related to the rectangular coordinates
𝑥, 𝑦 by the equations

■ Recall: We found the area element 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 by drawing gridlines ________________

and ________________, which cut the plane into little rectangles ______ by ______.
■ For polar coordinates, we do something similar. We draw lines ________________
and circles ________________. We get the following grid:

■ The sides of the area element are ________ and ________, so the area element is

■ We can also see that the arc length element 𝑑𝑠 is given by

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Ex: Given a semicircular sheet of material of radius 𝑎 and constant density 𝜌, find
a) The centroid of the semicircular area
b) The moment of inertial of the sheet of material about the diameter forming the
straight side of the semicircle

a) The centroid of the semicircular area

■ By the figure, ________
■ To find 𝑥:̅
■ Change to polar coordinates and put in limits…

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b) The moment of inertia of the sheet of material about the diameter forming the
straight side of the semicircle
■ We want the moment of inertia about the __________, which is __________.
■ In polar coordinates, ________________________.
■ We know ____ is constant, so

■ See pages 259-260 to calculate mass and write 𝐼% in terms of 𝑀.

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■ Cylindrical coordinates are just polar coordinates in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane with 𝑧 for a third
variable.
■ We drew a grid of cylinders ________________, half-planes ________________
(through the 𝑧 −axis), and planes ________________ (parallel to the 𝑥𝑦 −plane).

■ One of those elements is shown in the figure on the previous slide (Figure 4.4).
■ The three edges of the element are _____, _____, and _____, so the volume element
is

■ If 𝑟 is constant, then the surface area on the cylinder 𝑟 = 𝑎 has edges ________ and
________, so

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■ 𝑟 is the ____________ from the origin to the point and goes from ____ to _____.

■ 𝜃 is the ____________ form the ____−axis to the position and goes from ____ to ____
(to get a half-circle)

– If 𝜃 went from 0 to 2𝜋, you would get the whole sphere twice

■ 𝜙 is the ____________________ angle from the ____−axis to the ________________

of the position vector in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane and goes from ____ to ____ (so that the half
circle sweeps out the volume of the sphere)

■ Note that spherical coordinates 𝑟 and 𝜃 are not the same as cylindrical or polar
coordinates 𝑟 and 𝜃.
■ Draw the spheres ________________, cones ________________, and half-planes
________________.
■ The volume elements formed by this grid (and shown in Figure 4.5) have edges
_____, _____, and ______________. So the volume element is

■ If 𝑟 is constant, then the surface area element on the sphere 𝑟 = 𝑎 has edges ______
and ______________, so

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Jacobians

■ We’ve seen geometrically how to find area and volume elements for polar,
cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. Let’s see an algebraic way to find them:
■ In 2-D: Suppose 𝑥 and 𝑦 are given as functions of two new variables 𝑠 and 𝑡. The
________________ of 𝑥, 𝑦 with respect to 𝑠, 𝑡 is the determinant

■ Then the area element 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 is replaced in the 𝑠, 𝑡 system by the area element

where 𝐽 is the absolute value of the Jacobian.

Ex: Find the Jacobian of 𝑥, 𝑦 with respect to the polar coordinates 𝑟, 𝜃.

■ We’ve already seen that the area element should be ___________. Let’s verify that:

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■ Jacobians extend to more variables, and it is not necessary that we start with
rectangular coordinates. In general...
■ Suppose we have
J 𝑓 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑤

where 𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡 , 𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡 , and 𝑤 = 𝑤 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡 .
■ Then, if the determinant

is the Jacobian of 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 with respect to 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, then

and the triple integral becomes

where 𝑓 and 𝐽 are both in terms of 𝑟, 𝑠, and 𝑡.

■ You can see the verification of 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟 " sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 for spherical coordinates using
Jacobians on page 263 of your textbook.
■ Now, we’ll do some examples using cylindrical or spherical coordinates.

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Ex: Find the 𝑧 −coordinate of the centroid of a uniform solid cone of height ℎ equal to the radius
of the base 𝑟. Also find the moment of inertia of the solid about its axis.

■ At any height 𝑧, the cross section is a __________ of radius equal to the height, so the cone’s
equation in cylindrical coordinates is ________.
■ To find the mass, we integrate ______________________, where 𝜌 is the constant density.
■ Limits of integration are 𝜃 from ____ to ____, 𝑟 from ____ to ____, and 𝑧 from ____ to ____.
■ Then,

■ For the centroid:

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■ For the moment of inertia about the z−axis, we have…

Ex: Find the moment of inertia of a solid ball of radius 𝑎 about a diameter.
■ In spherical coordinates, the equation of the ball is ________. Then the mass is

■ And the moment of inertia about the 𝑧 −axis is

■ But, we are in spherical coordinates, where ________________, and ________________, so

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Ex: See page 265, Example 4, for a problem about moment of inertia about an axis of
an ellipsoid that requires a change in variables.

Ex: Read the top of page 266 for a discussion on the ________________ elements for
cylindrical and spherical coordinates:

Cylindrical:

Spherical:

Ex: Express the velocity of a moving particle in spherical coordinates.

■ Let 𝑠 represent the ____________ the particle has moved along some path.
-.
■ Then is the ____________ of the particle.
-/

■ We know

■ We can divide by 𝑑𝑡 " :

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 SECTION 5:
SURFACE INTEGRALS

■ Until now, we have been calculating

surface areas, moments of them, etc.,
for surfaces of ________________.
■ Now, we want to consider a way of
computing surface integrals in general,
whether the surface is a surface of
revolution or not.
■ Consider a part of a ____________
(such as in Figure 5.1) and its
____________ onto the 𝑥𝑦 −plane.
■ Assume that any line parallel to the
𝑧 −axis intersects the surface only
______. If that’s not the case, we can
work with a part of the surface at a time
or project it onto a different plane.

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■ Let _____ be an element of the surface area that projects onto ________ in the
𝑥𝑦 −plane.

■ Let _____ be the acute angle between _____ (that is, the tangent plane at 𝑑𝐴) and the
𝑥𝑦 −plane.
■ Then we have

■ The surface area of 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 is then

where the limits on 𝑥 and 𝑦 must be such that we integrate over the ______________
area in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, and where

■ See discussion on page 271 for finding sec 𝛾. It references both the linear algebra
sections and Chapter 4.

Ex: Find the area cut from the upper half of the sphere 𝑥 " + 𝑦 " + 𝑧 " = 1 by the cylinder
𝑥 " + 𝑦 " − 𝑦 = 0.
■ This is the same as the area on the sphere which projects onto the disk 𝑥 " + 𝑦 " −
𝑦 ≤ 0 in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane.
■ We want to integrate ∬ 𝑑𝐴 over the area of this disk.
■ The figure below shows the disk of integration (shaded) and the equatorial circle of
the sphere (circle).

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