PPSC NOTES

United Nations:

● UN Charter

● Drafted 14 August 1941

● Signed 26 June 1945 on the same date ICJ was formed

● Location San Francisco, California, United States

● Effective 24 October 1945

● UN charter was initially signed by 50 countries Poland joined late on 15 October.

● United Nations General Assembly was also formed on 24th October 1945

● The first session of the UN General Assembly convened on 10 January 1946 in in London and included
representatives of 51 nations.

1. Canadian Louise Fréchette was the first deputy secretary-general of the United Nations, holding the position from 1998 to
2005, incumbent Amina J. Mohammed of Nigeria.

Pakistan Joined 30th Sept 194, India 30 oct, 1945.

Year Organization Abbreviation Headquarters

1865 International Telecommunication Union, UN specialized agency in ITU Geneva, Switzerland

1947.

1874 Universal Postal Union, became a UN specialized agency in 1948 UPU Bern, Switzerland

1919 International Labour Organization, became a UN agency in 1946. ILO Geneva, Switzerland

1945 Food and Agriculture Organization FAO Rome, Italy

1945 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO Paris, France

1946 United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF New York City, USA

1946 United Nations Commission on Human Rights (Replaced in 2006) UNHRC Geneva, Switzerland

1947 International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO Montreal, Canada

1947 International Telecommunication Union (Joined UN in 1947) ITU Geneva, Switzerland

1948 World Health Organization WHO Geneva, Switzerland

1948 International Maritime Organization IMO London, United Kingdom

1948 Universal Postal Union (Joined UN in 1948) UPU Bern, Switzerland

1950 World Meteorological Organization WMO Geneva, Switzerland

Year Organization Abbreviation Headquarters

1961 World Food Programme WFP Rome, Italy

1965 United Nations Development Programme UNDP New York City, USA

1966 United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO Vienna, Austria

1967 World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Geneva, Switzerland

1969 United Nations Population Fund UNFPA New York City, USA

1972 United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Nairobi, Kenya

1974 World Tourism Organization UNWTO Madrid, Spain

1977 International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD Rome, Italy

1978 United Nations Human Settlements Programme UN-Habitat Nairobi, Kenya

1997 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC Vienna, Austria

2006 United Nations Human Rights Council (Replaced 1946 Commission), UNHRC Geneva, Switzerland
Omar Zniber, from Morocco.

UN Bodies for Palestine

1949 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees, (UNRWA) Amman, Jordan & Gaza
Philippe Lazzarini (Commissioner-General) Strip

1975 Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian CEIRPP New York City, USA
People

1994 United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process (UNSCO) Jerusalem
 GEOGRAPHY

Historical Building/Site Year Built with UNESCO Built By Location

Indus Valley Civilization
Mohenjo-Daro c. 2500 BCE 1980 Sindh
Kushan Empire
of Takht-i-Bahi& Sahr-i-Bahlol 1st CE 1980 Mardan, KPK
Multiple (Persian, Mauryan,
Taxila 1000 BCE 1980 Indo-Greek, Kushan) Taxila, Punjab
Emperor Akbar
Lahore Fort 1566 1981 Lahore, Punjab
Emperor Shah Jahan
Shalimar Gardens 1642 1981 Lahore, Punjab
Samma, Arghun, Tarkhan, and
Makli 18th century, 1981 Mughal rulers Makli Hill, Thatta,
Sindh
Sher Shah Suri
Rohtas Fort 1542 1997 Near Jhelum, Punjab
Hunza rulers
Baltit Fort 8th century (rebuilt 16th Karimabad, Gilgit-
century) Baltistan
Rai Jajja Bhatti (rebuilt by
Derawar Fort 9th century (rebuilt 1733) Abbasis) Cholistan Desert,
Punjab
Hunza rulers
Altit Fort 11th century Hunza Valley, Gilgit-
Baltistan
Hindu Shahi Dynasty
Katas Raj Temples 14th century Chakwal, Punjab
Nawab Mahabat Khan
Mahabat Khan Mosque 1630 Peshawar, KPK
Emperor Aurangzeb
Badshahi Mosque 1673 Lahore, Punjab
Hakim Shaikh Ilm-ud-din
Wazir Khan Mosque 1634–1642 Ansari Lahore, Punjab
Emperor Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan Mosque 1647 Thatta, Sindh
Nawab Sadiq Muhammad
Noor Mahal 1875 Khan IV Bahawalpur, Punjab
Designed by Yahya Merchant
Quaid-e-Azam Mausoleum 1960–1971 Karachi, Sindh
Designed by Nasreddin
Minar-e-Pakistan 1960–1968, 70m , 230 feet Murat-Khan Lahore, Punjab
 Vedat Dalokay (Turkish
Faisal Mosque 1986 architect) Islamabad

Glaciers:

Rank Name Length Range

01st Siachen 75/76 km (46miles) Karakoram

02nd Biafo 67 Km Karakoram

03rd Baltoro 63 Km Karakoram

Doabs of Pakistan

Doabs Between Rivers

Sindh Sagar (Jhelum) Doab Indus and Jehlum

Rachna Doab Ravi & chenab

Bari Doabb Ravi & Sutlej
Bist Doab ( Majha region) Beas & Sutlej
Chaj Doab Jhelum & Chenab
Barrages of Pakistan:

S. No Name of Barrage/Headworks River Year Completed Formula

1 Sukkur Barrage Indus 1932 Su Ji, TaGuCha,,
Ghr Ko,
2 Jinnah Barrage Indus 1946
‫سلیم جلدی تالش‬
3 Taunsa Barrage Indus 1958 ‫ چھرت ی غائب کو‬،‫کرے‬
4 Guddu Barrage Indus 1962

5 Chashma Barrage Indus 1971

6 Ghazi Brotha Barrage Indus -

7 Kotri Barrage Indus -
8 Rasul Barrage Jhelum -
9 Khanki Headworks Chenab 1892 Khanki-C
10 Marala Headworks Chenab - MC
11 Qadirabad Headworks Chenab - QC
12 Trimmu Barrage Chenab - TC
13 Panjnad Headworks Chenab - PC
14 Islam Headworks Sutlej 1927
15 Sulemanki Headworks Sutlej 1927
16 Sidhnai Headworks Ravi - i,i
17 Baloki Ravi i,i
18 Munda Sawat
Canals of Pakistan:

Name Off-take Point River

Greater Thal Canal Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal Indus

Thal Upper Canal Jinnah Barrage

Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal Chashma Barrage

Chashma Right Bank Canal, 272, Km Chashma Barrage

Lower Bari Doab Canal Balloki Headworks

Lower Bahawal Canal Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal Link Cana

Marala Ravi Link Canal Marala Barrage

Upper Chenab Canal Marala Barrage

Lower Chenab Canal Khanki Barrage

Upper Jhelum Canal Mangla Reservoir

Lower Jhelum Canal Rasul Barrage

Bahawal Canal Islam Barrage

Upper Pakpattan Canal Sulemanki Barrage

Lower Pakpattan Canal Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal Link Canal

Ghotki Canal Guddu Barrage Indus

Nara Canal, largest canal Sukkur Barrage Indus
Rohri Canal, Covers largest cultivable area Sukkur Barrage Indus

Karachi Canal, Phase 1 comprises six sections totaling 399 km: (305 Sindh Barrage Indus
km Punjab, 94 Balochistan), Total System Length after completion of
all phased will be 499 KM [399 KM + 60 KM+ 40 KM], Balochistan
would get 194 KM, and Punjab will get 304 KM of Canal.
Thar Canal Sindh Barrage Indus
Dadu Canal Sukkur Barrage Indus

Famous Organizations

Organization Purpose Pakistan's Formation Dissolution (HQ)

Membership

SEATO Collective defense Joined in 1955; Left in 1954 1977 Bangkok,

 against the spread of 1973 after the Thailand
communism in organization dissolved
Southeast Asia. in 1977.

CENTO Collective defense Joined in 1955; Left in 1955 1979 Ankara,

against communism 1979 after the Turkey
in the Middle East organization dissolved.
and Central Asia.

NAM Promote Joined in 1979; Still an 1961 N/A No

sovereignty, peace active member. permanent
HQ

WTO:

Old name: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT was established in 1947, after World War II.

HQ: Geneva, Switzerland

Established: 1 January 1995
Created by: Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)
Membership: 166 members representing 98 per cent of world trade

Head: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (Director-General)

China: Joined : 2001

Pakistan: member since 1 January 1995 and a member of GATT since 30 July 1948.

Layers of Earth (TSMTE):

Layers Thickness
Troposphere
0–12 km
Clouds (all weather-related), jets (commercial planes fly in lower regions).
Stratosphere
12–50 km
Ozone layer, jets (fly in upper stratosphere for stable conditions), polar stratospheric clouds.
Mesosphere
50–85 km
(rare, icy clouds near poles). Shields Earth from meteor impacts.
Thermosphere
85–600 km
Auroras, satellites, and the International Space Station (ISS) orbit here.
 Layers Thickness
Exosphere
600 km+
Satellites (geostationary orbit), human-made spacecraft. Transition zone between Earth and space.

PAKSTUDY:

Wars:

Battle of Tarrin-I (1191), Battle of Tarrin-II (1192), Muhammad of Ghaour vs Prthvi Raj.

Battle of Plassey: 1757, Sirajud Daula vs Robert Clive (1st British Governor of Bengal).

The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory for the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French
allies on June 23, 1757. The battle took place near the village of Plassey in Bengal.

Battle of Buxar: 1764

The Battle of Buxar was a decisive victory for the British East India Company over the combined armies of the Mughal
Empire, the Nawab of Bengal, and the Nawab of Awadh. The battle took place on October 22, 1764 in the fortified town
of Buxar, Bihar.

Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindī (1564–1624, Sirhind, Lahore Subha),

Naqshbandi Sufi order and is often referred to as Mujaddid Alf-e-Sani, He opposed Akbar’s policy of religious syncretism,
particularly Dīn-i Ilāhī, and worked to reinforce orthodox Islamic beliefs.

Shah Waliullah, Qutb ud-Din Ahmad :

Born: March 2, 1703, Muzaffarnagar, India

Died: August 20, 1762 (age 59 years), Delhi, India

He played a crucial role in reviving Islamic thought in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal decline, translated
Quran to Persian and wrote Hujatul Balagha

Warren Hastings: First Governor of Bengal, 1773

Lord William Bentinck: first governor-general of India from 1834 to 1835.

Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India between 1858 and 1862

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Birth (1817-1898):

 ⮚ 1838: Joined the East India Company as a Serestadar (clerk) in Agra, marking the start of his administrative
career.
⮚ 1846: Transferred to Delhi as Chief Judge of the Small Causes Court. During this period, he wrote Athar-al-
Sanadeed (1846), a notable archaeological work.
⮚ Founded Gulshan School (1859), Established Victoria School (1863), Scientific Society of Aligarh (1864), Founded
MAO College (1875), Nominated to Viceroy’s Legislative Council (1878) Became the first Muslim member of the
council, advocating for Muslim rights.
⮚ All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference (1886)

⮚ Two-Nation Theory (1867–1898): Advocated Hindu-Muslim separatism after the 1867 Urdu-Hindi controversy,
influencing the Pakistan Movement
⮚ Established Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College (1875), which later became Aligarh Muslim
University (1920)
⮚ Knighted by the British Government in 1888 (Title: Sir)

Books:

Athar-al-Sanadeed (1846), first Anglo Sikh war (1845-46), Treaty of Amritsar (1846), Gulab Singh bought Kashmir
from British in 7.5 million..

The Causes of the Indian Mutiny (1859).

Loyal Muhammadans of India (1860) – Biographies of Muslims loyal to the British.

Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq (1870) – Magazine promoting Muslim reform, last edition 1896

Tabyin al-Kalam (1887), highlighting commonalities between Islam and Christianity.

Khilafat Movement (919-1924), HQ Bombay:

First Khilafat Conference (November 1919) – Delhi

Second Khilafat Conference (December 1919) – Amritsar

All-India Khilafat Conference (February 1920) – Bombay (Mumbai)

Khilafat Conference (May 1920) – Calcutta (Kolkata)

Joint Khilafat and Congress Session (December 1920) – Nagpur

Non-Cooperation Movement officially adopted

Khilafat Conference (1921) – Karachi

Last Major Khilafat Conference (1924) – Lahore

Indian Councils Act 1909 also called as Minto Morley reforms

 ● The legislative councils at the Centre and the provinces increased in size. Central Legislative Council – from
16 to 60 members (+44 members)
Indian Councils Act 1919 also called as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms:

Provincial Government

● Executive:

● Dyarchy was introduced, i.e., there were two classes of administrators – Executive councillors and ministers.

● The Governor was the executive head of the province

● Legislature:

● The size of the provincial legislative assemblies was increased. Now about 70% of the members were elected.

● There were communal and class electorates.

● Some women could also vote.

Central government
● Executive:

● The chief executive authority was the Governor-General.

● Out of the 6 members of the Viceroy’s executive council, 3 were to be Indian members.

● Legislature:

● Legislature:

● A bicameral legislature was set up with two houses – the Legislative Assembly (forerunner of the Lok Sabha)
and the Council of State (forerunner of the Rajya Sabha).

Pakistan Affairs
Simla Deputation:
was a gathering of 35 prominent Indian Muslim leaders led by the Aga Khan III at
the Viceregal Lodge in Simla in 1st October 1906.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Category Details
Born January 5, 1928, Larkana, Sindh, British India
Died April 4, 1979 (Hanged), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- University of Southern California, USA (Political Science) - University of California,
Education
Berkeley, USA (Bachelor’s in Political Science) - University of Oxford, UK (LLB - Law)
Entry into Politics 1957 – Delegate to the United Nations
First Political Role 1958 – Minister of Commerce under Ayub Khan
Foreign Minister 1963–1966 - Strengthened ties with China - Negotiated Tashkent Agreement (1966)
 Category Details
November 30, 1967 – Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) with slogan Islam is our Faith,
Founded PPP
Democracy is our Policy, Socialism is our Economy
1971–1973 - Took over after fall of East Pakistan - Launched nuclear program -
04th President of Pakistan
Negotiated Simla Agreement (1972)
09th Prime Minister of 1973–1977 - Introduced 1973 Constitution - Established Pakistan Steel Mills - Hosted
Pakistan 1974 Islamic Summit Conference - Accelerated nuclear weapons program
Overthrown & Arrested July 5, 1977 – Ousted by General Zia-ul-Haq
Bhutto was arrested and charged with the murder of a political opponent, Nawab
Trial & Execution Mohammad Ahmad Khan Kasuri.- Arrested in September 1977 - Sentenced to death in
1978 - Hanged on April 4, 1979, in Rawalpindi Jail
1. The Myth of Independence (1969)
Books 2. The Great Tragedy (1971)
3. If I Am Assassinated (1979)

The Lucknow Pact:

December 1916, an agreement reached between the Congress and the Muslim, agreed to allow representation to
religious minorities in the provincial legislatures.

AIML

Post Independace:

Pakistan’s Integration of Princely States Post-Partition

Hunza and Nagar

• Accession: Both Hunza and its neighboring state Nagar acceded to Pakistan in November 1947.
• Integration: Initially allowed to maintain a degree of autonomy, these northern states were later fully merged into
Pakistan’s Northern Areas (now Gilgit-Baltistan) by 1974 following local protests and administrative reforms.

Kalat (Khanate of Kalat)

• Initial Status: One of the largest and most influential princely states in Balochistan, Kalat declared independence at Partition
(1947) based on its historical treaties with the British.
• Accession: After prolonged negotiations, its ruler, Ahmad Yar Khan, signed the Instrument of Accession on March 27, 1948.
• Integration: Although Kalat maintained significant internal autonomy initially, Pakistan’s centralizing policies eroded this
independence. In 1955, under President Ayub Khan’s One Unit policy, Kalat was merged into West Pakistan, and later, with
the dissolution of One Unit in 1970, its territory became fully integrated into the modern province of Balochistan.

Las Bela
• Accession: Las Bela’s ruler, Ghulam Qadir Khan, acceded to Pakistan in early March 1948—often noted as March 7, 1948
(with formal acceptance around March 17, 1948).
• Union & Integration: Las Bela initially retained internal autonomy. In 1952, it joined with neighboring states (including
Makran and Kharan) to form the Baluchistan States Union. In 1955, with the creation of West Pakistan, Las Bela was
incorporated into the new administrative structure. Later in 1962, it merged with the Federal Capital Territory to form the
Karachi-Bela Division, and over time became part of modern Balochistan as Lasbela District.

Other Princely States: Swat, Chitral, Dir, Bahawalpur, and Khairpur

• Swat: Acceded to Pakistan on November 3, 1947. Although it initially retained some autonomy, in 1969 President Yahya
Khan announced the full integration of Swat (along with Chitral and Dir) into Pakistan.
• Chitral: Joined Pakistan in November 1947 (around November 13, 1947) after deliberations by its ruler.
• Dir: Acceded in 1947 as well; its full integration along with Swat and Chitral was confirmed in 1969 by President Yahya Khan.
• Bahawalpur and Khairpur: Both located in the Punjab region, Bahawalpur acceded on October 5, 1947 and Khairpur on
October 3, 1947. Initially granted internal autonomy, they were gradually absorbed into Pakistan’s provincial structures—
Bahawalpur into West Punjab (later part of Punjab province) and Khairpur into Sindh province.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE:

Atomic Bomb on Japan:

Hiroshima: 06 August 1945, Little Boy, 8;15 AM, B-29 Bomber, Elon Guy

Nagasaki: The second bomb, named Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki from the Bockscar,
also a B-29 bomber, at 11:02 AM on August 9, 1945

ISLAMIAT:

ENGLISH:

Synonyms: Meager, profusion, scarcity, abundance

HISTORY:

USSR:

Here are the key events with dates related to the Bolshevik Revolution, the formation and dissolution of the USSR, the
Soviet entry into Afghanistan, and its withdrawal:

Bolshevik Revolution

● February Revolution: March 8–12, 1917 (Julian Calendar: Feb 23–27, 1917) – Overthrew Tsar Nicholas II.
● October Revolution: November 7, 1917 (Julian Calendar: October 25, 1917) – Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized power.

Formation of the USSR

● December 30, 1922 –.December 25, 1991

Soviet into Afghanistan

● December 24, 1979 – February 15, 1989 Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support the communist government.
 Aspect Treaty of Versailles (1919) Treaty of Sèvres (1920) Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
Date Signed June 28, 1919 August 10, 1920 July 24, 1923
Ended WWI between Established modern Turkey's
Main Focus Dismantling the Ottoman Empire
Germany & Allies borders
Recognition of Turkey’s
War guilt on Germany, Ottoman territories divided, Armenian and
Significant borders, loss of Ottoman
territorial losses, military Kurdish states proposed,
Provisions territories, end of Ottoman
restrictions, reparations internationalization of Dardanelles
Empire

Doctrines:

1. Monroe Doctrine: expressed in 1823,

stated that European powers should no longer colonize the Americas or interfere with the affairs of sovereign nations
located in the Americas.

2. Truman Doctrine, 1947:

was promised aid to European nations threatened by communist revolutions. The

3. Eisenhower Doctrine: 05th January, 1957 by 34th President of [Link]

Doctrine was focused on the Middle East and promised aid to nations both threatened by revolutions from
within as well as overt attacks by the Soviet Union
4. Nixon Doctrine: 1969,

In the Persian Gulf region, with military aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia, so that these U.S. allies could undertake the
responsibility of ensuring peace and stability in the region

SPORTS:

Asian Games:

The last edition of the Games was held in Hangzhou, China, from 23 September to 8 October 2023.

first Games in New Delhi, India in 1951

The 17th Asian Games were held in 2014

Pakistan in Squash:

Debut 1950, first world championship appearance, 1967, first WC 1977, last 1993, total 06 wins (3rd rank),

2. Career Achievements

Achievement Jansher Khan Jahangir Khan

World Open Titles 8 (record) 6
British Open Titles 6 10 (record)
Total PSA Titles 99 61
Winning Streak No official long streak 555 consecutive matches (5+ years, longest in any sport)
 Achievement Jansher Khan Jahangir Khan
Years at World No.1 10 years (1988-1998) 6 years (1981-1988)

Treaties:

NAFTA: January 1, 1994- April 2020, replaced with The USMCA, took effect on July 1, 2020.

Scientific Discoveries:

● Penicillin – Alexander Fleming, 1928, First antibiotic, later purified by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

● Insulin – Frederick Banting and Charles Best (with John Macleod and James Collip), 1921, Used to treat diabetes, first
purified from dog pancreas.

● Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) – Felix Hoffmann (Bayer), 1897, Pain reliever and anti-inflammatory.

● Smallpox Vaccine – Edward Jenner, 1796, First successful vaccine, eradicated smallpox.

● X-rays – Wilhelm Roentgen, 1895, Revolutionized medical imaging.

● DNA Structure – James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, 1953, Led to modern genetics.

● Anesthesia – William Morton, 1846, First public demonstration using ether.

● Polio Vaccine – Jonas Salk, 1955, Helped eradicate polio in many regions.

Unionist Party (Punjab)-1923, BY Sir Fazli Husain, Sir Chotu Ram and

Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan,1932, Acting Governor of Punjab, 1st premier of of Punjab=1937-1942.