TENSE

Definition:- The form of a verb denotes time and the state of an action or event is known as a
tense.

OR

A tense may be defined as that form of a verb which indicates the time and the state of an action or
event.

Definition:- fØ;k dk og :i tense dgykrk gS tks fdlh dk;Z dk ?kVuk ds le; rFkk mldh voLFkk dks n”kkZrk gSA

Note:- We have present form of verb and past form of verb but no future form. Therefore we are of
the view that Tense is of two types- present and past. Future tense needs modals (will/ shall). We
do not have cut and dried future tense instead we make it.

- To comprehend tenses in a better way, we will study them by classifying all the tense.

Indefinite Tense
(1) Simple Present Tense/ Present Indefinite Tense
(2) Simple Past Tense/ Past Indefinite Tense
(3) Simple Future Tense/ Future Indefinite Tense

Continuous Tense
(1) Present Continuous Tense
(2) Past Continuous Tense
(3) Future Continuous Tense

Perfect Tense
(1) Present Perfect Tense
(2) Past Perfect Tense
(3) Future Perfect Tense

Perfect Continuous Tense

(1) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
(2) Past Perfect Continuous Tense
(3) Future Continuous Tense

 Tenses and their Functions:-

Simple Present Tense/ Present Indefinite Tense

This tense is used to denote
i) Regular action
ii) Irregular action
iii) Universal Truth

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 iv) Geographical Truth
v) Proverbs
vi) Habit
vii) Custom
viii) Permanent activity
ix) Socially accepted belief
x) It describes one’s present identity or quality
xi) It is used when we talk about any book, the content of which are still relevant, although the
book was written in the past.
xii) It is used to show formal or officially planned action for future.
xiii) It is used in exclamatory sentences that begin with HERE and THERE to express the
position or appearance of the objects.

Structure:-

Singular Subject- (he/ she) it/ someone/ anyone/ everything/ something/ nothing/ anything/
everyone/ singular noun.
Positive Sentence- Subject + V1 + s/es + object
Negative Sentence- Subject + does + not + V1 + object
Interrogative Sentence- Does + subject + V1 + object ?
Negative Interrogative Sentence- Does + subject + not + V1 + object ?
Open ended (Interrogative Sentence)- Wh- word + does + subject + V1 + object ?
Plural Subject: I/ we/ you/ they/ plural noun
Positive Sentence- Subject + V1 + object
Negative Sentence- Subject + do + not + V1 + object
Interrogative Sentence- Do + Subject + V1 + object ?
Negative Interrogative Sentence- Do + Subject + not + V1 + object?
Open ended (Interrogative Sentence)- Wh- word + do + subject + V1 + object?

Examples:-
1. The banks are not opening on Sundays. (x)
2. Clouds hold water that evaporate from the land or the sea later, the water in clouds returned/
returns to the land as rain or snow.
3. She is going/ goes everyday for a morning work with her friends and neighbours.
4. Our neighbor switch on his TV early in the morning at full volume.
5. My teacher told me that honesty was the best policy.
6. The price of woolen clothes come down in summer.
7. The old lady is going for a walk in the morning everyday.
8. She is often getting late for lunch.
9. Raju is always coming on time
10. We are seldom going home.
11. A rolling stone will gather no moss.
12. The teacher told the students that a bat unlike other birds had teeth.
13. They along with some other boys are playing football here everyday from morning till noon.
14. The priest told us that avarice was the root of all evils.
15. Our Constitution guaranteed six fundamental Rights.
16. The president arrives in Dehradun this Sunday.
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17. The earth is moving round the sun.
18. Honesty has been the best policy.
19. Sometimes you are behaving in such a way that we can not trust you.
20. Everybody in the office likes him because he is seldom coming late.
21. He is going out for a walk every morning, therefore he is fit and fine.
22. The best thing about your father is that he is always taking life with a positive attitude.
23. You are coming so late sometimes that it becomes very difficult for me to manage such a huge
number of studens.
24. A book which has published in 1980 said that Indira Gandhi belonged to a Muslim family in
reality.
25. Pawan and Amit like to play together, though they are at daggers drawn.
26. You, the monitor of this class is responsible for the misbehavior of the students.
27. Many wants success but success wants those who labour for it.
28. When someone speaks to us we saw him, but when we read we don’t see the writer.
29. Whenever we have a puncture she just sits in the car and reads a book while I change the wheel.
30. Where he goes on Sunday?
31. How his father earns money?
32. Why she does not read newspaper?
33. Do you know where does he goes on Sunday?
34. She wants to know why does he come here?
35. The lady cuts vegetables, puts them in a basket and turn on the tap.
36. Water turned into vapour at 100C.
37. The teacher said that river froze at high altitude.
38. How your brother earns money?
39. Asia was/ is the largest continent in the world.
40. The teacher said that the Earth revolved round the sun.
41. Why you go the school? (Wrong)
Why do you go to school? (Right)
42. Why does they teaches English? (Wrong)
Why do they teach English? (Right)
43. Why do she works hard? (Wrong)
Why does she work hard? (Right)
44. How he plays so well? (Wrong)
How does he play so well? (Right)
45. How you manage your work? (Wrong)
How do you manage your work? (Right)
46. Where you go to teach English? (Wrong)
Where do you go to teach English? (Right)
47. Where she comes from? (Wrong)
Where does she come from? (Right)
48. Does she know why do you go there? (Wrong)
Does she know why you go there? (Right)

Note: If a ‘WH’ word is used in the middle of a sentence, it is used as a relative adverb not an
interrogative adverb. Therefore we should use subject after a ‘WH’ word the ‘WH’ word if used in the
middle.

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NOTE: Uncountable Nouns are singular

Example:-

1. Do your Father knows why do your brother comes here?

Does your Father know why your brother comes here?
2. Does your brother knows how does your elder brother earn money?
Does your brother know how your elder brother earns money?

Another examples:-

1. The sun sets in west. (Universal Truth)

2. He smokes. (Habit)
3. I go to school twice a week. (Regular)
4. Do/Does your parents know how do their children studying.
5. Slow and steady wine/ won the race. (proverb)
6. Man is/ was mortal. (Universal Truth)
7. The Ganga springs/ sprang from the Himalayas.
8. We must go tomorrow because the bank is/does not opening/open on Mondays.

Note: There are some adverbs of frequency such as often, seldom, usually, never, occasionally,
sometimes, normally, generally, always, frequently, rarely, daily, everyday, every Sunday, every
moth. Once a week, once a year, once a month etc. which are used in present indefinite tense.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Definition:- This tense is used for an action in progress that is temporary in nature (not for a
permanent activity).

Definition:- ;fn cksyus ds le; dksbZ dksbZ dk;Z tkjh jgs rks og Present Continuous Tense esa fy[kk tk;sxkA

Structure:-
Positive Sentence- Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing + object
Negative Sentence- Subject + is/am/are + not + V1 + ing + object
Interrogative Sentence- is/am/are + subject + V1 + ing + object
Negative Interrogative Sentence- is/am/are + subject + not + V1 + ing + object
Open ended (Interrogative Sentence)- Wh word + is/am/are + subject + V1 + object

Example:-
1. nsgjknwu esa yxkrkj ckfj”k gks jgh gSA
It is raining incessantly in Dehradun.

2. Eklwjh esa vksys iM+ jgs gSA

It is hailing in Mussorie.

3. eSa jes”k ds lkFk fons”k tk jgk gw¡A og esjk iDdk lkFkh gSA lq[k&nq[k esa esjs lkFk gh jgrk gS gekjs chp esa dksbZ Hkh ckr fNih ugha gSA
I am going abroad with Ramesh. He is my alter-ego (intimate friend). He always stands by me.
There is nothing hide and seek between us.

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4. Rkqe fØdsV D;ks ugha [ksy jgs gksA rqEgsa ckgj [ksyuk pkfg, D;ksfd rqe eksVs gksA
Why are you not playing cricket? You should play outdoors because you are plumpy/ chubby/
corpulent/ obsese/ hefty.

5. Okks viuh lQyrk dk t”ku euk jgs gSA vkt mudk liuk iwjk gqvk gSA
They are rejoicing at their success because their dream has come true today.

6. D;k ckgj Hkkjh ckfj”k gks jgh gSA

Is it raining cats and dogs outside?

7. fdlku fnYyh ckZMj ij izn”Z ku D;ksa dj jgs gS\

Why are the farmers remonstrating at Delhi Border?
8. Look! He runs behind the bus.
Look! He is running behind the bus.

9. Shhh! The baby sleeps.

Shhh! The baby is sleeping

10. He smokes now.

He is smoking now.

11. I teach physics at Cadets Defence Academy at present.

I am teaching physics at Cadets Defence Academy at present.

12. She goes to temple this time.

She is going to temple this time.

13. I currently in an MNC

I am currently working in an MNC.

14. Sandhya is learning French these days.

15. Tkaula[;k cgqr rsth ls c<+ jgh gSA

Population is increasing by leaps and bounds/ rapidly.

16. Lkeqnhz bykds ikuh esa foy; gks jgs gSA

Coastal areas are getting submerged.

17. vkt dqN fo|kFkhZ izkFkZuk dj jgsa gSA

Some students are praying today.

18. g’kZo/kZu viuh fdrkc esa esjk uke fy[k jgk gSA
Harshvardhan is writing my name in his book.

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19. vkWtu ijr rsth ls ?kV jgh gSA
Ozone layer is depleting at pace.

20. Ykksx bl taxy ls gksdj tk jgs gSaA

People are going through this forest.

NOTE:- Present Continuous showing near future or intention.

Subject + is/am/are + going + to + V1 + object

Example:-

1. eSa ,d i= fy[k jgk gw¡A

I am writing a letter.

2. eSa ,d i= fy[kus okyk gw¡A

I am going to write a letter.
3. Okg vkVk xw¡Fkus okyh gSA
She is going to knead the dough.

4. We are going to organise a seminar.

5. Cadets Defence Academy is going to publish volume-2 of English in February.

6. I am preparing/prepare for competitive exam now.

7. It is raining/ rains in Dehradun this time.

8. They are washing/ wash the dishes now.

9. At present he is going/ goes to Cadets Defence Academy.

10. I am reading/ read the newspaper at the moment.

11. Is he going to invite you?

12. Do you know what is she/ she is doing now.

13. Does the C.M. know what the MLA’s are doing.

NOTE: When an action takes place or state changes gradually.

Example:

1. Ram is slowly recovering from Fever.

2. You are gradually improving your handwriting.
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NOTE: We use Present Continuous Tense with (currently/ this time/ at present/ now/ right now/
at the moment etc)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

If an action has completed recently it comes under present perfect tense, but if time is added, it
comes under past indefinite.

This tense always implies a strong connection with the present though action took place in the past.

 Present Perfect is called the tense of totality.

 If yet, already, upto, lately, just, recently, so far, ever, upto now, till today, to this day, of late, till
now etc words are used then present perfect tense is used.
 Present perfect tense links past to the present. If denotes that action of the present which has
been completed just at the moment of speaking.

Example:-

1. I have already seen the movie.

2. He hasn’t finished the work yet.
3. Have you ever seen any celebrity?
4. He has come to Dehradun recently.
5. She has not done any work so far.

Structure:-
Positive – Subject + has/have + V3 + object.
Negative – Subject + has/ have + not + V3 + object.
Interrogative- Has/ have + subject + not + V3 + object?
Wh – ‘Wh’ word + has/ have + subject + not + V3 + object

Examples:-
1. eSa uk”rk dj pqdh gw¡A
I have had breakfast

2. ljdkj us vHkh rd dksbZ [Link]; ugha fy;k gSA

The Government has not taken any decision yet.

3. You have not taken a bath so far.

(Bath – noun, Bathe – verb)

4. jktw us vkt rd ,d Hkh ysDpj fel ugha fd;k gSA

Raju has not missed any lecture to this day. (to this day- till today)

5. In this movie, we have just seen the most extraordinary scene.

6. There are no buses available because the drivers have gone on strike lately.

7. The news of the death has not been declared so far.

8. To this day, I have not forgotten her.

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9. I don’t think, we have met before.

10. eSa verb i<+k pqdk gw¡A

I have taught verb.

11. D;k rqe noun i<+ pqds gks\

Have you studied noun?

12. P.M nsgjknwu ugha vk, gS\

The P.M. has not arrived in Dehradun.

13. eSa ;g fdrkc pkj ckj i<+ pqdk gw¡A

I have read this book 4 times.

14. The train has already left, you are late Rohan

15. The Government does/ has not taken/ take any decision so far.

16. How many times have you been watching this movie? (x)
How many times have you

17. I have taught this chapter 5 times since Holi.

18. She did not come yet.

She has not come yet.

19. India progressed/ has progressed a lot during the last few years.

20. Rohan has completed/ has completed his work upto now.

 If an action denotes past action, then past indefinite is used instead of present perfect.

Examples:
1. Raju has come/ came to my house last month
2. My nephew has begun/ began working in this organization ten years ago.
3. They have played/ played a friendly match last week.

NOTE:- Imaginary status

Past Indefinite:- If + sub1 + were + imaginary . sub2 + would + V1 + object

Examples:-
1. If I were the CM of Uttarakhand, I would give job opportunities to the youth.
2. If Nirbhaya were a bird, she would fly high and escape herself.
3. vxj eSa rsjh txg gksrk] rks eSa mudks cqjh rjhds ls ihVrkA
If I were you, I would beat them black and blue.

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4. vxj rqe nsgjknwu ds eS;j gksrs rks rqe D;k djrsA
If you were the Mayor of Dehradun, what would you do?

NOTE: Sub + verb + . . . . . . . . . + as if/ as though +

Sub + V2 + . . . . . . . . .

Examples:
1. og eq>ls ,sls ckr djrk gS] ekuks fd tSls og esjk ckWl gksA
He talks to me as is/ as though he _____________ my boss.
(a) Is
(b) Was
(c) Were
(d) Are
2. rqe jksM ij ,sls pyrs gks] ekuks fd jksM+ rqEgkjh gksA
You walk on the road as is/ as though the road __________ to you.
(a) Belong
(b) Belonged
(c) Belongs
(d) Belonging
3. Teacher gesa ,sls ekjrk gS] ekuks fd tSls og tYykn gksAa
The teacher beats us as if were a devil/ demon callous.
4. rqe mlls ,sls ckr djrs gks ekuks fd tSls rqe mls tkurs gksA dy rks rqeus >xM+k fd;kA
You talk to him as if/ though you knew him. You fell out him yesterday.
Fall out – Quarrel (yM+kbZ)

NOTE:- There are some phrases that take present perfect Tense instead of any other tense.
This is the first time
This is the worst
This is the easiest (,/ that) + subject + has/ have + V3
This is the best

Example:
This is the best movie, I have ever watched.
This is the best shake, I have ever drunk.
This is the easiest job, I have ever got.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

This tense is used to talk about the actions that started sometime in the past and have been
continuing till the time of speaking. While using this tense the duration of the action is stressed
upon.

Structure:-
Positive- sub + has/have + been + V1 ing + object + since/for + time
Negative- sub + has/have + not + been + V1 ing + object + since/for + time

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Interrogative- has/have + sub + not + been + V1 ing + object + since + for + time ?
‘Wh’ word + has/have + sub + not + been + V1 ing + object + since + for + time ?

2009 Past Continuous Present

Present Perfect Continuous running action present continuous

 Time- (Since/ For)

For- It is used when time is not known. (period of time)
Examples:- For 2 hours, for 6 months, for 10 years, for many days, for some days, for a few
weeks, for a long time, for long, for a few minutes, for the last + time
Since- It is used with point of time.
a. Since + name of the day
Ex. Since Monday, since Sunday etc.
b. Since + name of the month
Ex. Since August, since March etc.
c. Since + date
Ex. Since 15th August, Since 12th December etc.
d. Since + part of the day
Ex. Since morning, since evening, since down, since dusk, since noon, since afternoon etc
e. Since + time
Ex. Since 7am, since 2pm etc
f. Since + name of the year
Ex. Since 1857, since 1947 etc
g. Since + festival
Ex. Since Holi, since Diwali etc.
h. Since + occasion
Ex. Since marriage, since birthday etc.
i. Since + arrival/ departure, Inception
Ex. nsgjknwu esa lqcg ls :d&:d dj ckfj”k gks jgh gSA
It is/has been raining sporadically in Dehradun since morning.
Examples:-
1. This organization has been doing well since/for its inception.
2. He has been toiling since/for marriage.

NOTE: There are some verbs which are not used in continuous tense. These verbs are called verb of
state.

Ex. know, have (possess), love, hate, like, dislike, own, belong, prefer, resemble, understand, be,
become, seen, appear etc.

Examples:-
1. My mother is loving me.
My mother loves me.

2. She is owning a flat in Dehradun.

She owns a flat in Dehradun.

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3. This house is belonging to me
This house belongs to me

4. Why are you not working for 3 days?

Why have you not been working for 3 days?

5. Rajeev has been playing chess since ten minutes.

Rajeev has been playing chess for ten minutes.

6. I am trying to convince him for the last 2 days to come and live with me till his father’s anger
cools down.
I have been trying to convince him for the last 2 days to come and live with me till his father’s
anger cools down.

7. I have been knowing you since 2001.

I have known you since 2001.

8. She has been honest since childhood.

9. They have been having a car since 2005.

They have/ has a car since 2005.

10. This house has been belonging to me for 3 years (wrong)

This house has belonged to me for 3 years (right)

11. rqe lqcg ls [kq”k gksA

You have been happy since morning.

NOTE:- 1. Present Continuous Verbs of state changes to present indefinite.

2. Present Perfect Continuous Verbs of state changes to present perfect.

Examples:
1. Mr. Sharma was owning a flat in Rishikesh since marriage.
Mr. Sharma has owned a flat in Rishikesh since marriage.

2. D;k elwjh esa Hkkjh ckfj”k gks jgh gS\

Is it raining (cats and dogs) in Mussorie.

3. Shhh! The baby sleeps

Shhh! The baby is sleeping.

4. fdlku fnYyh ckZMj ij izn”Z ku D;ksa dj jgs gS\

Why are the farmers remonstrating at Delhi Border?

5. You are euphoric for 2 days.

You have been euphoric for 2 days.

NOTE:- How long/ since when + present perfect continuous

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Examples:

1. How long are you been playing Kabaddi?

How long have you been playing Kabaddi?

2. Since when are they playing truat?

Since when have they been playing truat?

3. fdrus yacs le; ls rqe cricket [ksy jgs gks\

How long have you been playing cricket?

4. fdruh nsj ls vksys iM+ jgs gS\

How long has it been hailing?

5. Okg dc ls ;g car j[krh gS\

How long has she had this car?

6. Okg dc ls English i<+k jgh gS\

How long has she been teaching English?

Note:- There are some actions which are not visible but remain continue, such actions are used in
present continuous tense.

1. She is in trouble for an hour

She has been in trouble for an hour.

2. I am having a beautiful watch

I have a beautiful watch.

PAST TENSE
 Past indefinite/ simple past tense
This tense is used to show the given point.
A. Regular action
B. Irregular action
C. Habit
D. Verbs of state

Action

Past perfect (Before the given time) Time

Past indefinite

 If time is given in the past, and an action take place in that given time, it comes under past
indefinite but, if the action takes place before the given time it come under past perfect.

Note: We use past indefinite with yesterday, Ago, last year, day before yesterday, last time, in + time
(past), past indefinite is called recent past while past perfect is called long past.

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Structure:-
Positive- Sub + V2 + Object
Negative- Sub + did + not + V1 + object
Interrogative- did + sub + not + V1 + object ?
Wh- ‘Wh’ word + did + sub + not + V1 + object ?

Examples:-
1. She asked me where did I go/ I went on Sunday.
2. My mother wanted to know where di I come. I came from.
3. How you helped/ did you help the poor those days?
4. Manish has come/ came to India in 2016.
5. My brother had gone/ went abroad for higher education 2 years ago.
6. I was knowing/ knew her.
7. She said that she will/ would meet her friends at the restaurant.
8. She seldom was coming/ came to meet her parents.
9. India has become/ became free in 1947.
10. I had came/ come here on Sundays in 2015.

NOTE: Present perfect Since + past indefinite

C2 + Clause (2) C1 – Clause (1)

 UNREAL ACTION
It is time/ It is high time/ It is about time + sub V2 + object ……………
1. It is time you _____________ home.
(a) Go
(b) Gone
(c) Went
(d) Have gone
2. It is high time we ____________ hard.
(a) Study
(b) Studied
(c) Have studied
(d) Are studying
3. It is time she _________ to her parents.
(a) Talks
(b) Talked
(c) Should talk
(d) Is talking
4. It is high time the people of Dehradun meet/ met the Chief Minister.
5. It is about time you call/ called on your parents.

NOTE:- Usually do/ does/ did are not used in positive sentence but to emphasize the main verb, we
use do/ does/ did before the main verb in such sentences, main verb should be in V1 form.

Example:-

1. Okg ;gk¡ vk;k rks FkkA

He did come here

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 2. mlus xyrh dh rks FkhA
He did make a mistake.

NOTE:- As soon as (tSls gh) Past indefinite Past indefinite

Clause I Clause II (oSls gh)

Example:-
1. As soon as the thief saw the police, he flad/ had flad.
2. As soon as I saw my father, I stopped smoking.
3. As soon as the result was announced, I rushed to the cape.
4. My tummy got upset as soon as I had butter milk.

NOTE:- When + past continuous + past indefinite

1. When I was studying, my friends barged in.

2. When I was watching cricket, the bell rang.
3. When we were playing, I had thrown/ threw the ball at him and he had caught/ caught it.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

If an action remains continuous in the past, it comes under past continuous Tense.

Structure:-
Positive- Sub + was/ were + V1 ing + object
Negative- Sub + was/ were + not + V1 ing + object
Interrogative- was/ were + sub + not + V1 ing + object?
WH- ‘WH’ + was/ were + sub + not + V1 ing + object?

Examples:-
1. tc firkth vkWfQl ls ?kj ykSV]s esjk cMk HkkbZ PUB-G [ksy jgk FkkA
When father returned home from the office, my elder/ older brother was playing PUB-G.

2. mlus viuh Vk¡x rqM+ok yh tc og [ksy jgk FkkA

He broke his leg while he was playing.
3. og dgk¡ Fkk tc eS tense i<+k jgk FkkA
Where was he when I was teaching tense.

4. rqe dgk¡ Fks tc eSa [kkuk [kk jgk Fkk\

Where were you when I was eating food?

5. D;k cPpk jks jgk Fkk\

Was the child crying?

6. rqe esjk bartkj D;ks ugha dj jgs Fks\

Why were you not waiting for me?

7. Eksjh ekrk th lfCt;k¡ dkV jgh Fkh tcfd eSa i<+ jgk FkkA
My mother was cutting vegetables while I was studying.

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