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Class 9 Tissues Revision Notes

The document discusses the differences between plant and animal tissues, highlighting that plants rely on specific tissues for mechanical strength due to their immobility, while animals have living tissues that support movement and energy consumption. It details plant tissues, including meristematic tissues, which are responsible for growth, and permanent tissues, which have differentiated to perform specific functions. The document further categorizes permanent tissues into simple (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma) based on their structure and function.

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Rohan Mehta
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56 views3 pages

Class 9 Tissues Revision Notes

The document discusses the differences between plant and animal tissues, highlighting that plants rely on specific tissues for mechanical strength due to their immobility, while animals have living tissues that support movement and energy consumption. It details plant tissues, including meristematic tissues, which are responsible for growth, and permanent tissues, which have differentiated to perform specific functions. The document further categorizes permanent tissues into simple (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma) based on their structure and function.

Uploaded by

Rohan Mehta
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Revision Notes

Class – 9 Science
Chapter 6 - Tissues

● Plants can not move from one place to another i.e. show locomotion to meet
their requirements. Therefore they are provided with some tissues which are
made up of dead cells, which helps in providing mechanical strength. They
have the ability to withstand unfavourable conditions like strong winds,
storms, floods, etc.

● Animals on the other hand can move from one to another in search of food,
mates, or shelter. They have to consume more energy in comparison to
plants. Most of the tissues present in them are living. Cell growth seen in
animals is very uniform. The structural organisation of organs and organ
systems is quite specialized and localized in animals in comparison to
complex plants.

● Plant tissues:

1. Meristematic Tissue

The growth in plants occurs at very specific regions. This is due to the
presence of dividing tissue commonly known as meristematic tissue. On the
basis of the region where they are present, meristematic tissues are further
classified as apical, lateral, and intercalary.

a. Apical meristem is the meristem present at the apical or growing area


mainly the tips of stems and roots. Apical meristem is responsible for
the increase in the length of the plant.

b. Lateral meristem is generally found in the radial portion of the stem or


root. Lateral meristem is responsible for the increase in the girth of the
plant.

c. Intercalary meristem appears at the base of the leaves or at the


internodes. Intercalary meristem causes an increase in the length of
the internode.

2. Permanent Tissue
Class IX Science 1

The older meristematic cells tends to lose the capacity to divide and turns to
permanent tissues. This process of attaining a permanent shape, size, and
function is known as differentiation.

These cells have lost their capacity to divide but now perform a specified
functions to provide strength, flexibility and elasticity to the plant. These
tissues are divided into simple permanent, complex permanent and special
tissues.

● Simple permanent are divided into the parenchyma, collenchyma and


sclerenchyma and these are divided on the basis of their function.

● Parenchyma: Parenchyma are living cells and are loosely packed. It plays a
role in supporting the plant and stores food. In some cases it may contain
chlorophyll also and perform photosynthesis and then it is known to be
chlorenchyma. Parenchyma when contains large air cavities in like in aquatic
plants, then it is known as aerenchyma. The aerenchyma helps in providing
buoyancy in aquatic plants.

● Collenchyma: Collenchyma are elongated living cells with very small


intercellular spaces. Their cell walls consists of cellulose and pectin.
Collenchyma mainly occurs in the peripheral regions of stems and leaves in
order to provide mechanical support and flexibility to plants.

● Sclerenchyma: These are long, dead cells with deposition of lignin in their
cell wall and have no intercellular spaces. Sclerenchyma is found in the
vascular tissues in stems, in veins of leaves, and in the hard covering of
seeds and nuts. They are responsible for providing strength to the plant.
Class IX Science 2

Common questions

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The evolution of specialized tissues such as collenchyma and sclerenchyma suggests adaptations to environmental pressures and the need for structural integrity. Collenchyma’s flexibility supports growing tissues against mechanical stress, while sclerenchyma provides rigid support, protecting against physical damage and facilitating upright growth, likely contributing to plant survival and evolutionary success in diverse habitats .

Sclerenchyma cells have lignin deposited in their cell walls, making them hard and rigid. This structure is directly related to their role in providing mechanical strength and support, helping to protect area like vascular tissues, leaf veins, and the hard covering of seeds and nuts against wear and puncture .

Apical meristems contribute to the vertical growth of plants by increasing length through the tips of stems and roots, whereas lateral meristems contribute to the horizontal growth by increasing girth. This division allows plants to expand in both height and thickness, effectively supporting various physical and environmental demands .

Plants contain many dead cells in their tissues as they do not need to move and thus have adapted to withstand unfavorable conditions like strong winds and floods, using dead cells to provide mechanical strength. In contrast, animals have mostly living tissues as they actively move to search for food, mates, or shelter, requiring more energy and complex organ systems to sustain their movement .

Animal tissues exhibit a high degree of specialization and complexity because animals are mobile organisms requiring complex organ systems to actively interact with their environment. Unlike plants, which remain static and rely on structural components to survive, animals process larger amounts of sensory information and energy, necessitating more specialized tissues for functions like movement, coordination, and complex behaviors .

Collenchyma cells have thickened cell walls consisting of cellulose and pectin, allowing them to provide structural support while also being flexible. This makes them particularly beneficial in the peripheral regions of stems and leaves, which require both support to maintain shape and flexibility to withstand mechanical stress and adapt to environmental changes .

Aerenchyma provides buoyancy to aquatic plants by containing large air cavities, enabling them to float, while chlorenchyma, containing chlorophyll, captures sunlight for photosynthesis. These adaptations allow plants to survive in aquatic environments by aiding in buoyancy and optimizing energy capture from sunlight, demonstrating the adaptability of plant structures to different ecological niches .

Meristematic tissues in plants are classified based on their location and function: apical meristem increases plant length from stem and root tips, lateral meristem increases the girth of the plant, while intercalary meristem increases the length of the internodes. Each type of meristematic tissue contributes uniquely to the localized growth of the plant .

Differentiation is crucial because it allows meristematic cells to develop into permanent tissues that perform specific functions. This process involves the cells losing their ability to divide and instead taking on a specific shape, size, and function, such as providing strength, flexibility, and elasticity to the plant, necessary for plant survival and structural integrity .

Parenchyma cells are living, loosely packed, and capable of storing food, which allows them to play dual roles in both storage and photosynthesis (when containing chlorophyll). Their large air cavities in forms like aerenchyma assist in buoyancy for aquatic plants, further demonstrating their specialized functions in relation to maintaining basic plant processes and adaptations .

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