;dlaIKsl ks¾udK i|yd

[Link] ;,rEm
08
cHdñ;sl yd hdka;s%l we£u hkq Ys,amSh l%u hgf;a rEmSh f,i f;dr;=re
bÈßm;a lrk m%n, cd;Hka;r udOHhla fõ' fuf,i f;dr;=re ±laùu i|yd
iïmQ¾Kfhka odhl jkafka úúOdldr kïj,ska y÷kajkq ,nk úúOdldr f;dr;=re
bÈßm;a lsÍug yels f¾Ld fõ' tu ksid f¾Ld j¾. ms<sn| j ±k .ekSug fuu
mßÉfþofha § ta ms<sn| lreKq lsysmhla bÈm;a lsÍu isÿfõ'
ia:dk.; l< ,laIHhla fjk hïlsis n,hla fhdod ;,a¨ lsÍug yelskï
bka ksrEmKh jkafka f¾Ldjls' f¾Ldjla ks¾udKfha § tlsfklg hdj msysá
,laIH iuqyhl odhl;ajhla ,efí' f¾Ljla tfia jqj o we£ï lr f;dr;=re ±laùu
i|yd úêu;a f,i w¢kq ,nk f¾Ld ms<sn| j ±k .ekSu wjYH fõ' fï wkqj my;
±lafjk f¾Ld j¾. ms<sn| idudkH lreKq ±k .ekSug yelshdj ,efnk w;r
;jÿrg;a wOHhk lghq;= lsÍfuka jeä f;dr;=re imhd .; yels h'

,laIHh ^Point&
,laIHhlska ia:dkhla ksrEmKh flf¾' fuhg úYd,;ajhla fkdue;'
;s;lska ,laIHhla we| fmkajkq ,nhs'

f¾Ldj ^Line&
,laIHhla .uka lrk m:h f¾Ldjla fõ'

ir, f¾Ldj ^Straight Line&

1

2
P Q
3
4
8'1 rEmh

158 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 P yd Q hk ,laIH fol hd lsÍfï wdldr lsysmhla fuu rEmh [Link]
fmkajd oS we;' fuys P yd Q § hd jk fia we| we;s f¾Ld j¾. y;r w;ßka ;=kajk
f¾Ldfõ È. wvq h' fuf,i ,laIHh folla hd lsÍfï flá u È.ska hq;a f¾Ldj
ir, f¾Ldjla f,i ye¢kafõ'

isria f¾Ldj (Vertical line)

8'2 rEmh

isria f¾Ldj hkq fok ,o ,laIHhl isg mDÓúfha uOH ,laIHh yryd .uka
lrk f¾Ldfõ fõ' fuh mDÓú mDIaGhg ,ïnl fõ' ,U leghl jQ kQ, t,af,k
iEu úg u isria f¾Ldjl iajrEmh fmkajhs'

;sria f¾Ldj ^Horizontal line&

8'3 rEmh

isria f¾Ldjg ,ïnlj w¢k iEu f¾Ldjla u ;sria f¾Ldjla fõ'

isria yd ;sria f¾Ld hk foj¾.h lvodish u; we| th iDcq j msysg jQ úg
by; ±la jQ f;dr;=r ;yjqre úh hq;= h'

159 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 wdk; f¾Ld ^Oblique lines&

8'4 rEmh

isria j fyda ;sria j fyda fkdjk f,i w¢k ir, f¾Ld wdk; f¾Ld fõ'

jl%dldr f¾Ldj ^Curved line&

8'5 rEmh

uOH ,laIHhl isg iudk ÿrlska .uka .kakd ;j;a ,laIHhl .uka ud¾.h
ksid ljdldr f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh fõ'

160 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 iudka;r f¾Ld (Parallel lines)

8'6 rEmh

hïlsis f¾Ldjlg iudk mr;rhla we;s j w¢kq ,nk ;j;a f¾Ld iudka;r
f¾Ld fõ' fïjd ir, iudka;r f¾Ld fyda pl% iudka;r f¾Ld fyda úh yels h'
hïlsis È.la flálr we| ±laùug my; ixfla;d;aul f¾Ld LKavh Ndú;
fõ' fï i|yd is.a ie.a ^Zig Zag& ,l=K Ndú; fõ'

ir, f¾Ldjla iudk fldgia y;rlg fn§u'

•• ir, f¾Ldjla we| tys wod< ÿr i,l=Kq fldg AB f,i kï lrkak'
•• AB ÿfrka wvlg jeä ÿrla ljlgqj f.k A iy B flakaø [Link]ñka
tlsfkl lefmk f,i pdm folla we| pdm lemqk ;eka hd lrñka
,nd.;a ,laIHh C f,i kï lrkak'
•• AC tf,i u iuÉfÊo fldg D ,laIHh ,[Link]'
•• AD ÿr ljlgqfjka C ys isg i,l=Kq fldg iudk fldgia 4 ,[Link]'

A D C E B

AD = DC = CE = EB

8'7 rEmh

161 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 ir, f¾Ldjla wkqmd;hg fn§u
7 cm È. ir, f¾Ldjla we| th 3 : 4 : 5 wkqmd;hg fn§u'
•• 7 cm È. ir, f¾Ldj we| th AB f,i kï lrkak'
•• AB g iq`M fldaKhla ±lafjk mßÈ A ys isg wdk; f¾Ldjla w¢kak'
•• hï ÿrla ljlgqjg f.k wdk; f¾Ldj Èf.a fldgia ,l=Kq lr 12
^3 + 4 + 5 = 12& jeks ,laIHh;a B ,laIHh;a hd lrkak'
•• 12 ,laIH yd 7 cm È. f¾Ldfõ wjidk fl<jr hd l< f¾Ldjg
iudka;rjk f,i 3 yd 7 ,laIH yryd iudka;r f¾Ld w¢ñka 7 cm
f¾Ldj lmd wkqmd;sl ÿr ,[Link]'
^ir, f¾Ldj iudk fldgiaj,g fnod bka wk;=rej wkqmd; fjkalr we;'&

1 2
3 4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
8'8 rEmh

;s%fldaKfha mßñ;sh § we;súg iumdo ;s%fldaKhla we£u'

•• 8 cm È. AB ir, f¾Ldjla w¢kak'
•• tys A ,laIHfha isg wdk; wdOdr f¾Ldjla w¢kak' tys iudk fldgia
3 la i,l=Kq fldg wjika ,laIHh yd B hd lrkak'
•• thg iudka;rj f¾Ld w¢ñka AB iudk fldgia ;=klg fnod tu fldgia
mdo jYfhka f.k ;s%fldaKh w¢kak'

1 2
1
2
3
8'9 rEmh

162 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 ;s%fldaKhl mßñ;shg .e<fmk mdo w;r wkqmd;h 3:4:5 jQ o
;s%fldaKhla we£u'
•• 11 cm È. AB ir, f¾Ldjla we| tys A ,laIHfha isg iq`M fldaKhla
olajñka wdk; f¾Ldjla w¢kak'
•• wdk; f¾Ldfõ iudk fldgia 12 i,l=Kq lrkak'
•• B ,laIHh;a 12 ^3+4+5=12& ,laIHh;a hd fldg Bg iudka;rj 3"7
,laIH yryd iudka;r f¾Ld w¢ñka AB f¾Ldj lmkak'
•• AB f¾Ldfõ lemS we;s fldgia ;=k fhdod f.k ;s%fldaKh w¢kak' fuu
;s%fldaKfha fldaKj, [Link] olajkak' Tfí ks¾udKfha ksjerÈNdjh
;yjqre [Link]'

A B
1
2
3 4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
8'10 rEmh

jD;a; yd iam¾Yl (Cricles and Tangents)

jD;a; yd iam¾Yl wdYs%; ks¾udK ;dlaIKsl we¢fï § nyq, j Ndú; fõ'
lmams" M<jqï má ±;sfrdao" wlaI" ,Sjr wd§ WmlrK ;ekSfï § ta ms<sn| mQ¾j
ie,iqï we£u i|yd jD;a; yd iam¾Yl Ndú; fõ'

163 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 jD;a;hl mßêfhys msysá ,laIHhlg iam¾Ylhla we£u
•• jD;a;h we| mßêfha leu;s ia:dkhl P ,laIHh msysgqjkak'
•• P yd flakaøh hd fldg jD;a;fhka msg;g Èla lrkak'
•• P flakaøh lrf.k leu;s wrhlska ir, f¾Ldfõ iudk ÿr folla
i,l=Kq lr M yd N f,i kï lrkak'
•• M yd N flakaø lrf.k tlsfkl lefmk pdm folla we| bka ,efnk
uOH ,laIHh yd P hd fldg Èla lrkak'
•• QR f¾Ldj iam¾Ylh fõ'

8'11 rEmh

ndysr j msysá ,laIHhl isg jD;a;hlg iam¾Ylhla we£u

•• leu;s wrhla iys; jD;a;hla O flakaø fldg w¢kak'
•• jD;a;hg ndysr j leu;s ia:dkhl P ,laIHh i,l=Kq lr OP hd
lrkak'
•• OP iuÉfþo lr tu uOH ,laIHh f,i Q kï lrkak'
•• QP wrh jYfhka f.k jD;a;h fomiska lefmk fia pdmhla w¢kak'
•• tu pdmfhka jD;a;fha mßêh lefmk ,laIHh yryd P ys isg
tla me;a;lg iam¾Ylhla o" wjYH kï wks;a me;a;g;ajk fia iam¾Yl
folla w¢kak'
•• iam¾Yl ,laIHh R1, R2 f,i kï lrkak' ORP fldaKh iDcqfldaKS fõ'
^8'12 rEmh n,kak'&
^fuu uQ, O¾uh ñka u;=jg tk jD;a; yd iam¾Yl ish,a,g u mdol fõ'&

164 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 8'12 rEmh

iudk jD;a; follg fmdÿ ndysr iam¾Ylhla we£u'

•• wod< ÿßka jD;a; fol we| flakaø hd lr flakaø AB f,i kï lrkak'
•• AB f¾Ldfõ A ,laIHhg ,ïnlhla we| mßêh P j, § lefmk f,i
Èlalrkak'
•• AB ÿr ljlgqjg f.k P f¾Ldfõ flakaø fldgf.k AB g iudka;rj
wfkla jD;a;h lmd tu ,laIHh Q f,i kï lrkak'
•• PQ hd lrkak' AB, PQ iudka;r o fõ'

8'13 rEmh

165 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 iudk jD;a; follg fmdÿ ;S¾hla iam¾Ylh we£u'
•• A yd B flakaølr.;a jD;a; fol w¢kak'
•• AB ÿr iuÉfþo lr tu uOH ,laIHh C f,i kïlrkak'
•• AC iy CB iuÉfþo lr tu uOH ,laIHh L iy M jYfhka kïl-
rkak'
•• L flakaø [Link]ñka LA ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k jD;a;h lemS hk f,i
w¾O jD;a;hla w¢kak'
•• M flakaø lr .ksñka MB wrh jYfhka f.k L flakaø fldg.;a pdmhg
m%;súreoaO me;af;ka B jD;a;h lemS hk f,i w¾O jD;a;hla w¢kak'
•• w¾O jD;a; foflka jD;a; fol lemqKq ,laIHh hd lrkak'

8'14 rEmh

wiudk wrhka we;s jD;a; follg fmdÿ ndysr iam¾Ylhla

we£u'
wrhka 23 mm iy 11 mm [Link] jQ jD;a; folla tlsfkl flakaø w;r ÿr 48
mm la jk fia mssysgd we;' fuu jD;a; folg fmdÿ iam¾Ylh we£u'

•• ir, f¾Ldjla we| th u; jD;a; fol kshñ; ÿßka we| flakaø f,i AB
kï lrkak'
•• jD;a; fofla wrhka w;r fjkia jQ 9 mm wrh jYfhka f.k f,dl=
jD;a;fha flakaøh u flakaø fldg ;j;a jD;a;hla w¢kak'
•• B ys isg tu l=vd jD;a;hg iam¾Ylhla w¢kak' ^jD;a; flakaø w;r ÿr
iuÉfþo fldg ,nd.;a P uOH ,laIHh flakaø fldg w¾O jD;a;hla we|
l=vd jD;a; mßêh lefmk ia:dkh Q f,i kï lrkak'&
•• AQ hd fldg tu f¾Ldj f,dl= jD;a;h lefmk f,i Èlalr tu lemqK
,laIHh R f,i kï lrkak'

166 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 •• QB ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k R ys isg B flakaø fldg.;a jD;a;h N ys § lmd
hd R.N lrkak' ^flakaø fldg w¢k ,o pdmh ;jÿrg;a §¾>lr we£fuka
ta whqßka u wfkla mi iam¾Ylh o we|.; yels fõ' 8'15 yd 8'16 rEmh&

8'15 rEmh

8'16 rEmh

wiudk jD;a; follg fmdÿ ;S¾hla iam¾Ylhla we£u'

wrhka 11 mm iy 23 mm [Link] jQ jD;a; folla tlsfkl flakaø w;r ÿr
48 mm lajk f,i msysgd we;' jD;a; folg fmdÿ ;S¾hla iam¾Ylh w¢kak'

•• AB flakaø fldg .;a jD;a; fol kshñ; ÿßka we| .kak'

•• jD;a; fofla wrhkaf.a tl;=j wrh jYfhka f.k A fyd B fyda flakaø
lr jvd;a f,dl= jD;a;hla w¢kak'
•• AB iuÉfþo lr tu ,laIHh P f,i kï lrkak'
•• P flakaø fldgf.k PA ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k w¾O jD;a;hla w¢ñka
úYd,; u jD;a;h Q ys § lmkak'
•• QB hd lrñka l=vd jD;a;h R ys § lmkak'

167 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 •• QA ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k R flakaø lr .ksñka f,dl= jD;a;h T ys §
lmkak' ^úYd,; u jD;a;h fkdfõ'&
•• RT hd lrk f¾Ldj ;S¾hla iam¾Ylh fõ'
•• QA hd lr A jD;a;h ^úYd,; u fkdfõ& lemqk ia:dkh flakaø fldgf.k
QB wrh jYfhka f.k l=vd jD;a;h N ys § lmd NV hd fldg wfkla
iam¾Ylh o w¢kak'

8'17 rEmh

iúê nyqwi% (Polygons)

ir, f¾Çh mdo ;=kla fyda jeä ixLHdjlska iukaú; ixjD;a; rEmh nyqwi%h
kï fõ' tlsfkl fldaK iy tlsfkl mdo iudk ùfuka iEfok nyqwi% iúê
nyqwi% kï fõ' úúO iuñ;sl ks¾udK w,xldr fudaia;r leghï yev ksjrÈ j
we| .ekSug fuu ks¾udK Ndú; fõ'

jD;a;hla ;=< iúê nyqwi% we£u'

´kE u jD;a;hl wrh mßêh jgd ljlgqfjka i,l=Kq lrf.k hdfï §
iudk fldgia 6 la ,efí' tajd hd lsÍfuka Ivi%hla ,efí' fuu l%uh wkqj úúO
u,a fm;s" fudaia;r" ;s%fldaK ks¾udKh l< yels fõ' ^8'18 rEmh&

168 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 8'18 rEmh

´kE u wrhlska hq;a jD;a;hla ;=< ´kE u iúê nyqwi%hla we£u'

•• ´kE u wrhlska hq;a jD;a;hla w¢kak'

•• flakaøh yryd mßêh fomiska yuqjk ir, f¾Ldjla w¢kak' th jD;a;fha
úYalïNh fõ'
•• úYalïNh AB f,i kï lrkak' A ys isg AB g iq`M fldaKhlska
wdk;jk wdOdr f¾Ldjla we| tys A ys isg tlsfkl iudk ÿßka ,laIH
myla i,l=Kq lrkak'
•• 5 jeks ,laIHh B ,laIHh yd iuÕ hd fldg Bg iudka;rj 2 ,laIHh
yryd f¾Ldjla w¢ñka AB f¾Ldj lmkak' tu lemqKq ,laIHh C f,i
kï lrkak'
•• AB wrh jYfhka f.k A yd B flakaø lrf.k D ys § tlsfkl lefmk
fia pdm folla w¢kak'
•• D iy C hd lr jD;a;h E ys § lefmk f;la Èlalrkak' AE iúê nyq
wi%fha tla mdohls'
•• tys È. jD;a;h jgd i,l=Kq fldg tu ,laIHh hd lrñka iúê mxpdi%h
w¢kak' ^8'19 rEmh&

169 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 8'19 rEmh

fï whqßka ´kE u wrhlska hq;a jD;a;hla ;=< ´kE u mdo .Kkla we;s
iúê nyq wi% we¢h yels w;r" yeu úg u mdo .Kkg iudk fldgia .Kklg
úYalïNh fnod fojeks ,laIHh yryd muKla u DE f,i kï l< f¾Ldj we|.;
hq;= nj i,lkak'

mdohl È. ÿkaúg ´kE u iúê nyq wi%hla we£u

•• ir, f¾Ldjla we| wjYH mdofha È. tys AB f,i olajkak'
•• AB mdofha uOH ,laIHhg ,ïnlhla w¢kak' tu ,laIHh C f,i kï
lrkak'
•• AC ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k C flakaø lrf.k ,ïnlh lemS hk f,i
pdmhla we| lemqKq ,laIHh wxl 4 f,i kï lrkak'
•• AB wrh jYfhka f.k B flakaø [Link]ñka w¢k pdmfhka ,ïnlh
lmd tu ,laIHh wxl 6 jYfhka kï lrkak'
•• wxl 4 ;a 6 ;a w;r ÿr iïÉfþo fldg wxl 5 ,laIHh kï lrkak'
•• wxl 5 ;a 6 ;a w;r ÿrg iudk ÿrla wxl 6 g by<ska i,l=Kq fldg th
wxl 7 f,i kï lrkak'
•• wxl 5 isg A olajd ÿr ljlgqjg f.k wxl 5 flakaø lr .ksñka
jD;a;hla w¢kak'
•• ÿr ljlgqjg f.k kej; kej; jD;a;h mßêh jgd i,l=Kq fldg tu
,laIHh hd lrñka iúê mxpdi%h w¢kak'
•• tfiau tla tla wxlh flakaø lrf.k w¢kq ,nk jD;a; ;=< wxlhg
wod< iúê nyqwi% we|.; yels fõ'

170 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 8'20 rEmh
fuu l%uhg ;j ;j;a by<g ,laIH .Kk jeä lrñka we£fï § b;d iq`M
jYfhka nyqwi%fha yevh fjkia úh yels h' fuu l%uh ikaksl¾IK l%uhla neõ
i,lkak' ^Approximate Method&

fla;=l LKav (Cornic sections)

rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ brgqjla ;j;a brgqjlg ;nd ne| tla brgqjla N%uKh
lrùfï § wdk; brgqj [Link] fla;= [Link] ckkh fõ'
fla;=jla tys wlaIhg ,ïnlj lemSfuka ,efnk jl%h jD;a;hls' wdk;j
lemSfuka ,efnk jl%h b,smaihls' we, Wig iudka;rj lemSfuka ,efnk
jl%h mrdj,hls' fla;= [Link] lefmk ;,hlsska lemSfuka ,efnk jl% hq.,h
nyqj,hls' ^fuys j,hka folls'&

8'21 rEmh

171 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 b,smaih (Ellipse)
uyd wlaIHh 8 cm o iq`M wlaIHh 5 cm jQ o b,smaihla hdka;s%l l%uhlg we£u
^lgq kQ,a l%uh&

hdka;s%l l%uh

•• uyd wlaIHh we| AB f,i kï lrkak' ^8 cm&

•• AB g ,ïn iuÉfÊolh we| ÿr fomi iudkjk f,i i,l=Kq lrkak'
^5 cm&
•• AB, CD tlsfkl lemqk ia:dkh ^uOH ,laIHh& O f,i kï lrkak'
•• AO wrh jYfhka f.k C flakaø fldg f.k AB lemSfuka kdNs fol
,ndf.k kdNs F1 yd F2 f,i kï lrkak'
•• F1, F2 iy C ,laIHj, w,afmfk;s ;=kla isgqjd kQ,la f.k w,afmfk;s
;=k jgd .eg .ikak'
•• C ys w,afmfk;a; .,jd ta fjkqjg mekai,a ;=v fhdodf.k kQ, nqre,a
fkdjk f,i mekai, .uka lrjñka b,smaih we| .kak' ^fuh hdka;s%l
l%uhls' fmdl=Kla" u,a md;a;shla" à fmdajl Wv ,E,a,la" lEu fïi
,E,a,la b,smaidldrj i,l=Kq lsÍu jeks ld¾hhka i|yd fuu l%uh
Ndú;hg .; yels h'&

8'22 rEmh

8'23 rEmh

172 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

 tal flakaøSh jD;a; l%uhg b,smaihla we£u
•• ir, f¾Ldjla we| tys uyd wlaIHfha È. i,l=Kq lr AB f,i kï
lrkak'
•• uyd wlaIHfha È.ska wvlg jeä ÿrla wrh jYfhka ljlgqj f.k A yd
B flakaø [Link]ñka tlsfkl lefmk pdm folla w¢kak'
•• pdm fol lemqk ,laIH fol hd fldg fomig Èlalr iq`M wlaIfha
È.ska wvla [Link] tys fomfia i,l=Kq lr tu ,laIHhka CD f,i kï
lrkak'
•• f¾Ld fol lemqk uOH ,laIHh O f,i kï lrkak'
•• O flakaø lr .ksñka OA, OC wrhka jYfhka f.k jD;a; folla
w¢kak'
•• f,dl= jD;a;fha wrh ljlgqj wdOdrfhka mßêh jgd pdm lrñka jD;a;h
fol u iudk fldgia 12 lg tljr fnod olajkak' tfia ke;akï iuÉfþo
lrñka fldgia 16 lg fnod .kak'
•• ±kg u b,smaifha ,laIH 4 la ,eî we;' tajd kï" ABCD ,laIHh 4 hs'
b;sß ,laIH ,nd .ekSug AB g iudka;rj l=vd jD;a;h lemS we;s ,laIH
yryd fomig ;sria f¾Ld we| .kak'
•• tfia u f,dl= jD;a;h lemS we;s ,laIH yryd CD g iudka;rj isria
f¾Ld wod< ;sria f¾Ld yuqjk f,i w¢kak'
•• ABCD o ;sria yd isria f¾Ld yuqjk ,laIH iqug jl%hlska hd fldg
b,smaih w¢kak'
•• AO ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k C fyda D flakaø [Link]ñka AB lemSfuka
kdNs ^Focus& i,l=Kq lr.; yels fõ'

•• AB = uyd wlaIh (Major axis)

•• CD = iq`M wlaIh (Major axis)
•• F = kdNsh (Focus)

8'24 rEmh

173 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'