2-1 Decimal Numbers
• These numbers are used every day in our
daily lives
• Actually, decimal numbers is a type of
weighted system numbers
• Why??
– The position of each digit in a decimal number
indicates the magnitude of the quantity
represented and can be assigned a weight
• The weight positive powers of ten
: : : 102 101 100
Fractional numbers in decimal
numbers
• The weights for fractional numbers in
decimal numbers are negative powers of
ten
– They decrease from left to right beginning
with 10¡1
• They are written as follows
2 1 0 ¡1 ¡2 ¡3
10 10 10 :10 10 10 :::
Decimal point
What is the meaning of weighted
number system??
• As mentioned before, each number will be
multiplied by its weight to get the actual number
• Example:
– Let’s consider 23 (in decimal number) or, in words
twenty three 101 100
23
2 3
2 £ 101 3 £ 100
2 3
23
2-2 Binary Numbers
• These types of numbers have only two
digits: 1 and 0 (bits)
• Therefore, it is less complicated compared
to decimal numbers
• The base is two and written as
(0011)2 = 310
• In general, with n bits we can count up to a
number equal to 2n ¡ 1
Application using binary numbers
• A counting system that counts tennis ball
The weighting structure of binary
numbers
• Similar to decimal numbers, binary
numbers are weighted number systems
• How the weights are structured?
– Based on powers of two, which begins with 0
– Refer to Table 2-2 for clearer picture
• Let’s look at the two examples in our text
book
2-3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
• After learning decimal and binary numbers,
we must be able to convert between these
two
• Decimal-to-binary conversion methods:
– Sum-of-weight method
• 9 = 8 + 1 ¡! 9 = 23 + 21 This weight
must be
– Repeated division-by-2 method
• Check page 54
Converting Decimal Fractions to
Binary
• There are two methods:
– Sum-of-weights
• 0:625 = 0:5 + 0:125 = 2¡1 + 2¡3 = 0:101
– Repeated multiplication by 2
• Let’s look at page 56
2-4 Binary Arithmetic
• There are 4 arithmetic operations using
binary
– Binary addition
– Binary subtraction
– Binary multiplication
– Binary division
• All arithmetic operations follow the same
procedure as decimal numbers have –
carry, borrow, partial products
2-5 1’s and 2’s Complements of
Binary Numbers
• These complements of binary numbers are
important because they permit the
representation of negative numbers
• How to find 1’s complement?
– By changing all 1s to 0s and all 0s to 1s
• How to find 2’s complement?
– By changing all 1s to 0s and all 0s to 1s, then add 1
to the LSB
– Alternative method to find 2’s complement
• Start with LSB and write the bits as they are up to and
including the first 1
• Take the 1’s complements of the remaining bits
Example of obtaining 2’s complement
of a negative binary number
Let’s do some exercises!!
• Section 2-5 Review
Questions
1. Determine the 1’s 00011010 11110111 10001101
complement of each 11100101 00001000 01110010
binary number:
2. Determine the 2’s 00010110 11111100 10010001
complement of each 11101010 00000100 01101111
binary number:
2-8 Hexadecimal Numbers(1)
• Hexadecimal numbers are one of the most important
numbers in digital systems, as “Assembly” language
(machine language) uses this number to program a
micro processor system
• It uses sixteen characteristics, but easy to read as each
of its 4 bits are used to represent a number between 0-
16
• Binary-to-hexadecimal conversion
• Hexadecimal-to-binary conversion
• Hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion
– Convert to binary and followed by decimal
• Decimal-to-hexadecimal conversion
2-8 Hexadecimal Numbers(2)
• Hexadecimal addition
– Use common addition method – less than 15,
write the answer in hexadecimal number, and
if >15, carry one to the next bit
• Hexadecimal subtraction
– There are three ways can be used (see next
slide)
– They are all 2’s complement
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
2-9 Octal Numbers
• This number is composed of eight digits; 0-7
• Octal-to-decimal conversion
– Similar to others
• Decimal-to-octal conversion
– Using this following technique
• Binary-to-octal conversion
– Quite similar with binary-to-hexadecimal conversion
– If there are not enough bit (for the most left bit), add 1
or 2 zeros as 0s will never affect the binary numbers