1 Turbo Pascal 7.

Turbo Pascal 7.0

Chapter (1)
Introduction

Background History of Pascal

1/ Pascal qdkonfrSm jyifopfvlrsKd;odyÜHynm ESihf ocsmF ynm½Sif Blaise Pascal
(1623-1662)udk *kPfjyKrSnfhac:xm;aomtrnf jzpfygonf/ Pascal Language udk
qGpfZmvefEdkifiH Technical University rS Nicklaus Wirth qdkolu (1970)ckESpf ESpfOD;
ydkif;avmufwGif pwifazmfxkwfcJhygonf/
2/ Pascal Program onf rdrdpdwfBuKdufy½dk*&rfa&;NyD;? uGefysLwmudk cdkif;apjcif;
jzpfygonf/ tvm;wltjcm;y½d*k &rf Language (Oyrm- BASIC? Turbo C? C++ ...)
rsm;vnf; ½Syd gonf/ rdrEd pS o
f ufpw
d 0f ifpm;aom Language udk toH;k jyKa&;om;Edik yf gonf/
Language wpfckESifhwpfck\ a&;xHk;yHkpHjcif; uJGjym;jcm;em;Muygonf/

3/ Pascal onf High Level Programming Language jzihf a&;om;aom y&k* d &rf
jzpfNyD;? pwifavhvmoifMum;&mwGif &kd;&Sif;vG,fulaom oabmw&m;rsm;jzihf zefwD;
xm;ygonf/ ocsmF ESio fh yd q
HÜ idk &f mwGucf surf rI sm;? tcsut
f vufrsm; xde;f odr;f wGucf surf I
pepf? todÓPftwkEiS w fh yk vkyaf qmifjcif;(Simulation) ponfwu Ykd kd vkyaf qmifEikd o
f nfh
tjyif vufawGUe,fy,fwGifyg tokH;jyKEkdifonhf pGrf;yum;&Sdygonf/

Computer Programming
4/ Programming qkdonfrSm uGefysLwmtwGuf oD;oefYtokH;csrI (Application)
wpfcu k dk vkyaf qmifEidk af p&ef ñTeMf um;csurf sm;\,kwadå A'qufE,
G rf rI sm;ukd pDpOfa&;om;
onhf tvkyjf zpfygonf/ Programmer rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzihf Program rsm;a&;om;
&ef High Level Programming Language rsm;ukd tokH;jyKa&;om;avh&Sdygonf/
Program \t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd Computer rS od&e dS m;vnfap&efEiS fh ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd
vku
d ef mvkyaf qmifEidk &f eftwGuf pufem;vnfaombmompum; (Machine Language )
tjzpfokdY ajymif;vJay;&ygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 2

Structure of Pascal Program

5/ Pascal Program udk pwifa&;om;rnfqdkygu atmufazmfjyygtydkif;rsm;
tqifq
h ifyh g0if&ygrnf-
(u) Program < Program name>; / y½kd*&rfacgif;pOf a&;om;jcif;/
( c) Variable <Declaration section> / y½k*d &rfwiG f xnfo h iG ;f toH;k jyK
rnfh tcsuftvufrsm;ukd aMujimjcif;tykdif;/
( *) Type declaration / Type ykHpHrsm;jzihf aMujimay;jcif;/
(C) Label declaration / Label trnfay;í aMujimjcif;/
( i) Constant declaration / udef;aowefbkd;rsm;tm; aMujimay;jcif;/
( p) Variable declaration / ajymif;vJaeaom udef;&Sifrsm;tm; aMujim
ay;jcif;/
(q) Begin<Program body> / y½kd*&rfa&;om;jcif;tydkif;/

6/ y½dk*&rfwpfckudk pwifa&;om;ygu y½kd*&rfa&;om;jcif;tydkif;wGif Begin jzifh

pwif&ygonf/ 4if;atmufwGif aqmif&Gufvdkonfh Statement rsm;udk a&;om;azmfjy
Ny;D ygu End. jzifh y½dk*&rfukd tqHk;owfa&;om;&rnfjzpfygonf/
Oyrm-
Begin
Statement1;
.
.
End.
Using The Pascal Program
7/ Pascal y½d*
k &rftwGi;f odYk 0ifa&muf&ef enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh 0ifa&mufEikd yf gonf/
Oyrm -
c:\> cd tp ↵
c:\tp\>cd bin ↵
c:\tp\bin>turbo ↵

8/ Pascal y½dk*&rfodkY 0ifa&muf&ef DOS Prompt(C:\>) wGif C:\ atmuf&dS

Directory TP ? BIN [k½Sdrnfqdkygu 4if;ae&modkYa&mufatmif oGm;&ygrnf/
 3 Turbo Pascal 7.0
9/ Pascal Program Run jcif;onf Microsoft Disk Operating System Version
3.0 ESifhtxuf½Sdaom pufrsm;wGif aqmif½Guf&ef oifhawmfygonf/ Windows 95 ESifh
txuf½adS om pufrsm;jzpfygu C:\TP\BIN>TPX jzifh aqmif½uG yf gu ydrk o
kd ifah wmfygonf/
Pascal Program udk pwif0ifa&mufygu yHk(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&ygrnf/
Menu bar
File Edit Search Run Compile Debug Tools Options Windows Help
- Cursor [Link]
pmpa&;rnfhae&m y½dk*&rftrnf

Text Area
pm(odkYr[kwf)
y½dk*&rfa&;rnfhae&m
F1= Help, F2=Save, F3=Open, Alt+F9=Compile, F9=Make, Alt+F10=Local Menu
yHk(1) Status bar
Turbo Editor Commands
10/ Pascal Program \ Cursor movement Commands rsm;tm; toHk;jyKyHkudk
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjytyfygonf-
(u) Left Arrow (or) Ctrl + S / Cursor a&muf½Sdaeonfh Character \
b,fbufodkY wpfvHk;pDa½TUjcif;/
( c) Right Arrow (or) Ctrl + D/ Cursor a&muf½Sdaeonfh Character
\ nmbufodkY wpfvHk;pDa½TUjcif;/
( *) Ctrl+A (or) Ctrl + Left Arrow/ Cursor a&muf½Sdaeonfhae&mrS
b,fbuf½Sd Word \a½SUqHk;pmvHk;½Sd&mae&modkY oGm;jcif;/
(C) Ctrl+F (or) Ctrl + Right Arrow/ Cursor a&muf½Sdaeonfhae&m
rS nmbuf½Sd Word \a½SUqHk;pmvHk;½Sd&mae&modkY oGm;jcif;/
( i) Ctrl+E (or) Up Arrow/ Cursor a&muf½adS eaom pmaMumif;rS tay:
wpfaMumif;odkY oGm;jcif;/
( p) Ctrl+H (or) Down Arrow/ Cursor a&muf½Sdaeaom pmaMumif;rS
atmufwpfaMumif;odkY oGm;jcif;/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 4

(q) Ctrl+W / Cursor onf Screen ay:wGif usefcJhNyD;? Screen ay:½Sd

pmrsm;½S&d m txufoYkd wufomG ;jcif;/
( Z) Ctrl+Z / Cursor onf Screen ay:wGifusefcJhNyD;? Screen ay:½Sd
pmrsm;½Sd&m atmufodkY a&mufoGm;jcif;/
( ps) Ctrl+R (or) Page Up / tay:buf pmrsm;½S&
d modYk oGm;jcif;/
(n) Ctrl+C (or) Page Down / atmufbuf pmrsm;½S& d modYk oGm;jcif;/
11/ Pascal Program \ Insert and Delete commands rsm;tm; atmufygtwdik ;f
azmfjytyfygonf-
(u) Ctrl+V (or) Ins / Insert Mode tm; zGifhjcif;^ydwfjcif;/
( c) Ctrl+N/ oD;oefv Y ikd ;f wpfvikd ;f udk tpm;oGi;f jcif;/
( *) Ctrl+Y/ Cursor a&muf½Sdaeonfh vdkif;udk zsufjcif;/
(C) Ctrl + Q Y/ Cursor csonfhae&mü aemufqHk;pmvHk;txd pmwpf
aMumif;vHk; zsufjcif;/
( i) Ctrl + H (or) Back Space/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS b,f
bufwGif½Sdaom Space (odkYr[kwf) pmrsm;udk zsufjcif;/
( p) Ctrl + G (or) Del / Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS nmbufwGif½Sd
aom Space (odkYr[kwf) pmrsm;udk zsufjcif;/
(q) Ctrl + T/ Cursor nmbufwGif½Sdaom pum;pkudkzsufjcif;/
12/ Block Commands rsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; azmfjytyfygonf-
(u) Ctrl + K B / tvdk&dSaom Block wpfck\ tpudk rSwfom;jcif;/
( c) Ctrl + K K/ Block wpfck\ tpudk rSwfom;cJhNyD;aemuf 4if; Block
\tqH;k udk rSwo
f m;jcif;/
( *) Ctrl + K T/ Cursor nmzuf½Sd pum;pkwpfckudk a½G;cs,fjcif;/
(C) Ctrl + K C/ a½G;cs,fcJhaompmpk (odkYr[kwf) Block wpfckudk ul;,l
jcif;/
( i) Ctrl + K V/ a½G;cs,c f ahJ ompmpk (odrYk [kw)f Block wpfcuk kd a½TUjcif;/
( p) Ctrl + K Y/ a&G;cs,c f ahJ ompmpk (odrYk [kw)f Block wpfcuk kd zsujf cif;/
(q) Ctrl + K R/ Floppy Disk (odr Yk [kw)f Hard Disk wGif ½Sad om Data
udk zwfjcif;/
 5 Turbo Pascal 7.0
( Z) Ctrl + K W/ Floppy Disk (odkYr[kwf) Hard Disk wGif ½Sdaom Data
udk odr;f jcif;/
( ps) Ctrl + K P / a½G;cs,fcJhaom Block udk Printer jzifh ½du k jf cif;/
(n) Ctrl + K I/ a½G;cs,fcJhaom Block udk Indent jyKvyk jf cif;/
( #) Ctrl + K U/ Indent jyKvkyfcJhaom Block udk Indent jyefjzKwfjcif;/
( X) Ctrl + Q B / a½G;cs,fxm;aom Block wpfck\tpudk Cursor a&muf
½drS nf/
( !) Ctrl + Q K/ a½G;xm;aom Block wpfck\ tqHk;udk Cursor a&muf
½Srd nf/
( ¡) Ctrl + K D/ aemufqHk;a½G;cs,fcJhaom Menu Bar odkY jyefvnfa&muf
&djS cif;/
(P) Ctrl + K L/ Cursor a&muf½Sdaeonfh Current Line udkom a½G;cs,f
jcif;/
(w) Ctrl + Ins / Block jyKvkyfxm;aom pmpk (odkYr[kwf) pmydk'fudk Clip
board ay:odkY ul;,ljcif;/
(x) Ctrl + Del / Block jyKvyk x f m;aom pmpk(odrYk [kw)f pmyd'k u
f kd zsujf cif;/
( ') Shift + Del / Block jyKvkyfxm;aom pmpk (odkYr[kwf) pmydk'fudk tjcm;
ae&modkYa½TU&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh zsufypfjcif;/
( ") Shift + Ins / ul;,lxm;aom Block (odrYk [kw)f zsu, f x l m;aom Block
udk Cursor csonfhae&mwGif jyefíul;,ljcif;/
13/ Pascal Program \ Extending Selected Blocks rsm;tm; atmufazmf
jyygtwdkif; azmfjytyfygonf-
(u) Shift + Left Arrow / Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS b,fbufodkY
a½G;cs,fjcif;/
( c) Shift + Rightt Arrow/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS nmbufodkY
a½G;cs,fjcif;/
( *) Shift + End/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS Current Line tqHk;odkY
a½G;cs,fjcif;/
(C) Shift + Home / Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS Current Line tpodkY
a½G;cs,fjcif;/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 6

( i) Shift + Down Arrow/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS atmufbuf

½Sd Line rsm;udkyg a½G;cs,fjcif;/
( p) Shift + Up Arrow/ Cursor a&mufaeonfah e&mrS tay:buf½dS Line
rsm;udkyg a½G;cs,fjcif;/
(q) Shift + Page Down/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS aemufxyf
wpfrsufESmpm a½G;cs,fjcif;/
(Z) Shift + Page Up/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS tay:buf½Sd wpf
rsufESmpm a½G;cs,fjcif;/
(ps) Shift + Ctrl + Left Arrow/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS b,f
bufodkY pmpkwpfpkpm a½G;cs,fjcif;/
(n) Shift + Ctrl + Right Arrow/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS nm
bufodkY pmpkwpfpkpm a½G;cs,fjcif;/
(#) Shift + Ctrl + End/ Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS zdkif\tqHk;odkY
a½G;cs,fjcif;/
(X) Shift + Ctrl + Home / Cursor a&mufaeonfhae&mrS zdkif\tpodkY
a½G;cs,fjcif;/

14/ Alt+R onf Run Menu udk wkduf&kdufac:,ljcif;jzpfNyD;? 4if; Menu atmufrS
Run ukd a&G;NyD;aemuf Enter ESdyfygu y&kd*&rfukd Run rnfjzpfygonf/

15/ y&k*d &rfwpfy'k u

f dk Run Ny;D aomtcg tajzjyefMunh&f ef Alt+F5 ukw
d EGJ ydS í
f tok;H jyK
&ygonf/

16/ Alt ESihf F ukd wJGESdyfjcif;jzihf File Menu ukd a&mufoGm;apygonf/ 4if; Menu rS
zkid t
f opfa&;jcif; (New) ? zkid zf iG jfh cif;(Open) ? a&;Ny;D aomzkid u
f o
dk rd ;f jcif;(Save)? y½d*k &rfrS
xGufjcif;(Exit) ponfwkdYukd a&G;cs,ftokH;jyKEkdifygonf/

Writing Pascal Program

17/ Pascal y½d*k &rfa&;&mwGif y½d*k &rf Header (y½d*k &rfacgif;pOf) ESihf y½d*k &rf Body
(or) Block (y½dk*&rfa&;om;rItydkif;)[lí t"dutm;jzifh tydkif;ESpfydkif; yg0ifygonf/
y½dk*&rfudk pa&;rnfqdkygu y½dk*&rf\acgif;pOfudk OD;pGma&;&ygrnf/ pa&;aomtcg
 7 Turbo Pascal 7.0
Program qdkonfh pmom;udk pwifaMujima&;om;&ygrnf/ 4if; Program\ aemufrS
a&;om;rnfhtcsuftvuftay:rlwnfNyD;? acgif;pOfpmom; Name udk a½G;cs,fa&;om;
&rnfjzpfygonf/ tylcsdefwdkif;wmrIESifhywfoufípifwD*&dwf'D*&DrS zm&if[dkuf'D*&DodkY
ajymif;vJjcif;y½dk*&rfudk a&;rnfqdkygu acgif;pOfwGif Oyrm-(Program + Name )
Program Conversion [k pwif a Mujima&;om;&ygrnf / Conversion ud k
twdkaumuftaejzihf Convr [k a&;NyD;? 4if;aemufwGif ( ;)oauFwjzifhydwfNyD;
a&;om;&ygrnf/ xdt k cg Program Convr; onf y½d*k &rfacgif;pOfukd a&;om;Ny;D jzpfygrnf/
4if;acgif;pOfrSm ajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&my½dk*&rfudk a&;om;rnf[kaomt"dyÜg,f&ygonf/
18/ y½dk*&rf Body (or) Block tydkif;wGif (Declaration)tydkif;ü toHk;jyKrnfh
Variable name rsm;udak Mujimay;&ygrnf/ *Pef;jzpfygu 'or(Real)?ude;f jynf(h Integer)
ponfjzifh aMujimay;&ygrnf/ tqH;k wGif (;)oauFwudk xnfah y;&ygrnf/ 4if;tcsurf sm;
udk aMujimNy;D aemuf y½d*k &rf (Statement ) azmfjycsurf sm;udk a&;oGi;f &ygrnf/ Statement
tpwGif Begin jzifh y½d*k &rfpwifaMumif;udk a&;oGi;f ay;&ygrnf/ Begin \atmuf&v Sd ikd ;f
rsm;wGif Program Statement rsm;udk ½du k Ef ydS x
f nfo
h iG ;f &ygrnf/ Statement tm;vH;k
a&;Ny;D ygu y½d*k &rftydwf End pmvH;k ud½k u
kd Nf y;D aemufwiG f .()ESihf tqH;k owf&ygrnf/ Pascal
y&k*d &rfudk pa&;rnfqydk gu screen ay:wGif atmufyg Menu rsm;rS tqihq f ihf vkyaf qmif
&ygrnf-
09/ ykH(2)wGifazmfjyxm;onhftwkdif; File Menu &Sd New ukda&G;í Enter ukEd ydS yf g/
(okdYr[kwf) Alt + F udka½G;í N udkESdyfygu y&kd*&rfa&;&ef zkdiftopfay:vmrnf/
File
New
Open F3
Save F2
Save as ...
Save all
Changer dir ...
Print
Printer setup...
DOS shell
Exit Alt + X
ykH(2)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 8

4if;zdkifwGif puf0dkif;wpfck\{&d,mudk½Smaom Pascal Program udk a&;om;ygrnf/

Oyrm -
PROGRAM AREA;
(*AREA OF A CIRCLE*)
VAR A, R, PI: REAL;
BEGIN
PI:=3.14;
WRITE('ENTER THE RADIUS = ');
READ(R);
A:=PI*R*R;
WRITELN('AREA OF CIRCLE = ',A:5:2);
END.

20/ 4if;y½d*k &rfukd RUN Ny;D aemuf tajzjyefMunh&f ef Alt+F5 ukd wJEG ydS yf gu uGeyf sLwm
Screen ay:wGif atmufygtwdkif; awGU&ygrnf-
Enter the Radius = 5
AREA OF CIRCLE = 78.50

21/ Pascal y½dk*&rfudk pa&;aomtcg pm½dkuf&ef (Cursor) trSwftom;ay:vm

aom ae&monf vdik ;f eHygwf(1) (Line No. 1 ) ae&mjzpfygonf/ 4if;vdik ;f eHygwf(1) ae&m
wGif y½d*k &rfacgif;pOfukd a&;oGi;f &ygrnf/ xdak MumifhProgram Area; (Area onf y½d*k &rf
Name jzpfygonf/) acgif;pOf pa&;aom tcg Program pmvHk;onf Reserved Word
uJhodkY oD;oefYowfrSwfxm;aom pmvHk;rsm;udk Capital Letter pmvHk;tBuD;ESifh½dkufNyD;?
4if;aemufrS y½dk*&rftrnfudk Small Letter pmvHk;tao;ESifh ½dkufavh½Sdygonf/ Pascal
Program wGif pmvHk;tBuD;udkaomfvnf;aumif;? pmvHk;tao;udkaomfvnf;aumif;
toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/
22/ vdkif;eHygwf(2)ae&mwGif y½dk*&rf\ &nf½G,fcsuf? taMumif;t&mudk a&;om;&ef
(Ä Area of a Circle Ä) udk a&;oGi;f &ygrnf/pmom;\ a½SUwGif uGi;f pESihf ( Ä trSwt
f om;
xnfhoGif;NyD;? pmom;tqHk;wGif uGif;ydwfESifh Ä ) wdkYudk xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;&ygrnf/
23/ vdkif;eHygwf(3)wGif y½dk*&rfü xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKrnfh Variable rsm;\ trsKd;tpm;
wdkYudk aMujimay;&rnf/ xdkaMumifh VAR A, R, PI: REAL; udk a&;oGi;f &ygrnf/ 4if;wGif
A? R? Pi ponfwdkYrSm A = Area? R = Radius ? Pi = π (or) 22/7 = 3.14 ponfjzifh
 9 Turbo Pascal 7.0
azmfjyjcif;jzpfNyD;? aemufrS Real onf 'or *Pef;trsKd;tpm;jzifh jyrnf[k a&;om;jcif;
jzpfygonf/
24/ vdkif;eHygwf(4)wGif y½dk*&rf pwifa&;rnf[k aMujimonfhtaejzifh BEGIN udk
½du
k x
f nf&h ygrnf/
25/ vdkif;eHygwf(5)rS (9)txdonf Statement y½dk*&rftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk a&;oGif;
xm;aomtydik ;f jzpfygonf/
26/ vdkif;eHygwf(5)onf Pi = 3.14 udkazmfjy&jcif;rSm π(or) 22/7 wefbdk;owfrSwf
ay;xm;aMumif;azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/
27/ vdkif;eHygwf(6)wGif WRITELN("Enter the Radius = "); a&;om;jcif;tm;jzifh
Screen ay:wGif Enter the Radius pmaMumif;udk ay:vGifvmap&ef a&;om;jcif;
jzpfygonf/
28/ vdik ;f eHygwf(7)wGif READ(R); a&;jcif;tm;jzifh Radius wefb;kd rsm;udk Keyboard
rS ½dkufxnfhay;&ef jzpfygonf/
29/ vdkif;eHygwf(8)wGif A:=Pi*R*R; {&d,m½Smaom yHkaoenf;udk a&;om;&ygrnf/
4if;pmaMumif;udk Execute vkyfNyD;onfESifh {&d,m\wefbdk;onf pufxJodkYa&mufNyD;
jzpfygonf/
30/ vdkif;eHygwf(9)wGif {&d,mwefbdk;udk 'or(2)ae&mjzwfNyD;? tajzudkazmfjyonfh
pmaMumif;jzpfygonf/ uGeyf sLwm Screen ay:wGif Area of a Circle = [k ay:vmrnf/
31/ vdkif;eHygwf(10)rSm 4if;y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fNyD;qHk;NyD[k uGefysLwmudktoday;onfh
taejzifh END. [k a&;om;ay;&ygonf/
32/ Pascal y½dk*&rfa&;&mwGif txl;owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrSm y½dk*&rfwpfaMumif;
a&;NyD;wdkif; (Semicolon); oauFwjzifh tqHk;owfay;&NyD;? y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fNyD;qHk;wdkif;
END. udk a&;ay;&ygrnf/

33/ Pascal y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fudk uGefysLwmwGif a&;rnfqdkygu yHk(3)ygtwdkif; jrifawGU

&rnf jzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 10

File Edit Search Run Compile Debug Tools Options Windows Help
Program AREA;
VAR A, P, PI:Real;
Begin
PI:=3.14;
WRITE ('ENTER THE RADIUS=');
READ (R);
A:=PI*R*R;
WRITELN ('AREA OF CIRCLE=',A:5:2);
END.

yHk(3)
Running the Pascal program
34/ Pascal Program wpfyk'fudk a&;om;NyD;ygu rSef^rrSef ppfaq;prf;oyf&ygrnf/
xdo
k pYkd pfaq;prf;oyf&mwGif oufqikd &f m Menu rsm;rSwpfqifh tqifq h ifv
h yk af qmif&ygrnf/
4if;udk y½dk*&rf Run jcif;[k ac:qdyk gonf/ y½d*k &rfwpfy'k af &;Ny;D ygu4if;y½d*k &rfukd OD;pGm
odr;f &ygrnf/ xdo k jYkd yKvyk jf cif;udk File Save vkyjf cif;[kac:ygonf/ vkyaf qmifyrkH mS Menu
Bar ay:&dS File udk oGm;&ygrnf/ (odr Yk [kw)f Keyboard rS (Alt + F) Alt ESifh F wdkYudk
wpfNyKid wf nf; wJEG ydS &f ygrnf/ xdt k cg File Menu atmufwGif Pulldown Menu wpfck
usvmonfudk yHk(4)ygtwdkif;awGUjrif&rnf/
File
New
Open F3
Save F2
Save as ...
Save all
Changer dir ...
Print
Printer setup...
DOS shell
Exit Alt + X
yHk(4)
 11 Turbo Pascal 7.0
35/ File Menu atmuf½Sd Pull down Menu rS teDa&mifjzifh azmfjyxm;aom pmvH;k
wpfvHk;udk Keyboard rS½dkufESdyfí oufqdkif&mvkyfief;udk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ 4if; File
odr;f vdyk gu File Menu atmufrS Save udka½G;NyD;? Enter udEk ydS &f ygrnf/ oufqikd &f m
Menu a½G;&mwGifvnf; Arrow Key rsm;udk toHk;jyKa½G;cs,f&rnf/ teDa&mifpmvHk; S
ukd ½du
k Ef ydS v
f Qiv
f nf; twlwyl ifjzpfygonf/ F2 udEk ydS v
f Qiv
f nf; &ygonf/ xdt k cg Rename
Box wpfcak y:vmNy;D ? Box xJwGif C:\TP\[Link] [kay:aernf/ 4if;ae&mwGif
rdrdodrf;vdkonfhtrnfESifh topfjyif½dkufNyD;? Enter udk ESyd v f u
kd yf gu zdik u
f o
kd rd ;f oGm;rnf/
36/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk Run rnfqykd gu Alt udk yxrOD;pGmESdyfxm;NyD;aemuf R udk ESdyf&
rnf/ xdt
k cg Run Menu atmufwGif Pull down Menu wJGwpfck ay:vmygrnf/ 4if;
Menu rS Run udk a½G;í Enter ukE d ydS &f ygrnf/ (odrYk [kw)f Run Menu wGif R rSm
teDa&mifpmvHk; jzpfaeNyD;? 4if; R wpfvHk;wnf;udk ½dkufESdyfvdkufjcif;jzifhvnf; y½dk*&rfudk
pufrS tvdkvdk Run NyD;om;jzpfayrnf/ Run Menu udk yHk(5)ygtwdkif; awGUjrif&ygrnf/
Run
Run
Step over
Trace into
Go to cursor
Program reset
Parameters

yHk(5)

37/ y½dk*&rfudk C:\TP\BIN\AREA..PAS [kodrf;NyD;aemuf 4if;y½dk*&rfudk Run

vdu
k yf gu uGeyf sLwm Screen ay:wGif atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyygrnf-
Enter the Radius =

38/ nDrQjcif;aemufwGif ½dkufxnfh&ef Cursor ay:aernf/ 4if; Cursor ae&mwGif 5

*Pef;½dkufxnfhNyD;? Enter udkESdyfvdkufaomtcg rlvy½dk*&rfa&;xm;onfh Screen
taetxm;odkY jyefa&mufrnf/ xdktcg Alt + F5 udw k EGJ ydS v
f u
kd af omtcg uGeyf sLwmrS
atmufygtwdkif; tajzxkwfay;ygrnf-
Area of Circle = 78.50
uGefysLwmvufpJG 12

Change of The(.EXE) File

39/ Pascal y½dk*&rfudk Menu xJ½Sd Compile rSwpfqifh Run jcif; r[kwfbJ EXE
zdkiftjzpfodkY ajymif;NyD;? DOS Prompt rS Run vQifvnf; &Edkifygonf/ yxrOD;pGm
y½d*k &rfuakd &;Ny;D ? zdik t
f rnfukd AREA jzifh odr;f vdu
k yf gu [Link] zdik u
f o
kd m &½Syd grnf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh 4if;zdkifudk Source y½dk*&rf[kac:ygonf/ Source y½dk*&rfudk DOS
Prompt rS Run r&yg/ [Link] qdkonfhzdkifjzpfatmif wnfaqmuf&ygrnf/ .PAS
zdkifrS .EXE zdkif odkY ajymif;vJwnfaqmufyHkrSm yHk(6)ygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/
File Edit Search Run Compile Debug Tools Options Windows Help
Program AREA;
VAR A, P, PI:Real;
Begin
PI:=3.14;
WRITE ('ENTER THE RADIUS=');
READ (R);
A:=PI*R*R;
WRITELN ('AREA OF CIRCLE=',A:5:2);
END.

yHk(6)
40/ Pascal y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fa&;NyD;ygu Menu Bar rS Compile Menu uda k &G;cs,&f ef
Alt + C ESyd v
f ukd yf gu Pull Down Menu usvmrnf/ 4if; Menu rsm;xJrS Distination
udk a½G;cs,fyg/ NyD;vQif Enter udEk ydS yf gu 4if; Distination pmvHk;ab;&dS Memory pmvH;k
onf Disk pmvHk;odkY ajymif;oGm;rnf/ 4if;aemuf y½dk*&rfudk Run &ef Menu Bar rS Run
Menu uda k &G;cs,&f ef Alt + R ESyd Nf y;D ? Enter udEk ydS v
f u
kd yf gu y½d*k &rfukd Run Ny;D jzpfygrnf/
aemufwpfenf;rSm Ctrl + F9 wJGESdyfyguvnf; y½dk*&rfudk Run jcif;yif jzpfygonf/
41/ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;NyD;ygu [Link] zdkifwpfzdkifESifh [Link] zdkifwpfzdkif
wdYk jzpfvmrnf/ Pascal y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fudk DOS Prompt rSac:Munfhí&ygonf/
Oyrm-
C:\TP\BIN>Type [Link]
 13 Turbo Pascal 7.0
42/ Keyboard rS Type [Link] ud k ½ d k u f N yD ; ? Enter ( ↵ )ES d y f v d k u f y gu
rlva&;xm;aom y½dk*&rfudkjrifawGU&ygrnf/ EXE zdkifudk xdkuJhodkYac:Munfhír&yg/
xdkYenf;wl [Link] y½dk*&rfudk DOS Prompt rS Run MunfEh ikd yf gonf/
Oyrm-
C:\TP\BIN> [Link]

kd Nf y;D ?Enter (↵ )udk ESyd v

43/ txufygtwdik ;f Key Board rS [Link] [k½u f u
kd yf gu
uGeyf sLwm Screen ay:wGif azmfjyaeygrnf/
Oyrm-
Enter the Radius = _

44/ kd Nf y;D ? Enter (↵)udk ESyd v

4if;nDrQjcif;aemufwiG f *Pef; (5) [k½u f u
kd yf gu uGeyf sLwm
Screen ay:wGif tajzxkwfay;ygrnf/
Oyrm-
Area of Circle = 78.50

Variable
45/ Variable Name qdo k nfrmS Pascal y½d*k &rfwpfy'k w
f iG f xnfo
h iG ;f toH;k jyK xm;aom
udef;½Sifrsm;\trnfrsm;udk ac:jcif;jzpfygonf/ y½dk*&rfrsm;wGif Variable wdkUudk
xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKaomtcg owfrSwfcsufrsm;½Sdygonf/
46/ Variable Name rsm;\ tppmvHk;onf A rS Z (Character)rsm;xJrS wpfvHk; udk
toHk;jyKí a&;&ygrnf/ tppmvHk;onf *Pef;jzifh pa&;ír&yg/
Oyrm -
VAR A1, B1, X1, Y1

47/ trnfowfrSwfay;&mwGifvnf; oifhawmfovdk t"dyÜg,f½Sdatmif ay;&ygrnf/

tylcsdefajymif;jcif;y½dk*&rfwGif pifwD*&dwfudk (Cel)? zm&if[dkufudk (Fah)[kvnf;aumif;
{&d,m½Smaom y½dk*&rfwGif {&d,mudk (a)? a&'D,udk (r) [kvnf;aumif; twdkqHk;ay;í
owfrw S t f oH;k jyK&ygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 14

48/ Character wpfvHk;ESifhwpfvHk;Mum;wGif uGufvyf(Blank) rxm;&yg/ ('a') uJhodkY

rsufawmiftzGifhtydwfESifhra&;&yg/
49/ Character wpfvHk;ESifhwpfvHk;Mum;wGif taygif;? tEkwf? tajr§muf? tpm;
(Operator) vu©Pmrsm; rxnf&h yg/
Oyrm-
A-B
A*B
50/ Pascal y½dk*&rfwGif Special Character rsm;jzpfaom ? ? ! ? & uJhodkYaom
trSwt
f om;rsm;udx
k nfo
h iG ;f toH;k jyKír&yg/
51/ y½d*k &rftwGuf Reserved Word rsm;udv
k nf; Variable Name tjzpf xnfo
h iG ;f
toH;k rjyK&yg/
52/ Reserved Word rsm;jzpfaom Program? Write? Read ponfwdkYudk Var ü
xnfrh oH;k &yg/ þuJo h Ykd Variable Name rsm;aMujimNyD;? 4if;wdkYaemufwGif (Integer)
udef;jynfh? (Real )'orudef;? (Char)trnfemrpmom;rsm;? (Boolean)ponfh var type
wdkYudk xnfha&;ay;&ygrnf/
Oyrm-
Var x, y, z : integer;
c,f : real;

Constant
53/ Constant qkdonfrSm y&kd*&rfrsm;wGif rajymif;vJaom udef;aowefbkd;rsm;ukd
ac:ygonf/ Constant wGif Numeric ESihf String [líESpyf idk ;f xyfrcH jGJ cm;xm;ygonf/
Numeric constant rSm taygif;? tEkwy f gaom ude;f aorsm;yg0ifNy;D (Real)'or*Pef;
ESihf Integer ude;f jynh*f Pef;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ String constant rSm Character
rsm;jzihf pkxm;aom words (okrYd [kw)f 0guspum;pkwu Ydk dk tuk;d tum;jy trSwo
f auFw
(] }) jzihf a&;om;az:jyjcif;ukd ac:qkdygonf/
54/ Numeric constant rsm;rSm atmufygtwdi
k ;f jzpfygonf-
(u) Integer constant ( + , -)/
( c) Real constant ( + , - ) /
 15 Turbo Pascal 7.0
55/ String constant rsm;rSm atmufygtwdi
k ;f jzpfygonf-
(u) 'Number'/
( c) character/

Write? Writeln & Read? Readln

56/ Pascal y&kd*&rfrsm;wGif Write?Writeln ESifh Read?Readln wdkYukd tajctae
tvkduf vkdtyfonfhae&mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;tokH;jyK&ygonf/ Write onf output
command jzpfNyD;? 4if;aemuf uGefysLwm screen ay:wGif azmfjyvkdaomtaMumif;t&m
(Oyrm- Area [lonfh pascal y&k*d &rfwiG f Enter the Radius=) ukd azmfjyapEdik &f eftwGuf
Write [lonfh output command ukd a&SUwGifa&;NyD;? 4if;aemufwGif (' Enter the
Radius=' ) ukd a&;xnfhay;&ygrnf/ (uGif;p) ( ? (uGif;ydwf) ) ? (rsufawmiftzGifh) ]?
(rsufawmiftydwf) } ESifh (semicolon) ; ponfh special character rsm;ukdvnf; tae
txm; rSeuf efpmG a&;om;&ygrnf/
57/ Write ( ' Enter the Radius = ' ); [k rSefuefpGma&;om;NyD;aom y&kd*&rfukd
Run vku
d yf gu uGeyf sLwm screen ay:wGif atmufygtwdkif;awGU&ygrnf-
Enter the Radius = _

58/ txufygpmaMumif;qkH;onfESifh 4if;pmaMumif;aemufwGif *Pef;&kdufxnfhEdkif&eff

cursor ay:aernf/

59/ tu,fí Writeae&mwGif Writeln jzifh Writteln (' Enter the Radius=')
[ka&;cJyh gu uGeyf sLwm screen wGif atmufygtwdkif;awGU&ygrnf-
Enter the Radius=
60/ Writeln command udk oH;k xm;aomaMumifh aemufwpfvi
dk ;f okUd cursor qif;cdik ;f
jcif; jzpfygonf/
61/ tvm;wl Read onf input command jzpfNyD;? 4if;aemufwGif Keyboard rS
Variable wefbkd;ukd &kdufxnfhay;&ef tokH;jyKjcif;jzpfygonf/

62/ Read (R); R onf Radius \twka d umufjzpfygonf? 4if;twkid ;f Run vku
d yf gu
cursor ae&mwGif Radius wefbkd;ukd Keyboard rS &kdufxnfhay;&ygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 16

63/ Readln rSmvnf; aemufwpfvkdif;okdYqif;apaom input command jzpfyg onf/

tcsKyfqkd&vQif Write command onf screen wGif ay:vkdaompmom;twGuf okH;jcif;
jzpfNyD;? Read command onf Keyboard rS&u dk x
f nf&h eftwGuf tok;H jyKjcif; jzpfygonf?
Ln rSm Line twkdaumufokH;jcif;jzpfNyD;? aemufwpfaMumif;okdY Cursor qif;&ef trdefY
ay;aom Command tjzpf xnhfoGif;tokH;jyK&jcif;jzpfygonf/

Reserved Words for Pascal Program

64/ Pascal y½dk*&rfwGif oD;oefYpum;vkH;rsm;(Reserved Words ) rsm; yg0ifygonf/
4if;pum;vk;H rsm;ukd &ku
d v
f u
dk yf gu uGeyf sLwm Screen ay:wGif pmvk;H rsm;onf tjzLa&mifoYdk
ajymif;oGm;ygonf/ y&k*d &rfa&;aomtcg Reserved Words rsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh pmvk;H
tBuD;(Capital Letter)jzifh a&;om;&ygonf/

RESERVED WORDS
ABSOLUTE GOTO REPEAT
AND IF SET
ARRAY IMPLEMENTION SHL
BEGIN IN SHR
CASE INLINE STRING
CONST INTERFACE THEN
CONSTRUCTOR INTERRUPT TO
DESTRUCTOR LABLE TYPE
DIV MOD UNIT
DO NIL UNTIL
DOWNTO NOT USES
ELSE OBJECT VAR
END OF VIRTUAL
EXTERNAL OR WHILE
FILE PACKED WHITE
FOR PROCEDURE XOR
FORWARD PROGRAM
FUNCTION RECORD
 17 Turbo Pascal 7.0
ARITHMETIC OPERATOR
65/ Pascal y&kd*&rfwGifxnfhoGif;tokH;jyKaom Arithmetic Operator oauFw
rsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf-
Arithmetic Meaning Example
Operator
+ taygif; (addition) a+b
- tEkwf (subtraction) x-y
* tajr§muf (multiplication) a*b
/ tpm; (division) a/b
DIV udef;jynhftpm; (integer division) x DIV y
MOD pm;<uif;udef;jynfh (integer modulus) x mod y
EXP yg0gwifjcif; (Exponentional) EXP (b*LN (a))

Example (1)
66/ ocFsmqkdif&moauFw(Arithmetic Operator)rsm;ukd toH;k jyKí Pascal y&kd*&rf
rsm;jzifh wGufcsuf&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;a&;om;tokH;jyKEkdifygonf-
PROGRAM ARITHMETIC_OP;
VAR X, Y: INTEGER;
BEGIN
X: = 10:Y: = 5;
WRITELN (' X + Y = ' , X + Y );
WRITELN (' X - Y = ' , X - Y );
WRITELN (' X * Y = ' , X * Y );
WRITELN (' X / Y = ' , X / Y );
WRITELN (' X DIV Y = ' , X DIV Y );
WRITELN (' X MOD Y = ' , X MOD Y );
WRITELN (' X TO THE POWER OF Y = ' , EXP (Y * LN (X)));
END.

67/ txufygy&kd*&rfudk ARITHMETIC_OP; trnfay;xm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rf\

vkyfaqmifyHktqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 18

(u) X= 10 , Y= 5 ; [k yHkaowefbkd;ay;xm;ygonf/
( c) WRITELN (' X + Y = ' , X + Y ); [ka&;xm;NyD;? (10+5=15) [k
tajzwGufcsufay;ap&ef a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
( *) WRITELN (' X - Y = ' , X - Y );[k a&;xm;NyD;? (10-5= 5) [k
tajzxkwfay;ap&ef a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
(C) WRITELN (' X * Y = ' , X * Y ); [ka&;om;jcif;jzifh (10*5= 50) [k
tajzxkwfay;ygrnf/
( i) WRITELN (' X / Y = ' , X / Y ); [k a&;om;jcif;jzifh 10/ 5 =
2.0000000000 E+00 [k tajzxkwfay;ygrnf/ tajzudk 'or twd
tusEiS hf azmfjyygrnf/
( p) WRITELN (' X DIV Y = ' , X DIV Y ); [k udef;jynhfrsm;pm;jcif;udk
ajz&Si;f &mwGif 10 DIV 5=2 [k tajzxkwaf y;ygrnf/ tajzudk ude;f jynfh
ESiahf zmfjyygrnf/
(q) WRITELN (' X MOD Y = ' , X MOD Y ); udk ajz&Sif;aomtcg
ude;f jynht f csi;f csi;f pm;Ny;D aemuf t<uif;udk jyygrnf/ xkad Mumifh10 MOD
5 = 0 [k tajzazmfjyygrnf/
( Z) WRITELN (' X TO THE POWER OF Y = ' , EXP (Y * LN (X)));
ukd &Sif;vQif EXP (Y * LN (X) wefb;dk ukd &Sm,ljcif;jzifh tajzudk X TO
THE POWER OF Y = 1.0000000000E+05 [kazmfjyygrnf/

Example (2)
75/ *Pef;okH;vkH; a+b+c wkdYukd y&kd*&rfjzifh aygif;jcif;? ysrf;rQ&Smjcif;wkdYukd wGufcsuf
azmfjyaom y&kd*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM THREENUM;
VAR A, B, C: REAL;
BEGIN
WRITE (' ENTER THREE NUMBER = ' );
READLN (A, B, C);
WRITE (' ANSWER A + B = ' , A+B: C:2);
WRITELN (' AVERAGE A, B= ' ( A+ B)/2: 6:2);
 19 Turbo Pascal 7.0
WRITELN (' ANSWER B + C '= : 6:2);
WRITELN (' AVERAGE B, C = ', (B+C)/2: 6:2);
WRITELN (' ANSWER C + A =' ,C+A :6:2);
WRITELN (' AVERAGE C, A =' ,(C+A)/2:6:2);
END.
76/ txufygy&k*d &rfudk Threenum ; [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ y½d*k &rf\ vkyaf qmifykH
tqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) VAR A, B, C wkdYudk REAL tjzpf oufrSwfay;xm;ygonf/
( c) ENTER THREE NUMBER = pmwef;ay:ap&ef WRITE (' ENTER
THREE NUMBER = ' ); [k a&;om;ygonf/
( *) A, B, C 'or*Pef;okH;vkH;udk &kdufxnfhay;Ekdif&ef READ ( A, B, C):
[k a&;om;&ygrnf/
(C) WRITELN ('ANSWER A+B = ', A+ B: 6:2); rSm *Pef;ok;H vk;H teuf
A ESifh B ukd aygif;NyD;? tajzxkwfay;&ef jzpfygonf/ *Pef; 6 vkH;pm
,lckdif;NyD;? 'or2 ae&mjzwf&ef 6:2 [ka&;om;xm;ygonf/
( i) WRITELN ('AVERAGE A, B = ', (A+ B)/2: 6:2); A ESifh B ukd
aygif;NyD;? 2 ESifhpm;vQif ysrf;rQ*Pef;ukd &ygrnf/
( p) WRITELN ('ANSWER B+C = ' , A+ B: 6:2); rSm *Pef; B ESifh C
ukd aygif;NyD;? tajzxkwfckdif;jcif;jzpfygonf/
(q) WRITELN ('AVERAGE B, C = ', (B+C)/2: 6:2); rSm*Pef; B ESifh
C ukd aygif;NyD;? tajzxkwfjcif; jzpfygonf/
( Z) WRITELN ('ANSWER C+A = ', B+C: 6:2); rSm*Pef; C ESifh A ukd
aygif;NyD;? tajzxkwfjcif;jzpfygonf/
( ps) WRITELN ('AVERAGE C+A = ', (C+A)/2: 6:2); rSm*Pef; C ESifh
A ukdaygif;NyD;? 2 ESifhpm;vQif ysrf;rQ*Pef;ukd &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/

77/ 4if;y&kd*&rfukd Run vkdufvQif ENTER THREE NUMBER= [kay:vmygrnf/

4if;nDrQjcif;aemufwGif A, B, C *Pef;okH;vkH;wefbkd;ukd 2, 4, 5 [k ½dkufxnfhoGif;ay;NyD;
aemuf Alt+F5 ESdyfvkdufygu atmufygtwdkif; tajzxkwfay;ygrnf-
ANSWER A+B = 6.00
AVERAGE A, B= 3.00
uGefysLwmvufpJG 20
ANSWER B+C= 9.00
AVERAGE B,C= 4.50
ANSWER C+A= 7.00
AVERAGE C,A= 3.50

78/ txufyg wGufcsufrIudk Munfh½Iygu yxrtajzukd A=2 ESifh B=4 ukdaygif;NyD;?

tajz 6.00 azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ 'kwd,tajzukd (2+4)/2 ajz&Sif;NyD;? tajz 3.00
azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ wwd,tajzukd B=4 ESifh C=5 ukdaygif;NyD;tajz 9.00 azmfjyjcif;
jzpfygonf/ pwkw¦ tajzukd (4+5)/2 &Sif;NyD;aomtajz 4.50 azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/
yOörtajzukd C=5 ESifh A=2 ukad ygif;Ny;D aomtajz 7.00 azmfjyygonf/ aemufq;Hk tajzukd
(5+2)/2 ukd&Sif;NyD;onfhtajz 3.50 [k azmfjyay;jcif;jzpfygonf/

Example (3)
79/ udef;jynfh*Pef;ESpfvHk;udk ½dkufxnfhapNyD; 4if;*Pef;ESpfvHk;udk aygif;í &&dSaom
tajzudk azmfxwk af y;aom y½d*k &rfjzpfygonf/ 4if;y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;
Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM SUM1;
(*THIS PROGRAM ADDS ANY TWO NUMBER*)
USES CRT;
VAR A,B,C:INTEGER;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITE('ENTER TWO NUMBER = ');
READLN(A);
READLN(B);
C:=A+B;
WRITELN('THE SUM IS = ',C);
END.

80/ txufygy&kd*&rfukd SUM1; [k trnfay;xm;ygonf/ y½d*k &rf\ vkyaf qmifykH

tqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) VARIABLE tjzpf rodudef; A, B, C wdkYudk INTEGER owfrSwf
ay;xm;ygonf/
 21 Turbo Pascal 7.0
( c) WRITE('ENTER TWO NUMBER = '); onf ENTER TWO
NUMBER = [k ay:ap&ef a&;om;&ygonf/
( *) rodudef; A, B wefbdk;wdkYudk ½dkufxnfhay;&eftwGuf READLN(A);
READLN(B); [k a&;ay;&ygonf/
(C) rodudef;ESpfvHk; A, B wdkYudkaygif;v'fwefbdk;udk C tjzpf owfrSwfEdkif&ef
C:=A+B; [ka&;&ygrnf/
( i) tajzazmfjy&eftwGuf WRITELN('THE SUM IS = ', C); [k
a&;&ygrnf/
81/ txufygy½dk*&rfudk Run ygu ENTER TWO NUMBER = [k ay:vmygrnf/
A wefb;kd ESihf B wefb;kd wdu
Yk kd ½du
k x
f nfah y;Ny;D ?Alt + F5 ESyd yf gu atmufygtwdik ;f tajzudk
azmfjyay;ygrnf-
ENTER TWO NUMBER = 5
ENTER TWO NUMBER = 10
THE SUM IS = 15

Example (4)
82/ udef;ESpfvHk;wdkY aygif;jcif;? Ekwfjcif;wdkYudk ½dk;½dk;½Sif;½Sif;a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
rodudef; owfrSwfjcif;r&dSbJ aygif;vdkEkwfvdkaom udef;wdkYudk Program xJwGif yHkao
xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;ygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM SUB_SUM;
BEGIN
WRITE('THE ANSWER IS = ');
WRITELN(9-5);
WRITE('THE ANSWER IS = ');
WRITELN(5+4);
END.
83/ txufygy&k*d &rfudk SUB_SUM; [k trnfay;xm;ygonf/ y½d*k &rftwGi;f wGif
yHkaowefbdk;tjzpf 9-5 ESifh 5+4 wdkYudk xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;ojzifh tajzudk atmufyg
twdkif; awGU&ygrnf-
THE ANSWER IS = 4
THE ANSWER IS = 9
uGefysLwmvufpJG 22

avhusifhcef;(1)
84/ rlaoowfrSwfxm;aom *Pef;wefbdk;rsm;udk y½dk*&rfjzifh wGufcsufapNyD;aemuf
&&dv
S monft h ajzudk azmfjyaprnfyh ½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;avhvmEdik yf gonf-
PROGRAM ADDITION;
USES CRT;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITELN('ADDITION');
WRITELN('--------');
WRITE(‘FIRST ANSWER IS =’);
WRITELN(5+7);
WRITE(‘SECOND ANSWER IS =’);
WRITELN(15+25+50);
WRITE(‘THIRD ANSWER IS =’);
WRITELN(100+150+200+250);
END.

avhusifhcef;(2)
85/ twdik ;f twmjzpfonfh ay rS vufr odYk ajymif;vJonfh wefb;kd rsm;udk y½d*k &rfjzifh
wGufcsufapNyD;aemuf &&dSvmonfhtajzudk azmfjyaprnfhy½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif;
a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
PROGRAM CONVERSION;
USES CRT;
VAR F,INCH:INTEGER;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITE(‘ENTER FEET =’);
READLN(F);
INCH :=F*12;
WRITELN(‘THE ANSWER IS = ‘, INCH, ‘ INCHES’);
END.
 23 Turbo Pascal 7.0
avhusifhcef;(3)
86/ tylcsdeftwdkif;twmjzpfonfh pifwD*&dwf rS zm&if[dkuf odkY ajymif;vJonfh
wefb;kd rsm;udk y½d*k &rfjzifh wGucf suNf y;D aemuf &&dv
S monft
h ajzudk azmfjyaprnfyh ½d*k &rfukd
atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
PROGRAM CONVERSION_1;
VAR CEL,FAH:REAL;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER DEGREE IN CELSIUS=’);
READ(CEL);
FAH:=1.8*CEL+32;
WRITELN(‘EQUIVALENT DEGREE IN
FAHRENHEIT=’,FAH:5:2);
END.

avhusifhcef;(4)
87/ tylcsdeftwdkif;twmjzpfonfh zm&if[dkuf rS pifwD*&dwf odkY ajymif;vJonfh
wefb;kd rsm;udk y½d*k &rfjzifh wGucf suNf y;D aemuf &&dv
S monft
h ajzudk azmfjyaprnfyh ½d*k &rfukd
atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
PROGRAM CONVERSION_2;
VAR FAH,CEL:REAL;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER FAHRENHEIT DEGREE=’);
READLN(FAH);
CEL:=5/9*(FAH-32);
WRITELN(‘EQUIVALENT DEGREE IN CELSIUS=’,CEL:5:2);
END.
uGefysLwmvufpJG 24

avhusifhcef;(5)
88/ zef&Sifrsm;udk toHk;jyKí wefbdk;rsm;udk wGufcsufNyD;aemuf &&dSvmonfhtajzudk
azmfjyaprnfhy½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
PROGRAM FUNC;
USES CRT;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITELN (‘ABS(-2.25) = ‘,ABS(-2.5));
WRITELN (‘CHR(5) = ‘,CHR(5));
WRITELN (‘COS(60) = ‘,COS(60*3.1415/180));
WRITELN (‘ODD(-5) = ‘,ODD(-5));
WRITELN (‘ORD(“A”) = ‘,ORD(‘A’));
WRITELN (‘PRED(“B”) = ‘,PRED(‘B’));
WRITELN (‘ROUND(2.49) = ‘,ROUND(2.49));
WRITELN (‘ROUND(2.51) = ‘,ROUND(2.51));
WRITELN (‘SUCC(2) = ‘,SUCC(2));
WRITELN (‘TRUNC(2.99) = ‘,TRUNC(2.99));
END.
 25 Turbo Pascal 7.0

Chapter (2)
DECISION MAKING STATEMENTS

IF Statement
1/ IF Statement qdo k nfrmS Pascal y½dk*&rfwGif ( Condition ) taMumif;t&m
rsm;? ( True / False ) rSef ^ rSm; onfrsm;udk ppfxkwf&mwGif toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ IF udk
toHk;jyKonfhtcg 4if;aemufrS Condition udk ppfxkwfNyD; Then qdkonfh Reserved
word pum;vHk;udk a&;&ygrnf/ Condition rSefvQif Then aemufrS Statement udk
tvkyv f yk yf grnf/ 4if;tvkyNf y;D qH;k ygu ( Next Line ) aemufwpfvikd ;f odYk oGm;ygrnf/
tu,fí IF aemufrS Condition rSm;cJhvQif Then aemufrS Statement udk tvkyfrvkyfyJ
aemufwpfvikd ;f odYk oGm;ygrnf/ IF Statement \a&;xHk;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
IF condition THEN statement [ ELSE statement ];

2/ txufygenf;rSm Condition wpfcjk cif;udk ppfxw

k &f mwGif toH;k jyKjcif;jzpfonf/
Condition wpfckxufru toHk;jyKvdkygu atmufygtwdkif; toHk;jyKEdkifygonf-

IF condition THEN begin

statement ;
End;
ELSE begin
statement;
End.

IF THEN ELSE Statement

3/ IF THEN ELSE Statement toH;k jyKyr
kH mS y½d*k &rfwiG f taMumif;t&mESpcf t
k euf
wpfcrk [kwf aemufwpfcu k kd az:jyapvdv k Qif toH;k jyKygonf/ y½d*k &rfrS ppfxw
k vf u
kd af om
Condition rSeo
f nfqv kd Qif " Pass" [kazmfjyyg/ rSm;onfqykd gu " Fail " [k azmfjyapvdyk gu
ELSE udk toH;k jyKygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 26

Example (1)
4/ IF THEN ELSE yg0ifonfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM EXAM;
VAR SUB1, SUB2, SUB3 : INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITE ('ENTER A MARKS' );
READLN ( SUB1, SUB2, SUB3) ;
IF ( SUB1 < 50) OR ( SUB2 < 50) OR ( SUB3 < 50 )
THEN WRITELN ( 'FAIL' )
ELSE WRITELN ('PASS' );
END.
5/ txufygy½d*k &rfwiG f SUB1, SUB2, SUB3 yg0ifaom trSwpf m&if; jzifh pmar;yJG
atmif^½IHk; udk wGufcsufonfh y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fjzpfygonf/ y½dk*&rftrnfudk EXAM [k
trnfay;xm;ygonf/ toHk;jyKrnfhbmom&yfoHk;ckudk SUB1, SUB2, SUB3 [ktrnf
ay;NyD;? Declaration tydkif;wGif xnfhoGif;aMujimxm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rf ppcsif; SUB1,
SUB2, SUB3 \ trSwr f sm;udk wpfcck si;f ½du
k x
f nfEh ikd &f ef a&;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/WRITE
aemufrS uGif;zGifh? uGif;ydwfxJwGif a&;xm;aompmom;rSm y½dk*&rfudk Run vdu k yf gu
uGefysLwm Screen ay:wGif jrifawGY&ygrnf/ READLN aemufrS pmom;onf
bmom&yftrSwrf sm;udk Keyboard rS ½du k x f nfah y;&rSmjzpfygonf/ SUB1 onf 50 xuf
i,fvQif (odkYr[kwf) SUB2 onf 50 xufi,fvQif (odkYr[kwf) SUB3 onf 50 xuf
i,fvQif THEN aemufrS FAIL qdo k nfph mom;udk azmfjyay;rnf jzpfygonf/ bmom&yf
wpfcpk oD nf 50 xufi,faeygu FAIL udo k m azmfjyay;ygrnf/ tu,fí bmom&yfwikd ;f
onf 50 xufBuD; (odkYr[kwf) 50 ESifhnDaeygu ELSE aemufrS pmom; jzpfonfh PASS
udk azmfjyygrnf/ 4if; y½d*k &rfrmS IF THEN ELSE Statement udk toH;k jyKNy;D ? ausmif;om;
trSwfpm&if;rS atmif? ½HI; udk cJGjcm;ay;Edkifygonf/
Using The Logical Operators
6/ Logical Operators/ atmufygtwdkif; azmfjytyfygonf-
(u) (AND) wpfcEk iS w
hf pfc/k
( c) (OR) wpfcrk [kwf wpfc/k
( *) (NOT) wpfcrk rS [kw/f
 27 Turbo Pascal 7.0
7/ AND Logical operator udkoHk;NyD; Program statement rsm;udk ppf&mwGif
Condition rsm; tm;vHk;rSefuef&rnf/ odkYrSom aemufrS&Sdaomtvkyfudk rSefuef pGmvkyf
ay;ygrnf/ tu,fí Condition rsm;rudkufnDvQif aemufrStvkyfudk vkyfawmhrnf
r[kwyf g/
8/ IF ( SUB1 >= 50) AND ( SUB2 >= 50) AND ( SUB3 > = 50 ) THEN
WRITELN ('PASS" ); sentence wGif SUB1 onf trSwf 50 ESifh nDvQifnD
rnDvQifBuD;ygu (PASS) atmifonf[k jycdkif;xm;ygonf/ xdkYtwl SUB2, SUB3
wdkYonfvnf; 50 ESifh nD (odkYr[kwf) BuD;ygu[koHk;bmomvHk;ppfxkwfNyD; tv,fwGif
AND ESifh qufoG,fxm;aomaMumifh THEN aemufrS ( PASS ) atmifonfqdkaom
pmom;jy&ef Condition oH;k ckv;kH udu k n f rD &I &dS ygrnf/ ESpb
f momudu
k nf ND y;D usew
f pfbm
om rudu k f nDcyhJ gu aemufrt S vkyu
f kd qufrvkyaf wmhyg/ xdaYk Mumifh ( AND ) ESiphf pfvQif
oH;k ckv;kH udu k n
f rD &I &dS ygrnf/ txufyg sentence &Sd Condition awGudk ajyvnf&efrSm
oH;k bmomvH;k 50 ESihf txuf&&dS ygrnf/
9/ Logical operator OR udkoHk;NyD;? Program statement &Sd Condition rsm;udk
ppfxkwf&mwGif Condition tm;vHk;ajyvnfp&mrvdkbJ wpfckckESifhajyvnfygu tvkyf
vkyyf gonf/ ESpcf pk vH;k ESihf ajyvnfyguvnf; tvkyv
f yk yf gonf/ IF ( SUB1 < 50) OR
( SUB2 < 50) OR ( SUB3 < 60 ) THEN WRITELN ('FAIL' ); wGif SUB1,
SUB2 onf 50 xufi,fNyD;? SUB3 onf 60 xufi,fonfqdkaom Condition wGif
tenf;qHk;wpfckrSefvQif THEN aemufrS Statement udk aqmif½Gufay;ygrnf/
10/ Logical operator (NOT) rSm rSefaom Condition udk ajymif;jyef,lí r[kwfcJh
vQif then aemufrS pmom;udk tvkyfqufvkyfcdkif;jcif;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm - IF
NOT(SUB<50) THEN WRITELN ( 'PASS' ); wGif SUB onf 50 xuf i,fonfrmS
r[kwcf vhJ Qif qdo
k nfh oabmoufa&mufNy;D ?THEN aemufrS tvkyu
f kd qufvyk af y;ygrnf/
xdkYaMumifh 50 xufi,fvQif ( FAIL ) jy&rnfhtpm; NOT udk toHk;jyKxm;aomaMumifh
50 xufi,fonfrSm rrSefawmhbJ ( PASS ) udk azmfjyay;ygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 28

Relational Operators
11/ IF Statement ESifh ppfxkwfaom y½dk*&rfrsm;wGif atmufazmfjyyg Relational
Operator oauFwrsm;udkyg od&Sdxm;&rnf jzpfygonf-
Relational Operators Meaning
< ( Less than ) i,faom
= ( Equal to ) nDaom
< = ( Less than or Equal ) i,fonf(odkYr[kwf)nDonf/
> ( Grater than ) BuD;aom
> = ( Greater than or Equal ) BuD;onf (odkYr[kwf) nDonf/
< > ( Not Equal to ) rnDaom
12/ txufyg Relational Operator rsm;udk IF ESifhppfxkwfaomy½dk*&rfrsm;wGif
tvsO;f oifo
h vdx
k nfoh iG ;f toH;k jyKygonf/ 4if;tjyifatmufaz:jyyg Logical Operator
rsm; udkvnf; oifhawmfovdk olYae&mESifhol wJGzufí toHk;jyKMuygonf/
13/ Relational Operators rsm;wGif ( < ) i,fonfqdkonfh oauFwrSm rdrd
owfrwS xf m;aom owfrw S cf suw
f pfco
k nf 2 xufi,fonfukd qdv
k ckd sio
f nft
h cg num
< 2 [ka&;om;az:jy&ygrnf/ ( = ) nDonfqdkaom oauFwrSm rdrdowfrSwfxm;aom
owfrSwfcsufwpfckonf 2 ESihf nDonfqykd gu num = 2 [ka&;om; azmfjy&ygrnf/ <=
oauFwrSm num onf 2 tygt0if 2 xufi,faom *Pef;rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ num
<= 2 [ka&;om;ygrnf/ ( > ) Bu;D onfqa kd om oauFwrSm num onf 2 xuf Bu;D &rnf/
num > 2 [k a&;om;&ygonf/ ( > = ) oauFwrSm num onf 2 tygt0if 2 xufBu;D aom
*Pef;rsm;udk qdvk ykd gonf/ num > = 2 [ka&;om;ygonf/ ( < > ) oauFwrSm num
onf 2 ESirhf nDyg/ num onf 2 r[kwyf g/ num < > 2 [ka&;om; &ygonf/
14/ txufygtcsurf sm;ESihf udu k ñf NdS y;D twef;wpfwef;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ atmif^
½HI; ( Pass / Fail ) ? *kPx
f ;l ( Distinction )( Credit) ponfwu kd kd ppfxw
k Nf y;D ? ausmif;om;
rsm;\ rSwfwrf;rsm; ( Record ) rsm;udk y½dk*&rfwpfyk'ftjzpf a&;om;Edkifygonf/ If
Statement ESifh y½dk*&rfa&;om;aomtcg Relational Operator rsm;ESifh Condition
rsm;udk ppfxkwfNyD; &&Sdaomtajctaeudk Then aemufwGif Statement wpfcktjzpf
(Writeln) Output command jzifh tajctaeudk ½dkufxkwfazmfjyygonf/
 29 Turbo Pascal 7.0
Example (2)
15/ Condition wpfcx k ufyakd om taMumif;t&mrsm;udk ppfxwk &f mwGif Relational
Operators rsm;tjyif Logical Operators rsm;jzpfaom And? Or ? Not ponfh xnfo h iG ;f
toH;k jyK&ygonf/ Students Record y½d*k &rfwpfcu
k kd atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM STUDENT_MARK;
USES CRT;
VAR SUB1,SUB2,SUB3 :INTEGER;
C,D,P,F :INTEGER;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITELN(‘ENTER A MARK =’);
READLN(SUB1,SUB2,SUB3);
IF(SUB1<50)AND(SUB2<50)AND(SUB3<50) THEN
BEGIN
F:=F+1;
END;
IF(SUB1>=50)AND(SUB2>=50)AND(SUB3>=50) THEN
BEGIN
P:=P+1;
END;
IF(SUB1>65) AND (SUB2>65) AND (SUB3>65) THEN
BEGIN
C:=C+1;
END;
IF(SUB1>80)AND(SUB2>80)AND(SUB3>80) THEN
BEGIN
D:=D+1;
END;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 30

CLRSCR;
WRITELN(‘FAIL =’,F);
WRITELN(‘PASS =’,P);
WRITELN(‘CREDIT =’,C);
WRITELN(‘DISTINCTION =’,D);
END.

16/ txufygy½kd*&rfudk STUDENTS_MARK [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf-

(u) yxrvdkif;wGif PROGRAM [kaMunmNyD;? 4if;aemufwGif y½dk*&rf
trnfukd a&;&ygrnf/ a&;rnft h aMumif;t&mESihf oifah vsmaf om trnfukd
ay;&ygrnf/
( c) 'kwd,vdkif;wGifa&;aom USES CRT; rSmuGeyf sLwmwGif Cathode Ray
Tube udk toHk;jyKygrnf[k aMunmay;&jcif; jzpfygonf/
( *) wwd,vdik ;f VAR rSm rdrpd pfxw k , f rl nfh bmom&yf oH;k ckukd aMunmay;Ny;D ?
4if;bmom&yfrsm;\trSwfudk udef;jynfhjzifhom azmfjyyg[kaemufwGif
INTEGER; pmvH;k udk xnfo h iG ;f toH;k jyKay;&jcif; jzpfygonf/ 4if;y½d*k &rf
wGif toH;k jyKrnfh atmifonf? usonf?CREDITjzpfonf? *kPx f ;l &onf
wdkYudk twdkaumuf P, F, C, D jzifhaMunmay;&NyD; ?4if;wdkYudkvnf;
INTEGER; rsm;jzpfonfudk a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
(C) 4if;aemuf y½dk*&rf (Body) statement tydkif;pa&;aomtcg BEGIN
rSm y½dk*&rfpa&;rnf[k aMunmay;&ygonf/ aemufwpfaMumif;wGif
CLRSCR rSm y½dk*&rfudk Run aomtcg uGey f sLwm Screen ay:wGif
rqdkifaom pmom;rsm; ray:ap&ef a&;om;&jcif; jzpfygonf/
( i) WRITELN rSm Output command jzpfNy;D ? Screen ay:wGif ay:csiaf om
pmom;udk aemufwGif (' ' ) ESifhxnfha&;ay;&jcif; jzpfygonf/ LN rSm
Line jzpfNy;D ? aemufwpfvikd ;f odYk qif;cdik ;f apaom Command jzpf ygonf/
y½dk*&rfwGif ENTER A MARK udkay:apjcif; jzpfygonf/ READLN
rSm Input command jzpfNyD;? Keyboard rS ½dkufxnfhay;&ef a&;om;
xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ Keyboard rS SUB1, SUB2, SUB3 wefb;kd rsm;udk
½dkufxnfhay;&ef a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
 31 Turbo Pascal 7.0

( p) IF ESifhppfxkwfaomtydkif;rSm ( IF ( SUB1 >= 50 ) AND ( SUB2 >=

50) AND ( SUB3>=50) SUB1 onf 50 MARKS ESifhnDonf
(odkYr[kwf) BuD;rnfqdkygu aemufwpfvdkif;wGif BEGIN P : = P + 1;
END jzifh Pass [k uGefysLwmrS azmfjyay;ygrnf/ xdkenf;wl SUB2,
SUB3 udv k nf; ppfomG ;ygrnf/
(q) wpfzefbmom&yfwpfckpDonf 50 MARKS xuf i,faevQif tus
(FAIL) tjzpfowfrSwfay;&ef ppfxkwfay;aom yHkaoenf;rSm IF (
SUB1<50) AND (SUB2 < 50 ) AND ( SUB3 < 50 ) THEN
wpfbmomcsi;f 50 MARK xufi,fvQif = ( BEGIN F : = F + 1;
END; ) FAIL = 1 [kazmfjyay;ygrnf/ SUB1, SUB2, SUB3 wpfckpDudk
ppfxkwfay;ygrnf/ F = FAIL jzpfygonf/
( Z) wpf z ef CREDIT jzpf & rjzpf ppf x k w f a y;aom yH k a oenf ; rS m
IF(SUB1>=65) AND ( SUB2>=65) AND ( SUB3>=65) THEN
wpfbmomcsi;f 65 MARKS ESifh nDonf (odkYr[kwf) BuD;rnf qdkvQif
CREDIT = 1 [kazmfjyygrnf/ CREDIT = 1 [kjy&ef ( BEGIN C : =
C + 1; END; ) [ka&;&ygonf/ C = CREDIT jzpfygonf/
( ps) DISTINCTION &^r&ppfxw k jf cif;rSm IF ( SUB1 > 80 ) AND ( SUB2
> 80 ) AND ( SUB3 > 80 ) THEN jzpfNyD; SUB1 rSm 80 MARKS
xufBuD;vQif DISTINCTION = 1 [kazmfjyay;ygonf/ SUB2, SUB3
wdkYudkvnf; ppfaq;ygrnf/ ppfNyD;ygu ( BEGIN D : D + 1; END; )
t& CREDIR = 1 [kazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/
(n) WRITELN ( ' PASS = ' , P ); a&;&jcif;rSm WRITELN onf Output
tjzpf uGif;xJrSpmom; PASS = udk azmfjycdkif;jcif; jzpfygonf/
ay:apcsifaom pmom;udkvnf; ( ' ' ) rsufawmiftzGifh? tydwfjzifh
xnfha&; ay;&ygonf/ WRITELN rS Ln xnfhay;jcif;jzifh PASS = 1
[k azmfjyNyD; aemufwpfvdkif;odkY qufqif;apjcif;jzpfygonf/ ( ' PASS
= ' , P ); [ka&;jcif;rSm p udk pass [ku, kd pf m;jyKa&;om;jcif;jzpfNy;D ? Output
wGif PASS = [k ay:vGifap&ef a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 32

17/ xdkYenf;wl Output tjzpfazmfjy&ef atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-

WRITELN ( ' FAIL = ' , F ); FAIL = 1
WRITELN (' CREDIT = ' , C ); CREDIT = 1
WRITELN ( ' DISTINCTION = ' , D ); DISTINCTION = 1

18/ aemufqHk;taejzifh y½dk*&rfjyD;qHk;aomtcgy½dk*&rftp BEGIN \ atmuf

wnfhwnfhwGif END. ESifh y½dk*&rfudk tqHk;owfydwfay;&ygonf/
19/ txufyg y½dk*&rfudk STUDENTS_MARK zdkiftrnfjzifh odrf;NyD;? pufxJwGif
Run Munfhygu uGefysLwmay:wGif atmufygtwdkif; awGU&ygrnf-
ENTER A MARK =
45
50
60

20/ txufyg*Pef;oH;k ckukd tpOftwdik ;f ½du

k x
f nfí
h Alt+F5 ESyd Mf unfyh gu uGeyf sLwm
ay:wGif tajzudk atmufygtwdkif; awGU&ygrnf-
PASS = 0
FAIL = 0
CREDIT = 0
DISTINCTION = 0
Example (3)
21/ y½d*k &rfukd IF_NUM1 [k trnfay;xm;ygonf/ ½du k x
f nfah y;aom NUMBERS
rsm;udk IF statement jzifh ppfxkwfNyD; NUMBER onf (POSITIVE) taygif;udef;
vm;? (NEGATIVE) tEkwfudef;vm;? (EQUAL ZERO) okHnESifhnDvm;? ponfjzifh
azmfjyay;aom y½dk*&rf jzpfygonf/ VARIABLE tjzpf NUMBERS rsm;udk REAL
owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM IF_NUM1;
VAR NUM : REAL;
BEGIN
WRITE (‘ENTER A NUMBER =’);
READ (NUM);
 33 Turbo Pascal 7.0
IF NUM>0 THEN WRITELN (‘POSITIVE’);
IF NUM<0 THEN WRITELN (‘NEGATIVE’);
IF NUM=0 THEN WRITELN (‘EQUAL ZERO’);
END.

22/ yxrOD;pGm KeyboardrS ½dkufxnfhEdkif&eftwGuf Message ay:vmap&ef

atmufygtwdkif; a&;&ygrnf-
WRITE (' ENTER A NUMBER = ' );
READ ( NUM );

23/ xdkYaemuf NUMBERS rsm;udk IF statement ESifh ppfxkwf&mwGif NUMBER

onf oHkn (0) xufBu;D ygu (POSITIVE) taygif;udef;? NUMBER onf okHn (0)
xufi,fygu (NEGATIVE) tEkwfudef;? NUMBER onf oHkn (0) ESifhwlygu
(EQUAL ZERO) [ktoD;oD; ppfxkwfazmfjyay;ygrnf/ y½dk*&rfNyD;aomtcg END.
ESifh ydwfay;&ygrnf/
24/ txufygy½dk*&rfudk Run ygu ENTER A NUMBER = [k ay:vmygrnf/
Keyboard rS *Pef;wpfvHk; pHk (odkYr[kwf) rudef; udk½dkufxnfhay;&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf
Enter udkESdyfNyD;? Alt + F5 ESifhjyefMunfhaomtcg ½dkufxnfhay;aom *Pef;onf
okn
H xufBu;D ygu (POSITIVE) taygif;udef;[kazmfjyay;NyD;? oHkn (0) xufi,faom
tEkwfudef;jzpfygu (NEGATIVE) tEkwu f ed ;f [kazmfjyay;ygrnf/ oHn
k (0) ud½k u
kd x
f nfh
ay;ygu (EQUAL ZERO) [kazmfjyay;rnfudk atmufygtwkdif; awGU&ygrnf-
ENTER A NUMBER = 1
POSITIVE
ENTER A NUMBER = - 1
NEGATIVE
ENTER A NUMBER = 0
EQUAL ZERO
Example (4)
25/ y½dk*&rftrnfudk EXAM [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/y½dk*&rfwGif SUB1, SUB2,
SUB3 yg0ifaom pmar;yJGtrSwfpm&if; y½dk*&rf wpfyk'fjzpfygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 34

PROGRAM EXAM;
USES CRT;
VAR SUB1,SUB2,SUB3 :INTEGER;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITE(‘ENTER MARKS FOR SUB1,SUB2 & SUB3 =’);
READLN(SUB1,SUB2,SUB3);
IF(SUB1<50)OR(SUB2<50)OR(SUB3<50)THEN
WRITELN(‘FAIL’)
ELSE WRITELN(‘PASS’);
END.
26/ 4if;y½d*k &rfwiG f toH;k jyKrnfh bmom&yf oH;k ckukd SUB1,SUB2,SUB3 [ktrnf
ay;NyD;? Declaration tydkif;wGif xnfhoGif;aMujimxm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rf ppcsif;
SUB1,SUB2,SUB3 \ trSwr f sm;udk wpfcck si;f ½du
k x
f nfEh ikd &f ef a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
WRITE aemufrS uGif;zGifh? uGif;ydwfxJwGifa&;xm;aom pmom;rSm y½dk*&rfudk Run
vduk yf gu Screen ay:wGijf rifawGaY eygrnf/ READLN aemufrS pmom;onf bmom&yf
rsm;rStrSwfrsm;udk Keyboard rS ½dkufxnfhay;&rnf/ SUB1 onf 50 xufi,fvQif
(odkYr[kwf) SUB2 onf 50 xufi,f vQif (odkYr[kwf) SUB3 onf 50 xufi,fvQif
THEN aemufrS FAIL qdo k nfph mom;udk azmfjyay;rnf jzpfygonf/ bmom&yfwpfcpk o D nf
50 xufi,f aeoí FAIL udkom azmfjyay;ygrnf/ tu,fí bmom&yfwdkif;onf 50
xufBuD;onf (odkYr[kwf) 50 ESifhnDaeygu ELSE aemufrS pmom;jzpfonfh PASS udk
azmfjyygrnf/ 4if; y½d*k &rfrmS IF THEN ELSE Statement udk toHk;jyKNyD;? ausmif;om;
rsm;trSwfpm&if;rS atmif? ½HI;udk cJGjcm;ay;Edkifygonf/

Example (5)
27/ y½dk*&rfudk DISPLAY TIME [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ ½dkufxnfhvdkufaom
MINUTES wefzdk;wdkYudk wGufcsufí em&D? rdepf? reuf? nae ponfjzifh cJGjcm;az:jyay;
aom y½dk*&rf jzpfygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
 35 Turbo Pascal 7.0
PROGRAM DISPLAY_TIME;
VAR MIN,HR :INTEGER;
PM :BOOLEAN;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER MINUTES =’);
READLN(MIN);
HR :=MIN DIV 60;
MIN :=MIN MOD 60;
PM :=HR>=12;
IF PM THEN HR:=HR-12;
IF HR =0THEN HR :=12;
WRITE(HR:2,’:’,MIN:2);
IF PM THEN WRITELN (‘ PM ‘)
ELSE WRITELN (‘ AM ‘);
END.

28/ Variable wefzdk;tjzpf em&D? rdepfwdkYudk *Pef; Integer type owfrSwfay;NyD;

(AM)reuf?(PM)naeydkif;udkjyaom oauFwudk Boolean type owfrSwfay;xm;yg
onf/
29/ yxrOD;pGm (Data) rdepfwefbdk;rsm;udk ½dkufxnfhay;&eftwGuf Message
ay:vmap&ef atmufygtwdkif; a&;&ygrnf-
Write (' Enter minutes = ' );
Readln (min);

30/ xdkYaemuf ½dkufxnfhay;aomrdepfudk 60 ESifhpm;NyD;? &vm'fudk em&Dtjzpf owfrSwf

ay;ygrnf/ ½dkufxnfhay;aom rdepfudk 60 ESifhpm;NyD;? &&Sdaom t<uif;*Pef;udk rdepf
tjzpf jyefvnfowfrw S af y;ygonf/ reuf^nae tcsed jf y&eftwGuf pm;í&aom em&Donf
12 em&DESifhnDvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? ausmfvGefvQifaomfvnf;aumif; naeydkif;
tcsdefudkjyaom oauFw PM [k owfrSwfaz:jyay;ygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 36

31/ IF statement ESifh ppfxkwfaomtydkif;wGif PM jzpfcJhrnfqdkygu rlvowfrSwf

xm;aom em&DrS 12 em&DudkEkwfí&&Sdaom em&DESifh PM udkwJGaz:jy&ayrnf/ em&Donf
okHnjzpfcJhyguvnf; 12 em&D[kaz:jyay;ygrnf/
32/ xGuf&Sdvmaom tajzrsm;udk azmfjyay;&ef WRITE ( HR : 2, ':', MIN : 2); [k
a&;ay;&ygrnf/ &&SdaomtajzrS em&D Space ESpfvHk;pmrSazmfjyNyD; rdepfudkvnf; Space
ESpfvHk;pmae&mrS píaz:jycdkif;jcif;jzpfonf/ em&DESifh rdepftMum;wGif em&Dazmfjyaom
trSwftom; ' : ' udkxnfhay;&ygrnf/
33/ aemufqHk;wGif PM naeydik ;f udk ppfxw
k Nf y;D em&DEiS w
hf í
GJ azmfjy&mwGif ppfxw
k Nf y;D
aomtajzonf (PM) naeydkif;jzpfcJhygu tajzwGif PM oauFwudk jycdkif;ay;NyD;? PM
r[kwcf yhJ gu(AM)qdo
k nfo
h auFwudk az:jycdik ;f xm;jcif; jzpfygonf(/AM) onfeeH ufyikd ;f
udk az:jyaom oauFwjzpfygonf/ xdkYaemuf y½dk*&rfNyD;qHk;í End ESifhydwfay;&ygrnf/
34/ txufygy½dk*&rfudk Run aomtcg Enter minutes = [k ay:vmygrnf/
Keyboard rS ½dkufvdkaom *Pef;rsm;udk ½dkufxnfhay;&ef jzpfygonf/ xdk*Pef;rsm;onf
Minutes [k,q l wGu, f yl grnf/
Oyrm-
Enter minutes = 55
12:55 AM
Enter minutes = 60
1:00 AM
Enter minutes = 720
12:00 PM

35/ yxrOD;pGm 55 ½dkufxnfhygu *Pef;udk 60 ESifhpm;NyD;? wpfem&Drjynfhí 12:55

AM [kom azmfjyygrnf/ 60 ½dkufxnfhaomtcg wpfem&Djynfhojzifh 12 em&DESifhaygif;NyD;
1:00 AM wpfem&Dukd azmfjyygrnf/ wpfzef 720 rdepfudk½dkufxnfhay;ygu 60 ESifhpm;í
12 em&DjynfhNyD;jzpfí rlv 12 em&DESifhaygif;um AM rS PM odkYajymif;NyD; 12:00 PM [k
az:jyay;rnf jzpfygonf/
 37 Turbo Pascal 7.0
Example (6)
36/ y½dk*&rfudk State [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ Temperature tylcsdeftenf;
trsm;tvdkuf t&nfwpfck\tajctae (3)rsKd;ajymif;vJyHkudk azmfjyay;aom y½dk*&rf
udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM STATE;
CONST FREEZING=0;
BOILING=100;
VAR TEMPERATURE :INTEGER;
BEGIN WRITE(‘ENTER THE CURRENT TEMPERATURE =’);
READLN(TEMPERATURE);
IF TEMPERATURE<FREEZING THEN
WRITELN(‘SOLID STATE’)
ELSE IF TEMPERATURE<BOILING THEN
WRITELN(‘LIQUID STATE’)
ELSE WRITELN(‘GASEOUS STATE’);
END.

37/ Constant udef;aowefbdk;rsm;tjzpf (FREEZING) at;cJrSwfudk okHn (0)

[kvnf;aumif;? (BOILING) a&qlrw
S u
f kd (100) tjzpfvnf;aumif; owfrw
S af zmfjyxm;
ygonf/
38/ Variable aMunm&mwGif (TEMPERATURE) tylcsed u
f kd (INTEGER) ude;f jynfh
*Pef; tjzpf owfrw
S x
f m;ygonf/
39/ yxrOD;pGm rdrdrS (Temperature) wefbdk;½dkufxnfh&ef Message ay:vmap&ef
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;&ygrnf-
WRITE ( ' ENTER THE CURRENT TEMPERATURE = ' );
READLN ( TEMPERATURE);

40/ xdkYaemuf 4if; TEMPERATURE uDK IF statement ESifh ppfxkwfNyD;? tajctae

(3)rsKd;udk azmfjyygrnf/ TEMPERATURE onF (FREEZING) xufedrfhusaomtcg
uGefysLwmvufpJG 38

(odrYk [kw)f TEMPERATURE wefz;kd (-) tEkwv

f u©Pm jzpfaomtcg (SOLID STATE)
tcJtajctaeudk azmfjyygrnf/
41/ TEMPERATURE wefb;kd onF (BOILING) a&qlrw S x
f ufenf;aom taygif;
wefb;kd jzpfygu (LIQUID STATE) t&nftajctaeudk azmfjyay;NyD;? 4if; ESpfrsKd;vHk;
r[kwfygu (odkYr[kwf) TEMPERATURE wefbdk; (BOILING) a&qlrSwfxuf
ausmv
f eG af eygu (GASEOUS STATE ) taiGt
Y ajctaeudk azmfjyay;&ef a&;om;xm;
ygonf/
42/ y½dk*&rfudk Run vdu k af omtcg ENTER THE CURRENT TEMPERATURE
= [k ay:vmygrnf/ Keyboard rS oHkn (0) xufi,faom tEkwfvu©Pmygaom
*Pef; wefbdk;wpfck ½dkufxnfhay;ygu a&cJtrSwftom;tjzpf ( SOLID STATE )
tcJtajctae wGi&f o dS nf[k azmfjyay;Ny;D taygif;wefb;kd oHn
k (0) rS (100) txd*Pef;
wefbdk;½dkufxnfh ay;ygu t&nftrSwftom;tjzpf ( LIQUID STATE ) t&nf
taetxm;wGif &Sdonf[k azmfjyay;ygrnf/ rdrd½dkufxnfhaom *Pef;wefbdk;tvdkuf
tajctae (3)rsKd;udk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyay;ygrnf-
ENTER THE CURRENT TEMPERATURE = 30
LIQUID STATE
ENTER THE CURRENT TEMPERATURE = - 30
SOLID STATE
ENTER THE CURRENT TEMPERATURE = 120
BOILING STATE

Example (7)
43/ y½dk*&rfudk IF_NUM [k trnfay;xm;ygonf/ ½dkufxnfhay;aom NUMBER
rsm;udk taygif;ude;f ? pHu
k ed ?f rude;f ponfjzifh ppfxw
k af zmfjyay;aom y½d*k &rf jzpfygonf/
Variable tjzpf NUMBER rsm;udk taygif;ude;f jynfh INTEGER owfrw S x
f m;ygonf/
4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM IF_NUM;
VAR NUM :INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER A NUMBER =’);
 39 Turbo Pascal 7.0
READ(NUM);
IF NUM>0 THEN WRITELN(‘POSITIVE =’,NUM);
IF NUM MOD 2=0 THEN WRITELN(‘EVEN =’,NUM)
ELSE WRITELN(‘ODD =’,NUM);
END.

44/ yxrOD;pGm NUMBER rsm;udk ½du

k x
f nfEh ikd &f eftwGuf atmufygtwdik ;f a&;&yg
rnf-
WRITE ( ' ENTER THE NUMBER = ' );
READ ( NUM );

45/ xdkYaemuf NUMBER rsm;onf (POSITIVE) taygif;udef;? (EVEN) pHkudef;?

(ODD) rudef; ponfjzifh azmfjyay;&ef IF statement jzifh ppfxkwfay;&ygrnf/
ppfxw
k &f mwGif xnfoh iG ;f aom NUMBER onf oHn
k (0) xufBu;D aeygu (POSITIVE)
taygif;udef; [kvnf;aumif;? NUMBER onf ESpf*Pef;ESifhpm;aomtcg t<uif; (0)
&ygu (EVEN) pHkudef;[kvnf;aumif;? xdkodkYpm;í rjywfcJhygu (ODD) rudef;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; toD;oD;azmfjyay;&efjzpfygonf/ y½dk*&rfNyD;qHk;ygu END. ESifh ydwfay;
&ygrnf/
46/ txufygy½dk*&rfudk Run ygu ENTER A NUMBER = [k ay:vmygrnf/
Keyboard rS *Pef;wpfvHk; pHk (odkYr[kwf) r udk½dkufxnfhay;&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf Enter
udk ESdyfNyD;? Alt + F5 ESifhjyefMunfhaomtcg ½dkufxnfhay;aom*Pef;onf pHkudef; jzpfygu
EVEN? rudef;jzpfygu ODD [k atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyay;ygrnf-

ENTER A NUMBER = 10
POSITIVE =10
EVEN = 10
ENTER A NUMBER = 5
POSITIVE = 5
ODD = 5
uGefysLwmvufpJG 40

CASE STATEMENT
47/ Case Statement ESifhppfxkwfaom y½dk*&rfrsm;wGif Case aemufrS owfrSwf
azmfjyxm;aom wefb;kd rsm;xJrS rdrv
d ckd siaf omwefb;kd tcsut
f vufwu
Ykd kd a½G;cs,o
f wfrw
S f
ay;aomtcg toHk;jyKjcif; jzpfygonf/ Case Statement udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;
Edik yf gonf-
Case Expression of
case : Statement;
...
case : Statement;
End;
(or)
Case Expression of
case : Statement;
...
case : Statement;
else
statement;
End;

48/ Case Statement udk toHk;jyK&mwGif Data type( integer, Char, boolean )
rsm;udk toHk;jyKrnfh y½dk*&rfay: rlwnfí atmufygtwdkif;cJGjcm;azmfjyay;&ygrnf-
Case char of
'A' .. 'Z', 'a' .. 'z' : writeln ( 'Letter' );
'0' .. '9' : writeln ( 'Digit' );
'+', '-', '*', ' /' : writeln ('Operator);
Else writeln (' Special character' );
End;
Case a of
2..4 : writeln ('In the range');
1..5 : writeln ('Boundary no');
Else writeln ('Out of Range');
End.
 41 Turbo Pascal 7.0
49/ Case (1) wGif Data type udk Character jzifh azmfjyxm;NyD;? 4if; Statement
rsm;wGif (Letter, Digit, Operator) character rsm;udk toH;k jyKaMunmxm;ygonf/
50/ 'A' ..'Z' : writeln ('Letter' ); wGif A rS Z xd t*FvdyfpmvHk; (26)vHk;udk a½G;cs,f
owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;jzpfNyD;? 4if; A rS Z pmvHk;udk½dkufvQif 'Letter' [kazmfjycdkif;xm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/
51/ '0' .. '9' : writeln ( 'Digit' ); wGifvnf; 0 rS 9 xd *Pef;rsm;½dkufvQif 'Digit' [k
azmfjycdkif;jcif; jzpfygonf/
52/ '+' . '-', '*' , '/' : writeln ('operator'); rSmvnf; taygif;? tEIwf? tajr§muf?
tpm;qdkvQif 'Operator' udk azmfjyay;&ef jzpfygonf/ 4if; (3)rsKd;xJrS r[kwfbJ tjcm;
oauFwudk ½dkufygu 'Special character' [k azmfjycdkif;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
53/ 4if; Statement onf Character udk ppfxw k cf ikd ;f jcif; jzpfygonf/ Statement
(3) rsKd;udk wpfckpDppfxkwfcdkif;jcif;jzpfNyD;? 4if; (3)rsKd;r[kwfcJhygu rnfuJhodkYazmfjy&rnfudk
a&;om;xm;jcif;yHkpH jzpfygonf/ Data type udk Char jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/
54/ Case (2) wGif *Pef;rsm;udk yxr Statement wGif Range udk 2, 4 [kowfrSwf
xm;ygonf/ 'kw, d Statement wGif Boundary udk 1, 5 [k owfrSwfxm;NyD;? 4if;
Statement ESpcf k r[kwyf gu rnfuo hJ Ykd azmfjy&rnfukd a&;om;xm;aom yHpk H jzpfygonf/
Data type udk integer jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/

55/ xdkYenf;wlpGm Data type udk boolean jzifh azmfjyNyD;? Variable udk aMunmay;
Edik yf gonf/
Oyrm-
Case result OF
True : Writeln ('Pass');
False: Writeln ('False');
End;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 42
Example (8)
56/ tvSLaiGaumufcHonfh y½dk*&rfjzpfaomaMumifh acgif;pOf wGif Contribution
[ktrnf ay;xm;ygonf/ xdkYaemuf Variable wGif vpmaiG (Salary) ESifh tvSLaiG
(Contribution) wdkY yg0ifí udef;jynfh*Pef;rsm;om yg0ifaomaMumifh Data type udk
integer jzifh azmfjyay;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ tvSLaiGaumufcHonfhy½dk*&rfudk atmufyg
twkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM CONTRIBUTION;
VAR SALARY,C :INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER SALARY = ‘);
READLN(SALARY);
CASE SALARY OF
4500..7500 : C:= 50;
8000..10000: C:= 100;
10500..15000: C:= 150;
ELSE C:=20;
END;
WRITELN(SALARY, ‘ KYATS , CONTRIBUTION = ‘,C);
END.

57/ y½d*k &rfpa&;&mwGif Begin ESiphf Ny;D ? Keyboard rS½u kd x

f nf&h ef twGuf WRITELN
(' ENTER SALARY = ' ); [kazmfjycdkif;jcif;NzpfNyD;? rdrdrSvpmaiGudk ½dkufxnfhay;&rnf
jzpfonf/ vpmaiGudk rlwnfppfxkwfrnfjzpfaomaMumifh y½dk*&rfwGif CASE SALARY
OF [k a&;ay;&jcif; jzpfygonf/ aemufwpfvdkif;wGif vpmaiG tedrfhqHk; 4500 usyfrS
7500 usyf &&Sdokrsm;udk tvSLaiG 50 usyf aumufcHygrnf[k a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
xdaYk emuf vpmaiG 8000 usyrf S 10000 usy&f &So d rl sm;udk tvSLaiG 100 usyf aumufc&H ef
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ vpmaiG 10500 usyfrS 15000 usyf&&Sdolrsm;udk tvSLaiG
150 usyf aumufcHrnf[k a&;om;xm;ygonf/ vpmaiGrsm;udk (..) oauFwjzifh
tv,fwGif azmfjyay;&jcif;rSm Range owfrSwfay;jcif;yHkpHudk qdkvdkygonf/ C : = rSm
 43 Turbo Pascal 7.0
CONTRIBUTION udk twdkaumufa&;om; azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ 4if;azmfjyxm;
aom vpmaiG (3)rsKd;teufrS wpfckckESifhrQrudkufnDcJhygu aemufwpfvdkif;wGif ELSE C
: = 20; [k a zmf j yxm;ayonf / qd k v d k o nf r S m 4if ; (3)rsKd ; r[k w f c J h y gutvS L aiG u d k
20usyfomaumufcH yg[k a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
58/ xdaYk emuf y½d*k &rfppfxw k jf cif;tydik ;f Ny;D qH;k jcif;udk END; jzifyh w
d af y;Ny;D ? aemufwpf
vdkif;wGif vpmaiGESifh tvSLaiGwdkYudk wJGzufazmfjyay;ap&ef WRITELN ( SALARY,
'KYATS, CONTRIBUTION =, 'C' )' [ka&;om;azmfjy&ygrnf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk Run í
vpmaiGukd 5000 [k ½du k x
f nfyh gu tvSLaiG 50 kyats [k atmufygtwdik ;f awGU&ygrnf-
ENTER SLARY = 5000
SALARY 5000 KYATS, CONTRIBUTION = 50

Example (9)
59/ wpfESpfwGif (12)v &SdonfhteufrS vwdkif;vwdkif;\ aemufqHk;&ufudk wGufcsuf
azmfjyay;aom y½dk*&rfjzpfygonf/ y½dk*&rf\acgif;pOfudk Last_Day_of_Month;
[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ Variable wGif &uf? v? ESpf wdkYudk integer jzifah zmfjyxm;ygonf/
4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH;
VAR LASTDAY,MONTH,YEAR :INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER MONTH AND YEAR = ‘);
READLN(MONTH,YEAR);
CASE MONTH OF
1,3,5,7,8,10,12 : LASTDAY:=31;
4,6,9,11 : LASTDAY:=30;
2 : IF(YEAR MOD 4=0)AND(YEAR MOD
100<>0)OR(YEAR MOD 400=0)
THEN LASTDAY:=29
ELSE LASTDAY:=28;
ELSE LASTDAY:=0;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 44

END;
IF LASTDAY=0 THEN
WRITELN(‘INVALID INPUT IN MONTH’)
ELSE WRITELN(‘LASTDAY OF IN THE MONTH =‘,LASTDAY);
END.
60/ y½dk*&rfpwifjcif;tydkif;wGif BEGIN ESifhpNyD;? aemufwpfvdkif;wGif WRITE
('ENTER MONTH AND YEAR' ); onf vES i f h ES p f w d k Y u d k ½d k u f x nf h a y;&ef
pmom;jzpfygonf/ READLN( MONTH, YEAR ); rSmvnf; v? ESpw f aYkd y:ap&eftwGuf
jzpfygonf/ xdkYaemuf wpfESpfwGif&Sdaom (12)v udk CASE ESifhppfrnfqdkaomaMumifh
CASE MONTH OF [k azmfjy a&;om;ay;&ygrnf/

61/ ppfxkwf&mwGif 1v? 3v? 5v? 7v? 8v? 10v? 12v wdkY\aemufqHk;&ufudk
31 [kowfrw S cf ikd ;f Ny;D ? 4v? 6v? 9v? 11v wdu Yk kd 30 &ufEiS qhf ;kH onf[ak &;xm;ygonf/
usew f pfvudk 28 &ufEiS hf 29&ufwiG f rnfonfEh pS w f iG f 28&ufEiS q hf ;kH onf rnfonfEpS w f iG f
29 &ufEiS q hf ;kH onfukd 0gxyfrxyfppfaq;ay;&ygrnf/ 4if;udKk IF statement jzifjh yefvnf
ppfxkwfay;ygonf/ yxr odvdkaom ESpfudk 0gxyfrxyfodcsifygu 4 ESifhpm;NyD;? oHkn
<uif;vQif 0gxyf (odkYr[kwf) ESpfxyfygrnf/ wzefodvdkaomESpfudk 100ESifhpm;NyD; t<uif;
okHn r[kwfcJhvQif (odkYr[kwf) odvdkaomESpfudk 400 ESifhpm;NyD; t<uif;okHnjzpfcJhvQif
xdkESpf\ ESpfvydkif;onf 29 &ufjzpfonf[kazmfjycdkif;ygonf/ xdkYtcsufrsm;ESifhrwlcJhygu
aemufqHk;&ufudk 28 &uf[kazmfjycdkif;rnf jzpfygonf/ 4if;tcsufrsm;ESifhrudkufnDygu
aemufq;kH &ufukd oHn k [kowfrw S cf ikd ;f xm;ygonf/ 4if;aemuf CASE statement udk END;
ESifhydwfay;&ygrnf/
62/ aemufqHk;&uf okHnjzpfcJhvQif rnfuJhodkYazmfjy&rnfudk WRITELN('INVALID
INPUT IN MONTH' ); [ka&;om;azmfjyay;&ygonf/ odr Yk [kwyf gu ½du k x f nfch o
hJ nfv
h \
aemufqHk;&ufudk tajztjzpf azmfjyay;ygrnf/ a&;om;yHkrSm WRITELN ('LAST DAY
OF THE GIVEN MONTH IS ' , LASTDAY); jzpfygonf/ þy½d* k &rfonf CASE
statement ESifh ppfxkwfonfh y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fjzpfygonf/

63/ tqdkygy½dk*&rfudk Run vdkufygu ‘ENTER MONTH AND YEAR =’[k

ay:vmrnf/ Keyboard rS yxrOD;pGm MONTH ud½k u
kd x
f nf&h ygrnf/ Enter ESyd Nf y;D aemuf
 45 Turbo Pascal 7.0
Year ud½
k u
kd x
f nfah y;&ygrnf/ Ny;D vQiAlt
f + F5 ESyd Nf y;D jyefMunfah omtcg ½du
k x
f nfv
h u
kd o
f nfh
ESpw
f pfEpS w
f iG &f adS om vwpfv\aemufq;kH &ufukd atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyay;rnf jzpfyg
onf-
ENTER MONTH AND YEAR = 2
2002
LASTDAY OF IN THE MONTH = 28
ENTER MONTH AND YEAR = 2
2000
LASTDAY OF IN THE MONTH = 29

avhusifhcef;(1)
64/ xnfo h iG ;f vdu
k o
f nfh ude;f jynfw
h efb;kd rsm;udk pHu
k ed ;f ? rude;f ? 10rS100Mum; ude;f ESihf
tEkwu
f ed ;f ? 100 ausmaf om ude;f rsm; jzpfaMumif;azmfjyaprnfyh ½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwdik ;f
a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
PROGRAM CASE_1;
VAR I:INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER NUMBER = ‘);
READLN(I);
CASE I OF
0,2,4,6,8 :WRITELN(‘EVEN DIGIT’);
1,3,5,7,9 :WRITELN(‘ODD DIGIT’);
10..100 :WRITELN(‘BETWEEN 10 AND 100’)
ELSE WRITELN(‘NEGATIVE OR GREATER THAN 100’);
END;
END.

avhusifhcef;(2)
65/ acs;aiGwefb;kd tay: twd;k wGucf suí
f azmfjyaprnfyh ½d*k &rfukd atmufyg twdik ;f
a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
PROGRAM CASE_2;
VAR LOAN :INTEGER;R:REAL;
BEGIN
uGefysLwmvufpJG 46

WRITE(‘ENTER LOAN =’);

READ(LOAN);
CASE LOAN OF
0 .. 1000 :R:=10;
1001 .. 2000 :R:=11;
2001 .. 3000 :R:=11.5;
3001 .. 4000 :R:=11.75;
4001 .. 5000 :R:=12;
ELSE R:=5;
END;
WRITELN(LOAN, ‘ KYATS , RATE = ‘,R:2:2,’ %’);
END.

avhusifhcef;(3)
66/ ESpfwpfESpf&dS vrsm;rS vESifh odvdkonfhckESpfwdkYudk xnfhoGif;ay;ygu 4if;ckESpfESifh
vwGif&dSaom &ufaygif;udk azmfjyaprnfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om; avhvm
Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM CALDAY;
VAR MONTH,YEAR,DAYS :INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITELN(‘JAN=1, FEB=2, MARCH=3, ECT. ‘);
WRITE(‘ENTER NUMBER OF MONTH = ‘);
READ(MONTH);
CASE MONTH OF
4,6,9,11 : DAYS :=30;
2 : BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER YEAR (****) =’);
READ(YEAR);
IF YEAR MOD 4<>0 THEN DAYS := 28
ELSE IF (YEAR MOD 100 =0) AND
(YEAR MOD 400<>0) THEN DAYS :=28
ELSE DAYS :=29;
END
ELSE DAYS :=31;
END;
 47 Turbo Pascal 7.0
WRITELN(‘THE NUMBER OF DAYS IN THE MONTH =’,DAYS);
END.

avhusifhcef;(4)
67/ ausmif;om;trnf ESihf &&do S nft
h rSwaf ygif;wdu
Yk kd xnfo
h iG ;f ay;ygu pmar;yJw
G iG f
atmifjrifrItajctaewdkYudk azmfjyaprnfhy½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;avhvm
Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM EXAM2;
VAR MARKS :INTEGER;
NAME :STRING;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER THE NAME OF STUDENT = ‘);
READ(NAME);
WRITE(‘ENTER THE MARKS OBTAINED = ‘);
READ(MARKS);
CASE MARKS OF
0..20 : WRITELN (‘BADLY FAILED’);
21..46 : WRITELN (‘FAILED’);
47..79 : WRITELN (‘CLEARLY PASSED’);
80..100 : WRITELN (‘OUTSTANDING’);
END;
END.

LABEL DECLARATION
68/ Goto Statement / ae&mtrSwftom;wpfckudk azmfñTef;í oGm;apvdkygu
(odkYr[kwf) ae&mtwdtus ñTefjyvdkygu atmufygtwkdif; toHk;jyKEdkifygonf-
goto Lable name;
goto next;
goto loop;
goto 10;
goto 100;

69/ tqdyk g goto aemufrS label name udk y½d*k &rf\txuf variable aMunmNy;D ygu
atmufygtwkdif; owfrSwfxnfhoGif;&ygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 48

Label next;
Label loop;
Label 10;
Label 100;

avhusifhcef;(5)
70/ wpfOD;csif;\ qE´rJaumufcH&&dSonfh rJta&twGufudk azmfjyaprnfhy½dk*&rfudk
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
PROGRAM ELECTION;
USES CRT;
VAR HTOT,MTOT,HVOTE,MVOTE,TOTAL,
N,HOT,MCT:INTEGER;
HAVG,MAVG:REAL;
LABEL NEXT;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITE(‘ENTER NUMBER OF WARDS?=’);
READLN(N);
WRITELN;
TOTAL:=0; HTOT:=0; MTOT:=0; HOT:=0; MCT:=0;
NEXT:WRITE(‘ENTER VOTE FOR U HLA =’);
READLN(HVOTE);
WRITE(‘ENTER VOTE FOR U MYA =’);
READLN(MVOTE);
HTOT:=HTOT+HVOTE; HOT:=HOT+1;
MTOT:=MTOT+MVOTE; MCT:=MCT+1;
IF (HOT<N) OR (MCT<N) THEN GOTO NEXT;
TOTAL:=HTOT+MTOT;
HAVG:=(HTOT/TOTAL)*100;
MAVG:=(MTOT/TOTAL)*100;
WRITELN;
WRITELN(‘NO OF VOTE FOR U HLA =’,HTOT);
WRITELN(‘NO OF VOTE FOR U MYA =’,MTOT);
 49 Turbo Pascal 7.0
WRITELN;
WRITELN(‘TOTAL VOTE FOR TWO = ‘,TOTAL);
WRITELN;
WRITELN(‘PERCENTAGE FOR U HLA =’,HAVG:5:2);
WRITELN(‘PERCENTAGE3 FOR U MYA =’,MAVG:5:2);
END.

avhusifhcef;(6)
71/ xnfo h iG ;f vdo
k nfu
h ed ;f *Pef;ta&twGuu
f kd ½du
k x
f nfNh y;D aemuf 4if;*Pef;rsm;xJrS
tBuD;qHk;*Pef;ESifhti,fqHk;*Pef;wdkYudk azmfjyaprnfhy½dk*&rftm; atmufygtwdkif;
a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
PROGRAM MAXIMUM_MINIMUM;
VAR X,Y,N,NUM,MAX,MIN,CT:INTEGER;LABEL NEXT;
BEGIN
WRITELN(‘HOW MANY NUM:?’);
READLN(N);
WRITELN(‘ENTER FIRST NUMBER’);
READLN(NUM);
MAX:=NUM; MIN:=NUM;
CT:=1;
NEXT: WRITELN(‘ENTER NEXT NUMBER’);
READLN(NUM);
IF NUM>MAX THEN MAX:=NUM;
IF NUM<MIN THEN MIN:=NUM;
CT:=CT+1;
IF CT<N THEN GOTO NEXT;
WRITELN(‘THE MAXIMUM: NUMBER IS ‘,MAX);
WRITELN(‘THE MINIMUM NMBER IS ‘,MIN);
END.
uGefysLwmvufpJG 50

Chapter (3)
Looping Statement

1/ Looping Statement wGif trsKd ;tpm;tm;jzifh (3) rsKd ;&Sy

d gonf/ 4if;wdrYk mS FOR
Looping? WHILE ... DO Looping ESifh REPEAT ... UNTIL Looping [líjzpfygonf/

For Looping
2/ FOR Looping qdo
k nfrmS y½d*k &rf\tp Begin rS y½d*k &rftqH;k End. txd
owfrw
S x f m;onfah e&m (odrYk [kw)f tBurd af & a&mufonftxd vnfywfvyk af qmifjcif;udk
ac:qdyk gonf/
Oyrm-
FOR Counter := start value TO Last value DO
Pascal statement to execute;

3/ For Loop udk oH;k rnfqy kd gu FOR udk OD;pGma&;yg/ 4if;aemufwiG f vkyaf qmifrnfh
loop control variable udk a&;&rnf/ 4if;onf integer trsKd ;tpm; (odr Yk [kw)f character
trsKd ;tpm; jzpfEikd yf gonf/ xdaYk emuf colon(:) ESifh Equal (=) az:jyay;&Ny;dD ? wpfbufwiG f
Start value pwifvy k af qmifrnfw
h efb;kd rS Last value aemufq;kH vkyaf qmifrnfh wefb;kd wdu
Yk kd
az:jy&ygrnf/ 4if;wefb;kd rsm;aemufwiG f Do ESihf ydwaf y;&ygrnf/ t"dygÜ ,frmS owfrw S f
ay;xm;aom control variable udk owfrw S af y;xm;aom wefb;kd wpfcrk pS í aemufq;kH
owfrw S af y;xm;aom wefb;kd wpfct
k xdd tBurd Bf urd v
f nfywfjyKvyk af y;yg[k t"dygÜ ,f
oufa&mufygonf/ wefb;kd rSm integer jzpfygu wpfBurd v f nfywfNy;D wdik ;f (+1)wdk;í
oGm;ygrnf/
4/ 4if;y½d*k &rfyikd ;f wGif Type udk integer ESiahf z:jyowfrw
S af y;xm;Ny;dD ? wpfriS g;txd
(+1) pDw;kd íjyKvyk o
f mG ;ygrnf/ tpwefb;kd ESihf aemufq;kH wefb;kd Mum;wGif TO qdkonfh
pmom;udk atmufygtwdik ;f xnfo h iG ;f ay;&ygonf-

FOR i:=1 TO 5 DO
writeln ('Hello')
 51 Turbo Pascal 7.0
5/ 4if; Looping tydik ;f udk vkyaf qmif&mwGif i udk wpfrS ig;txd ig;Burd f qufwukd f
jyKvyk vf nfywfcikd ;f xm;Ny;D ? ig;Burd af &mufaomtcg y½d*k &rf&yfapygrnf/ y½d*k &rf Run
vduk af omtcg Hello qdo k nfh pmwef;udk ig;Burd q
f ufwukd af z:jyay;ygrnf/

6/ t*FvdyfpmvHk; A rS Z udk ajymif;jyef Z rS A odYk a&;xm;ojzifh (-1) yHkpHrsdK;

aemufaMumif;jyefomG ;aomaMumifh yxr pmvH;k 'Z' ESihf aemufq;kH 'A' Mum;wGif DOWNTO
qdok nfh pmom;udk xnfo h iG ;f toH;k jyK&ygonf/ y½d*k &rf Type tydkif;wGif Letter rsm;jzpfí
character ESihf az:jyay;&ygonf/ y½d* k &rfonf 'Z' rS 'A' xd Letter (26) vH;k udk (26)
Budrf Looping ywfí vkyo f mG ;rnf/ Ny;D qH;k oGm;ygu y½d*k &rfukd Run vdu
k af omtcg 'Z' rS
'A' xd aemufjyeftpOftvdu k f atmufygtwdik ;f az:jyay;ygrnf-
FOR letter := 'Z' DOWNTO 'A' DO
Writeln (Lettet);
Z
Y
X
W
V
.
.
.
A

Example (1)
7/ tajrm§ uftvD Z,m;yHpk aH &;qGo
J nfh y½d*k &rf wpfy'k jf zpfygonf/ y½d*k &rfacgif;pOf
udk MULTIPLICATION_TABLE [kaz:jyxm;ygonf/ 4if;y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwdik ;f
a&;om;Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM MULTIPLICATION_TABLE;
USES CRT;
VAR I,K,N:INTEGER;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
WRITELN(‘MULTIPLICATION TABLE GENERERATIONS ‘);
WRITE(‘ENTER START NO =’);
uGefysLwmvufpJG 52
READLN(N);
FOR I:=1 TO 12 DO
BEGIN
FOR K:=N TO N+2 DO
WRITE(K:3,’X’,I:3,’=’,K*I:3,’’:5);
WRITELN;
{N:=N+1;}
END;
END.

8/ USES CRT; qdo k nfrmS CATHOD RAY TUBE udk toH;k jyKrnf[k az:jyjcif;
jzpfygonf/ VARIABLE udk I? K? N wdjYk zifh owfrw
S af y;xm;Ny;D ? Type rSm INTEGER
jzpfygonf/ y½d*k &rf paomtcg MULTIPLICATION TABLE GENRERATION [k
acgif;pOfay:ap&ef WRITELN('MUILTIPLICATION TABLE GENERATION');
[ka&;om;&ygonf/ rnfonft h vDrS pa&;rnfukd ay:ap&efWRITELN('ENTER START
NO ='); [k a&;&ygonf/ xda Yk emuf READLN(N); udk a&;&ygonf/
9/ 4if;y½k*d &rfwiG f I onf ajrm§ ufazmfued ;f jzpfNy;D ? tvDZ,m;rsm;wGif 1 rS 12 xd
ajrm§ ufazmfued ;f yg&Sad omaMumifh I ukd 1 rS 12 xd Looping ywfí tvkyv f yk cf idk ;f ygonf/
I := 1 To Do [ka&;&ygonf/ 4if;aemufy½k* d &rfudkBEGIN ESiphf Ny;D ? K= tvDwnfued ;f ukd
N rS N+2 txd (Oyrm- 2 rS 2+2=4xd) vnfywftvkyv f yk cf idk ;f ygonf/ tvDZ,m;?
tvDwnfued ;f K ? ajrm§ ufazmfued ;f I tajzwku Yd akd y:ap&ef WRITE (K:3, '3','=', N+1:3,
' ':5 ); [ka&;&ygonf/ 4if;aemufy½k* d &rfNy;D qk;H ygu END. ESiyhf w d af y;&ygonf/
10/ 4if;y½kd*&rfukd Run Ny;D aemuf nDrQjcif;aemufwiG f xnfo
h iG ;f vdak om tvDeyH gwfukd
½du
k x
f nfyh gu atmufygtwdik ;f awGU&ygrnf-
ENTER START NO. = 2
2x1 =2 3x1 =3 4x1 =4
2x2 =4 3x2 =6 4x2 =8
2x3 =6 3x3 =9 4x3 = 12
2x4 =8 3x4 = 12 4x4 = 16
2 x 5 = 10 3x5 = 15 4x5 = 20
2 x 6 = 12 3x6 = 18 4x6 = 24
 53 Turbo Pascal 7.0
2 x 7 = 14 3 x 7 = 21 4 x 7 = 28
2 x 8 = 16 3x8 = 24 4x8 = 32
2 x 9 = 18 3x9 = 27 4x9 = 36
2 x 10= 20 3 x 10 = 30 4 x 10 = 40
2 x 11= 22 3 x 11 = 33 4 x 11 = 44
2 x 12= 24 3 x 12 = 36 4 x 12 = 48
11/ *Pef;rsm;udk 1 rS pí tpOfvu kd w f ikd ;f axmifrh eS Bf w*d yH kH ay:ap&ef a&;om;xm;aom
y½dk*&rfjzpfygonf/ acgif;pOfudk NUMERICAL_TRIANGLE [k ay;xm;ygonf/
y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM NUMERICAL_TRIANGLE;
VAR I, J, COUNTER:INTEGER;
BEGIN
COUNTER:=1;
FOR I:=1 TO 4 DO
BEGIN
FOR J:=1 TO I DO
BEGIN
WRITE(COUNTER:5);
COUNTER :=COUNTER+1;
END;
WRITELN;
END;
END.

12/ I, J, COUNTER wdkYudk INTEGER [kowfrSwfxm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rfwGif

COUNTER xJodkY 1 udx k nfah y;Ny;D ? 1 rSpwifí vkyaf qmifapjcif; jzpfygonf/ LOOPING
udk FOR I:= 1 TO 4 DO rSm Row I twef;udk Row1 rS Row4 txd tvkyv f yk cf ikd ;f jcif;
jzpfygonf/xdaYk emufColumn J wdik ;f udv k nf; 1 rS Row I txd jyKvyk cf ikd ;f ygonf/ y½d*k &rfukd
Run vduk vf Qif *Pef;rsm;udk COUNTER 1 rS ig;ae&mpm cseí f aemuf*Pef;ay:ap&ef
WRITE (COUNTER:= 5); [k a&;Ny;D ? 1 rSpí *Pef;rsm; wd;k oGm;ap&efCOUNTER:=
COUNTER + 1 [k a&;&ygonf/ COUNTER = 1 jzpfvQif 1 + 1 = 2, COUNTER
= 2 jzpfvQif 2 + 1 = 3 ponfjzifh Row 4 a&mufonfhwdkifatmif qufwdkufvkyfaqmif
oGm;ygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 54

13/ 4if; y½dk*&rfudk Run vdu k af omtcg 1 rS 10 xd *Pef;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f

axmifrh eS Bf w*d yH pkH aH y:vmygrnf-
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10

Example (2)
14/ y½d*k &rfukd FLOYD_TRIGANGLE [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ I, J udk INTEGER
tjzpf owfrwS x
f m;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM FLOYD_TRIANGLE;
VAR I,J :INTEGER;
BEGIN
FOR I:=1 TO 5 DO
BEGIN
FOR J:=1 TO i DO
WRITE(‘*’:3);
WRITELN;
END;
END.

15/ y½dk*&rftpwGif I onf Row jzpfí J onf Column ta&twGujf zpfygonf/

Row I udk 1 rS 4 txd tqifq h ifv h yk af qmifcikd ;f ygonf/ a&;xH;k rSm FOR I := 1 TO 4
DO jzpf y gonf / xd k Y a emuf Column J twG u f Column 1 rS Row I txd
tqifq h ifv
h yk af qmifcikd ;f ygonf/ a&;xH;k rSm FOR J := 1 TO I DO jzpfygonf/ WRITE
( ‘*’: 3 ); wGif * rSm oauFwyHp k jH zpfí wpfcEk iS w hf pfcMk um; Space 3 ae&mcGga&;&ef [k
a&;jcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;aemufwpfvikd ;f jcm;&ef WRITELN; udk a&;&ygonf/ y½d*k &rf
Ny;D qH;k ygu oufqikd &f m BEGIN atmufwnfw h nfw h iG f END ESihf ydwaf y;&ygonf/
 55 Turbo Pascal 7.0
16/ 4if; y½dk*&rfudk Run vdu
k yf gu atmufygtwdik ;f ay:vmygrnf-

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
Example (3)
17/ y½d*k &rfukd Total_Number [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfukd For looping
toH;k jyKía&;om;xm;Ny;D ? *Pef;rsm;½du
k x f nfu
h m 4if;*Pef;tm;vH;k \ pkpak ygif;wefz;kd udk
azmfjyay;jcif; jzpfygonf/ *Pef;vH;k a&rnfrQxd aygif;rnfukd OD;pGmxnfoh iG ;f ay;&ygrnf/
y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM TOTAL_NUMBER;
VAR N, NUM, J, SUM : INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER TOTAL NUMBER OF INTEGER =’);
READLN(N);
SUM:=0;
FOR J:=1 TO N DO
BEGIN
WRITE(‘ENTER AN INTEGER =’);
READLN(NUM);
SUM:=SUM+NUM;
END;
WRITELN(‘TOTAL SUM =’,SUM);
END.

18/ y½d*k &rfwiG f yxrOD;pGm VARIABLE udk aMunmowfrw S af y;&ygrnf/ N onf

azmfjy ½du
k x
f nf&h rnfh *Pef;twGuf owfrw S af y;xm;jcif;jzpfNy;D J rSm Looping ywf&mwGif
wpfcgywfNy;D wdik ;f J xJoYkd wd;k oGm;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ NUM rSm &So d rQ *Pef;tm;vH;k udk
aygif;ay;&ef ½du
k x f nfah y;&jcif;jzpfNy;D ? SUM rSm *Pef;rsm; tm;vH;k aygif;Ny;D ?azmfjyay;Edik &f ef
uGefysLwmvufpJG 56

toD ; oD ; owf r S w f a y;xm;jcif ; jzpf y gonf / *Pef ; r½d k u f r D w G i f SUM xJ ü 0

xnfx h m;jcif;jzpfygonf/ Looping ygwfaomtcg 1 rS n Burd af jrmufued ;f vH;k xd Looping
ygwfNy;D J xJodkY xnfhay;jcif;udk FOR J := 1 TO N DO [k a&;&ygonf/

19/ *Pef; rnfrQaygif;rnfukd ½du

k x
f nfah y;Edik &f ef atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;Edik f ygonf-
WRITE (‘ENTER TOTAL NUMBER OF INTEGER = ‘);
READLN (NUM );
WRITE (‘ENTER AN INTEGER = ‘);

20/ READLN (NUM); [ka&;jcif;rSm aygif;rnfh *Pef;rsm; xnfo h iG ;f Edik &f eftwGuf
jzpfygonf/ rlv SUM xJü 0 xm;&mrS Looping wpfcgywfNy;D wdik ;f SUM udk NUM ESifh
aygif;ay;Ny;D ? aemufq;kH rdro
d wfrw S x
f m;onfh N Budrftxd Looping ywfí tvkyv f yk f
apygonf/ xdaYk emuf rdrx d nfch ahJ om*Pef;tm;vH;k aygif;ay;Ny;D ? tajzxkwaf y;&eftwGuf
WRITELN ( ‘TOTAL SUM = ‘ , SUM ); [ka&;ay;&ygrnf/ tm;vH;k aygif;Ny;D aom
tajzudk TOTAL SUM tjzpf tajzxkwaf y;ygonf/
21/ 4if;y½d*k &rfukd Run vdu k yf gu ENTER TOTAL NUMBER OF INTEGER =
[k ay:vmNy;D ? nDrQjcif;aemufwiG f 5 [k½u kd x f nfah y;ygu *Pef; 5 vHk;aygif;rnf[k
a&;jcif;jzpfygonf/ Enter ESyd v
f ukd yf gu atmufwiG f ENTER AN INTEGER = [k
azmfjyygrnf/ 4if;aemufwiG f 1 ud½k u kd x
f nfNh y;D ? Enter ESyd v
f u
kd v
f Qif aemufxyfaygif;rnfh
*Pef;wpfv;kH awmif;ygrnf/ txufygtwdik ;f 2, 3, 4, 5 ponfjzifh *Pef; 5 vH;k ½du k Nf y;D ygu
tajzudk TOATL SUM = 15 [k atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyay;ygrnf-
ENTER AN INTEGER = 1
ENTER AN INTEGER = 2
ENTER AN INTEGER = 3
ENTER AN INTEGER = 4
ENTER AN INTEGER = 5
TOTAL SUM = 15
 57 Turbo Pascal 7.0
Example (4)
22/ y½d*k &rfukd FIBONACCI [k trnfay;xm;ygonf/ 4if;y½d*k &rfrmS ude;f *Pef;rsm;
aygif;&mwGif yxrude;f ESihf 'kw,
d ude;f aygif;Ny;D ? wwd,ude;f ud&k &dyS grnf/ 'kw,
d ude;f ESihf
wwd,udef;udkaygif;NyD; pwkw¬udef;udkazmfjyay;aomy½dk*&rfjzpfygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk
atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM FIBONACCI;
VAR I,N : INTEGER;
F1,F2,F : LONGINT;
BEGIN
WRITE (‘HOW MANY FIBONACCI NUMBER ? ‘);
READLN (N);
WRITELN;
FOR I:= 1 TO N DO BEGIN
IF I<3 THEN F :=1
ELSE F:= F1+F2;
F2 := F1;
F1 := F;
WRITELN (‘I = ‘, I:3,’ FIBO= ‘, F);
END;
END.

23/ VARIABLE owfrSwf&mwGif I ESifh N udk udef;jynfh INTEGER tjzpf

owfrwS xf m;ygonf/ F1, F2, F wdkYudk LONGINT [kowfrw
S x
f m;ygonf/ 4if;y½d*k &rfukd
Run vduk yf gu HOW MANY FIBONACCI NUMBER = [k ay:vmygrnf/ nDrQjcif;
aemuf wGif 10 [k &kdufxnfhay;ygu atmufygtwdkif; tajzudk azmfjyay;ygrnf-
I=1 FIBO=1
I=2 FIBO=1
I=3 FIBO=2
I=4 FIBO=3
uGefysLwmvufpJG 58

I=5 FIBO=5
I=6 FIBO=8
I=7 FIBO=13
I=8 FIBO=21
I=9 FIBO=34
I=10 FIBO=55

While Looping Statement

24/ While Statement onf FOR statement uJo
h yYkd if Looping wpfcu
k kd owfrw
S f
xm;onft h xd xyfcgxyfcgvnfywfvyk af qmifjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ a&;xH;k yHpk rH mS atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfygonf-
While Condition Do
Statement;
While Condition Do
Begin
Statement;
Statement ;
End;

25/ While .. Do loop udk toHk;jyKrnfqdkvQif While udk OD;pGma&;NyD;? 4if;aemufrS

ppfxkwfrnfh Condition udk azmfjyí Do ESifhydwfay;&ygrnf/ 4if;aemufrS Statement
a&;&ygrnf/ Statement onf wpfck (odkYr[kwf) wpfckxufydkívnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/
While loop wGif Condition rSea f eonftxd Looping ywfívkyaf qmifaernfjzpfNy;D
Condition ESir
hf udu
k n
f yD gu (odrYk [kw)f rSm;ygu Looping rS &yfomG ;ygrnf/
Example (5)
26/ y½dk*&rfudk NESTED;[k trnfay;xm;NyD;? *Pef;eHygwfrsm;udk Row twdkif;
txufatmufwef;pDí azmfjyapaom y½dk*&rfjzpfygonf/ y½ddk*&rfwGif I,J,X,Y wdkYudk
INTEGER owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM NESTED;
USES CRT;
VAR I, J, X, Y : INTEGER;
 59 Turbo Pascal 7.0
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
X:=30; Y:=1;
FOR I:=1 TO 20 DO BEGIN
GOTOXY(X,Y);
FOR J := 1 TO 2* I -1 DO
WRITE(‘*’);
X := X -1; Y := Y+1;
END;
WRITELN;
END.

Example (6)
27/ y½dk*&rfudk NUMBER;[k trnfay;xm;NyD;? *Pef;eHygwfrsm;udk Row twdkif;
txufatmufwef;pDí azmfjyapaom y½d*k &rfjzpfygonf/ y½d*kd &rfwiG fK udk INTEGER
owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM NUMBER;
VAR K : INTEGER;
BEGIN
K:=0;
WHILE K<20 DO
BEGIN
WRITELN(K);
K:=K+1;
END;
END.

27/ Looping ywf&mwGif While loop udk toHk;jyKNyD;? *Pef;wefzdk;rsm;udk < 20

ESpq
f ,fxufi,faevQif vkyyf g[k Condition ppfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ a&;xH;k rSm While
K <20 Do jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh *Pef;rsm;udk 0 rS 19 txd tpOftwdkif; tvkyfvkyf
uGefysLwmvufpJG 60

oGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ rlv K = 0 xm;í K : = K + 1 t& K = 0 + 1, K = 1 + 1, K

= 2 +1 ponfjzifh 19 txd vkyfaqmif&ef a&;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk Run
vdkufygu atmufazmfjyygtwkdif; awGU&ygrnf-
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
.
.
.
19

Example (7)
29/ y½d*k &rftrnfukd NUMBER_1 [k ay;xm;Ny;D ? *Pef;rsm;udk owfrwS cf sut
f wdik ;f
tpOftwdkif; tvsm;vdkuf (Column) azmfjyay;jcif; jzpfonf/ I udk pa&;rnfh*Pef;
tjzpfowfrSwfNyD;? INTEGER udef;jynfh*Pef;owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk
WHILE .. DO Looping ESifh atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM NUMBER_1;
USES CRT;
VAR I : INTEGER;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
I:=0;
WHILE I<=20 DO
BEGIN
WRITE(I:4);
I:=I+5;
END;
END.
 61 Turbo Pascal 7.0
30/ xdkYaMumifh y½dk*&rfpa&;aomtcg tp*Pef; I udk oHkn (0) rS píowfrSwfay;
xm;ygonf/ WHILE .. DO Looping ESifh toHk;jyKxm;NyD; WHILE I < = 20 DO, I =
20 txd tvkyfvkyfaqmifckdif;jcif; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaemuf tp*Pef; I=0 udk 5
aygif;xnfNh y;D ? 4if; tp*Pef; okn
H (0) ESihf space av;ae&mtuGmwGif &&So d nfh tajzudk
azmfjy&ef a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ þodjYk zifh *Pef; 5 vH;k qufwu
kd f aygif;oGm;Ny;D &&So
d nfh
tajzudk qufvufazmfjyapygonf/ 20 ESifhnDvQif (odkYr[kwf) 20 xuf i,fvQif
vkyfaqmifcdkif;jcif;udk WRITE ( I : 4 ); I : = I + 5 [ka&;ygonf/
31/ 4if; y½dk*&rfudk Run NyD; Alt + F5 ESdyfMunfhygu tajzudk atmufygtwdkif;
xkwfay;ygonf-
0 5 10 15 20

Example (8)
32/ y½dk*&rfudk AVERAGE [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ NUM ESifh SUM udk REAL
owfrSwfay;xm;NyD;? COUNT udk INTEGER owfrw S af y;xm;ygonf/ aemufq;kH *Pef;
tm;vHk;aygif;NyD;? AVERAGE &Smaomtcg 'or*Pef;jzpfEdkifaomaMumifh REAL ESifh
aMunmay;&ygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
PROGRAM AVERAGE;
VAR SUM,NUM:REAL;
COUNT :INTEGER;
BEGIN
SUM:=0;
COUNT:=0;
WRITELN(‘PLEASE ENTER THE LIST<-1> FOR TERMINATION !’);
READLN(NUM);
WHILE NUM <>-1 DO
BEGIN
SUM:=SUM+NUM;
COUNT:=COUNT+1;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 62

READLN(NUM);
END;
WRITELN(‘SUM OF THE NUMBER IS =’,SUM:5:2);
WRITELN(‘THE TOTAL NUMBER IS =’,COUNT);
WRITELN(‘THE AVERAGE IS =’,SUM/COUNT:5:2);
END.

33/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg SUM ESifh COUNT wdkYudk okHn (0) rS prnf[k a&;&ygonf/
xdkYaemuf 'PLEASE ENTER THE LIST <-1> FOR TERMINATION ' pmom;
ay:ap&ef a&SUwGif WRITELN jzifha&;&ygonf/ xdkYaemuf *Pef;rsm;½dkufxnfhEdkif&ef
READLN (NUM); [ka&;&ygonf/

34/ xdaYk emuf wpfvikd ;f jcm;Ny;D ? WHILE Loop ESifh CONDITION ppfxw k af y;&ygonf/
WHILE NUM < > -1 DO onf rdrd½dkufxnfhaom Number rsm;udk - 1 ESifh rnDrcsif;
tvkyfvkyfyg[k a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ rdrd½dkufxnfhaom Number rsm;rSm - 1 ESifh
rnDygu tvkyq f ufvyk af ernfjzpfNy;D ? - 1 ½du
k x
f nfv
h u kd yf gu y½d*k &rfrS tvdv k x
kd u
G o
f mG ;
rnfjzpfygonf/
35/ 4if; aemuf SUM xJodkY SUM + NUM xnfhí COUNT udk + 1 wd;k ay;&ygrnf/
xdkYaemuf *Pef;½dkufxnfh&ef READLN (NUM); udk a&;&ygrnf/ xdktcg y½dk*&rfydkif;
NyD;qHk;NyD;? tajzazmfjyaomtcg ay:ap&ef WRITELN ('SUM OF THE NUMBER
= ', SUM: 5 : 2); onf rdrd½dkufxnfhNyD;aygif;rnfh*Pef;ta&twGuf azmfjyay;&efjzpf
ygonf/ WRITELN ('TOTAL NUMBER IS = ', COUNT ); rSm rdr½d u kd x
f nfvh u
kd af om
*Pef;vHk;ta&twGuftm;vHk;udk qufwdkufaygif;ay;rnf jzpfygonf/ WRITELN ( '
THE AVERAGE IS = ', SUM / COUNT : 5: 2); rSm ysrf;rQ&Smay;jcif; jzpfygonf/
qufwdkufaygif;í&aomudef;udk COUNT ESifh pm;NyD;? ysrf;rQ&Smay;jcif; jzpfygonf/
36/ txufyg y½dk*&rfudk Run vdkufvQif PLEASE ENTER THE LIST <- 1>
FOR TERMINATION ! [k a zmf j yygrnf / Keyboard rS S 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 wd k Y u d k
 63 Turbo Pascal 7.0
½dkufxnfhNyD;aemuf - 1 udk ½dkufxnfhay;vQif y½dk*&rfrSxGufoGm;NyD;? Alt + F5 udk ESyd yf gu
atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyygrnf-
SUM OF THE THE NUMBER IS = 5
TOTAL NUMBER IS = 15
THE AVERAGE IS = 3

37/ eHygwf (1) vdkif;rSm *Pef; (5) vHk; ½dkufxm;í 5 udkazmfjyNyD; eHygwf (2) vdkif;rSm
4if;*Pef; (5) vHk;(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) wdkYudkaygif;NyD; &&dSonfhtajzudk 15 [kazmfjyay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ eHygwf(3) vdkif;rSm 4if; *Pef; 5 vHk;aygif;jcif;udk 5 ESifhpm;NyD; tajz 3
[kazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/

Example (9)
38/ y½dk*&rfudk STUDENTS_DETAIL_REPORT [k owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/
ausmif;om;wpfO;D csi;f pD\ RECORDS rsm;udk azmfjyay;aom y½d*k &rfjzpfygonf/ Type
rsm;tjzpf STUDENT udk RECORD [kowfrw S yf gonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\(RNO)
ROLL NO udk *Pef; ig;vHk;owfrSwfxm;NyD;? STRING[5] [ka&;ygonf/
PROGRAM STUDENTS_DETAIL_REPORT;
USES CRT;
TYPE STUDENT=RECORD
RNO:STRING[5];
NAME:STRING[30];
AGE:SHORTINT;
CLASS:STRING[10];
TOTAL:INTEGER;
END;
VAR SFILE : FILE OF STUDENT;
SREC : STUDENT;
ANS : CHAR;
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
ASSIGN (SFILE,'[Link]');
REWRITE(SFILE);
ANS:='Y';
uGefysLwmvufpJG 64
WHILE UPCASE (ANS)='Y' DO
BEGIN
GOTOXY(30,2);WRITELN('STUDENT DETAIL REPORT');
GOTOXY(30,3);WRITELN('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~');
GOTOXY(5,5);WRITE('ROLL NO');
GOTOXY(5,6);WRITE('~~~~~~~');
GOTOXY(15,5);WRITE('NAME');
GOTOXY(15,6);WRITE('~~~~');
GOTOXY(30,5);WRITE('AGE');
GOTOXY(30,6);WRITE('~~~');
GOTOXY(40,5);WRITE('CLASS');
GOTOXY(40,6);WRITE('~~~~~');
GOTOXY(55,5);WRITE('TOTAL MARK');
GOTOXY(55,6);WRITE('~~~~~~~~~~');
WITH SREC DO
BEGIN
GOTOXY(45,5);WRITE(RNO);
GOTOXY(45,6);WRITE(NAME);
GOTOXY(45,7);WRITE(AGE);
GOTOXY(45,8);WRITE(CLASS);
GOTOXY(45,9);WRITE(TOTAL);
END;
WRITE(SFILE,SREC);
GOTOXY(20,11);WRITE('ANY MORE RECORD[Y/N]?');
GOTOXY(45,11);READ(ANS);
END;
CLOSE(SFILE);
END.

39/ ausmif;om;\trnf NAME udk tvHk; 30 owfrSwfay;xm;NyD;? STRING[30]

[ka&;ygonf/ausmif;om;\touf AGE udk *Pef;oH;k vH;k pm SHORTINT [kowfrw S f
ay;ygonf/ausmif;om;\twef; CLASS udv
k nf; *Pef; 10 vH;k pm owfrw
S af y;xm;Ny;D
STRING[10] [ka&;ygonf/ ausmif;om;\trSwfaygif; TOTAL MARKS udkvnf;
INTEGER owfrw S af y;xm;ygonf/
 65 Turbo Pascal 7.0
40/ VARIABLE tyd k i f ; wG i f STUDENT FILE ud k FILE OF STUDENT,
STUDENT RECORD udk STUDENT \tajz ANS udk CHARACTER [k
owfrw
S x
f m;ygonf/
41/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg STUDENT FILE udk '[Link]' jzifhudk,fpm;jyK
ygonf/ ANS udk ' Y ' [k owfrSwfay;NyD;? ANS onf 'Y' ESin
hf v
D Qif tvkyq
f ufvyk af p
ygonf/
42/ xdaYk emuf Screen ay:wGif pmom;rsm; ae&mcsay;Edik &f eftwGuf atmufygtwdik ;f
X, Y COORDINATE trSwfrsm;jzifh ae&mcsay;&ygrnf/

43/ X 0if½dk; 30? Y 0if½dk; 2 ae&mwGif ' Student Detail report' ? Roll No ? Name
?Age? Class? Total Mark wdkYudk ay:ap&ef atmufygtwdkif; a&;&ygrnf-
GOTO XY (30, 2); WRITELN ( 'STUDENT RETAIL REPORT' );
GOTO XY (30, 3); WRITELN (' --------------------------' );

GOTO XY (5, 5); WRITE ( 'ROLL NO' );

GOTO XY (5, 6); WRITELN (' ---------' );

GOTO XY (15, 5); WRITE ( 'NAME' );

GOTO XY (15, 6); WRITE (' --------' );

GOTO XY (30, 5); WRITE ( 'AGE' );

GOTO XY (30, 6); WRITE (' --------' );

GOTO XY (40, 5); WRITE ( 'CLASS' );

GOTO XY (40, 6); WRITE (' --------' );

GOTO XY (55, 5); WRITE ( 'TOTAL MARK' );

GOTO XY (55, 6); WRITE (' ------------' );

44/ wpfOD;csif;pD\ RECORD udk xnfhay;Edkif&ef atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;&rnf-

GOTO XY (45, 5); WRITE (RNO);
GOTO XY (45, 6); WRITE (NAME);
uGefysLwmvufpJG 66
GOTO XY (45, 7); WRITE (AGE);
GOTO XY (45, 8); WRITE (CLASS);
GOTO XY (45, 9); WRITE (TOTAL MARK);
45/ aemufqHk; RECORD xyfxnfh ^rxnfhudk ar;onfh Message ay:ap&ef
atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;&ygrnf-
GOTO XY ( 20,11); WRITE ('ANY MORE RECORD [ Y/N ]? ' );
GOTO XY ( 45,11); READ (ANS);

REPEAT ... UNTIL LOOPING

46/ Repeat...Until Looping onf y½d*k &rfwpfy'k w f iG f Looping ywf&mü aemufq;kH
ae&ma&mufrS ppfaq;jcif;? ppfxkwfjcif;jzpfygonf/ Repeat aemufwGif Statement
vdkufNyD; ppfaq;jcif; jyK&onf/ 4if; Statement rSefaeygu Looping ywfaernfjzpfNyD;?
Statement rSm;aeygu Looping &yfí Until aemufrS Condition odkY qif;oGm;NyDd;?
Looping &yfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/a&;xHk;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfyg onf-
Repeat
Statement;
.
.
.
Until Condition

Example (10)
47/ y½d k * &rf u d k SALARY_SUM [k t rnf a y;xm;ygonf / vpmpm&if ; rsm;
aygif;jcif;udk toHk;jyKaomy½dk*&rfjzpfygonf/ y½dk*&rfwGif yg0ifaom vpmaiG (S)
vpmrsm;aygif;jcif; (SUM)? a&wGufjcif;(COUNT) ponfwdkYudk VARIABLE tjzpf
aMujim xm;Ny;D INTEGER owfrw S xf m;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;Edik f
ygonf-
PROGRAM SALARY_SUM;
USES CRT;
VAR S,SUM,COUNT:INTEGER;
 67 Turbo Pascal 7.0
BEGIN
CLRSCR;
SUM:=0;
COUNT:=0;
WRITE(‘ENTER THE SALARY =’);
READLN(S);
WHILE S<>-999 DO
BEGIN
SUM:=SUM+S;
COUNT:=COUNT+1;
WRITE(‘ENTER THE SALARY =’);
READLN(S);
END;
WRITELN(‘SUM IS =’,SUM);
WRITELN(‘COUNT IS =’,COUNT);
END.
48/ y½d*k &rfpwifaomtcg SUM ESifh COUNT wdu Yk kd okn
H rSpíowfrw S af y;cdik ;f xm;
ygonf/ vpmrsm;½dkufxnfh&eftwGuf pmwef;ay:ap&ef WRITE('ENTER THE
SALARY ='); [k a&;ay;&ygonf/ SALARY udk (S) [k owfrw S x
f m;í READLN(S);
[ka&;yg onf/ y½dk*&rfudk WHILE ... DO Looping oHk;í WHILE S < > -999 DO
[k a&;ygonf / qd k v d k o nf r S m vpm S ud k -999 ES i f h rnD r jcif ; vk y f y g[k
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ < > oauFwrSmrnDjcif;udk az:jyygonf/ vpmrsm;udk tpOf
twdkif; wpfa,mufNyD;? wpfa,mufxnfhoGif;oGm;yg/ y½dk*&rfpwifaomtcg SUM :=
SUM+S [ka&;jcif;rSm rlv SUM xJodkY S udk aygif;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ COUNT :=
COUNT + 1 rSmvnf; ta&twGufudk 1 wdk;cdkif;jcif; jzpfygonf/ vpmwpfckxnfhwdkif;
COUNT udk 1 wd;k jcif;jzpfygonf/ S udk xyfxnfNh y;D aemuf CONDITION ppfaq;ygonf/
vpmrsm;½dkufxnfhNyD;? aemufqHk; CONDITION rSm S < > -999 onf vpm -999 ESifh
wlaomtcg y½d*k &rfrx S u
G yf grnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 68

49/ xdkYaemuf tajzxkwfay;&ef vpmrsm;tm;vHk;aygif;jcif;udk WRITELN('SUM

IS =',SUM); [k a&;xm;NyD; vlta&twGuf COUNT udk WRITELN('COUNT IS
=',COUNT); [k a&;om;az:jyay;&ygonf/ xdktcg y½dk*&rfNyD;qHk;aomaMumifh
oufqdkif&m BEGIN atmufwnfhwnfhwGif END. ESifh tqHk;owfay;&ygonf/
50/ 4if ; y½d k * &rf u d k Run vd k u f a omtcg vpmrsm;½d k u f x nf h & ef atmuf y g
twdkif;az:jyay;ygonf-
ENTER THE SALARY =
100, 200, 300, 400, 500, -999
51/ wpfc½k u
kd Nf y;D wdik ;f Enter ESyd af y;&ygrnf/ aemufq;kH wGif y½d*k &rfrS jyefxu
G vf ykd gu
-999 udk Keyboard rS½dkufay;NyD;? Enter ESy d af omtcg y½d*k &rfrS xGuo f mG ;ygrnf/ xdt
k cg
Alt + F5 udk ESdyfygu uGefysLwmay:wGif tajzudk atmufygtwdkif;az:jyygrnf-
SUM IS = 1500
COUNT IS = 5

Example (11)
52/ y&kd*&rfukd DIVISION [k trnfay;xm;ygonf/ *Pef;(2)vkH;rS yxr*Pef;
A ukd 'kwd,*Pef; B ESihf pm;jcif;jzihf Ratio uk& d &Sad pygonf/ VAR aMujim&mwGif
Number (A) ESihf (B) ukd LONGINT tjzpf owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/(CH) ukd
CHARACTER tjzpfowfrw S yf gonf/y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;Edik yf gonf-
PROGRAM DIVISION;
VAR A,B:LONGINT;
CH:CHAR;
BEGIN
REPEAT
WRITE(‘ENTER TWO NUMBER =’);
READLN(A,B);
IF(B=0) THEN WRITELN(‘THE RATIO IS UNDEFINED’)
 69 Turbo Pascal 7.0
ELSE WRITELN(‘THE RATIO IS =’,A/B:5:2);
WRITE(‘CONTINUE Y/N?’);
READLN(CH);
UNTIL UPCASE(CH)=’N’;
END.
53/ y&k*d &rfwiG f Repeat_until looping ok;H xm;Ny;D ? *Pef;(2)vk;H &ku
d x
f nh&f efWRITE
("ENTER TWO NUMBER=") [k a&;ay;&ygonf/ *Pef;(2)vkH; A ESihf B wkdYukd
&kdufxnhf&ef READLN (A,B) [ka&;&ygonf/ xkdYaemuf CONDITION ukd IF ESihf
ppf x m;NyD ; IF(B=0) THEN WRITELN ("THE RATIO IS UNDIFINED")
ukda&;&ygonf/ ykdif;ajc B onf 0 jzpfcJhvQif THE RATIO IS UNDIFINED [k
az:jyckid ;f jcif;jzpfygonf/ (okrYd [kw)f tjcm; NUMBER rsm;jzpfcyhJ gu A ukd B ESifh pm;Ny;D
tajzudkaz:jyckdif;jcif;jzpfygonf/ A onf ykdif;a0 NUMBER jzpfNyD;? B onf ykdif;ajc
NUMBER jzpfygonf/

54/ xkdYaemuf *Pef;rsm; qufxnhfay;NyD; ppfaq;vkdyguWRITE ("CONTINUE

Y/N?") [ka&;&ygrnf/ qkdvkdonfrSm *Pef; qufxnhfrnfqkdygu Y ukd &kdufNyD;?
qufrxnhv f ydk gu N ukd&kdufxnhfay;&rnf/ CHARACTER pmvkH;rsm; &kdufxnhfrnf
qkyd gu READLN (CH) ukda&;ay;&rnf/ Y qkdvQif qufvkyfrnfjzpfNyD;? N ukd&kdufxnhf
ygu y&k*d &rfrS xGuo f mG ;rnfjzpfygonf/
55/ txufyg y&k*d &rfudk Run vku d v
f Qif ENTER TWO NUMBERS = [kay:vmNy;D
rdrdrS 4 ESihf 2 ukd &kdufxnhfay;NyD;? Enter ESdyfvkdufygu tajzukd atmufygtwkdif; az:jy
ygrnf-
THE RATIO IS = 2
56/ qkv d o
dk nfrmS A wefb;dk 4 ukd B wefb;dk 2 ESipfh m;í tajz 2 ukd wGux f wk af y;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ tu,fí B wefbkd;ukd 0 &ku d o
f iG ;f vkud yf gu 4 ukd 0 ESipfh m;aomtcg tajz
twdtus az:jyír&aomaMumihf THE RATIO IS UNDIFINED [k az:jyygrnf/
xkdYaemuf CONTINUE Y/N? [k az:jyygrnf/ Y ukd &ku d vf u
dk v
f Qif *Pef;qufxnh&f ef
message az:jyrnfjzpfNyD;? N ukd &ku
d x f nhvf u dk yf gu y&k*d &rfrx S u
G o f mG ;rnfjzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 70

Example (12)
57/ y&kd*&rfukd prime_count [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ uefYowfxm;aom Limit
twGif;&Sd prime number rsm;ukd count vkyfay;aom y&kd*&rfjzpfygonf/ i,d ESihf Count
wkdYukd Var tjzpf Integer [kowfrwS x
f m;ygonf/
Program prime_count;
Uses crt;
Var i,d,Count : Integer;
Begin
Clrscr;
Writeln(‘the following are prime number’);
Writeln(‘———————————————’);
Count:=0;
For i:=2 to 100 do
Begin
D:=1;
Repeat
D:=d+1;
Until i mod d=0;
If d=i then begin
Count:=count+1;
Write(i:5);
End;
End;
Writeln;
Writeln(‘total prime number between 2 & 100 = ‘,count);
End.
 71 Turbo Pascal 7.0
58/ yxrOD;pGm acgif;pOfay:ap&ef atmufygtwkdif;a&;&ygrnf-
writeln ("The following are prime number")
writeln ("-------------------------------------")

59/ xkdYaemuf Count ukd 0 rS pwifowfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/ For Looping ESihf

*Pef; 2 rS 100 xd owfrSwfay;xm;NyD;? 4if;twdkif;twmtwGif;om tvkyfvkyfckdif;
apygonf/ 4if;aemuf d xJokdY 1 ukd xnho
f iG ;f owfrwS af y;xm;&ygonf/ xdak emuf d ukd
1 aygif;ay;&ygrnf/ Repeat Looping ESifhxyfumxyfumjyKvkyfjyD;? i udk d ESifhpm;í 0
ESifhnDaomtcg Count udk 1 wdk;ay;&ygrnf/ &&Sdaom prime number wpfckudk &kdufjy
ygrnf/ xkdaMumihf rlv count =0 rS count = count+1 jzpfoGm;ygrnf/ þuJhokdY
aemufwpfMudrf Looping jyefywfNyD;? Condition ppfxw k u f m uku
d n
f rD &I ydS guaemufxyf
prime number (1)vk;H az:jyay;ygrnf/ owfrw S x
f m;onhf Limit 100 a&mufonftxd
tvkyfvkyfNyD;? prime number rsm;ukd qufwkdufaz:jyay;oGm;ygrnf/ 2 rS 100 Mum;&Sd
*Pef;rsm;rS prime numer rsm;ukd az:jyay;rnfjzpfNyD;? 4if; number rsm;ay:ap&ef
atmufygtwkdif; a&;ay;&ygonf-
WRITELN ("TOTAL PRIME NUMER 2 & 100 = ", COUNT)

60/ txufyg y&kd*&rfukd Run vkdufvQif atmufygtwkdif;az:jyay;ygrnf-

The following are prime number
-------------------------------------
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29
31 37 41 43 47 67 71 73 79 83
89 97
Total prime number between 2 & 100 = 25
uGefysLwmvufpJG 72

avhusifhcef; (1)
61/ udef;jynfh*Pef;wpfvHk;udk ½dkufxnfhNyD; prime numer [kwf^r[kwf azmfjyap
rnfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
program prime_test;
var num,count:Integer;
begin
write(‘enter an Integer =’);
readln(num);
count:=1;
repeat
count:=count+1;
until num mod count =0;
if count=num then writeln(‘prime’)
else writeln(‘not prime.’);
end.
avhusifhcef; (2)
62/ axmifrh eS Bf w*d w
H pfcyk w
kH pfcu
k kd * rsm;jzifh azmfjyaprnfyh ½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwdik ;f
a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
Program nested;
uses crt;
var i,j,x,y:Integer;
begin
x:=30; y:=1;
for i:=1 to 20 do begin
gotoxy(x,y);
for j:=1 to 2*i-1 do
write(‘*’);
X:=x-1; y:=y+1;
end;
writeln;
end.
 73 Turbo Pascal 7.0

Chapter (4)
ARRAY

1/ Pascal Program a&;&mwGif Array tokH;jyKykHrSm rodudef;rsm;ukd trsKd;tpm;

tvku d f cJjG cm;owfrw
S af y;jcif;? trnfemraz:jyay;jcif;wkw Yd iG f tok;H jyKygonf/ rodued ;f
rsm; owfrSwfay;&mwGif ta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmygu tcuftcJr&Sdap&ef array ukd
tokH;jyK&jcif;jzpfyg onf/ rodudef;rsm;rSm trsKd;tpm;wljcif; jzpfaeygu x1, x2, x3 ...
ponfjzihf x ukd rlaoxm;NyD; cJGjcm;ay;Ekdifygonf/ x1=10, x2=20, x3=30 ponfjzihf
wefb;dk rsm; az:jyay;Ekid yf gonf/ xkaYd Mumihfx1, x2, x3 ok;H rsK;d &Syd gu variable aMujim&mwGif
atmufygtwkdif; a&;&ygrnf-
var x:array[1..3] of integer;

One Dimensional Array

2/ trsKd;tpm; rsm;vmvQif tvdk&SdonfY wefbkd;rsm;udk owfrSwfay;NyD;? aMujim
Ekdifygonf/ 4if;wefbdk;rsm;onf real ? integer? char ? boolean rsm; jzpfEkdifygonf/
Enumerated type ESihf Subrange type rsm;vnf;jzpfEi
dk yf gonf/ Array wpfc\
k general
form udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
var variable name: array [subscript range] of type;
var x:array[1 ..10] of integer;
y:array[“a”..”z”] of real;

Example(1)
3/ y½d k * &rf u d k Inserting_sort [k t rnf a y;xm;ygonf / rd r d r S data
½du
k xf nfah y;onft h cg i,fpOfBu;D vduk pf ND y;D azmfjyay;aom y½d*k &rfjzpfygonf/ *Pef;rsm;udk
rnfodkYyif xnfhapumrl i,fpOfBuD;vdkuf jyefvnfpDay;ygrnf/ stop code = - 999 onf
rdrd data ½duk x f nfNh y;D &yfvakd omtcg - 999 oauFwud½k u kd í
f Enter ESyd v f u
kd yf gu tvdv k kd
xGuo f mG ;rnf/ Max = 20 rSm *Pef;vH;k a& 20 txdom trsm;qH;k ½du k xf nfEh ikd &f ef owfrwS f
ay;xm;jcif;jzpfNyD;? vHk;a& 20 xufausmfygu 4if;wefzdk;rsm;udkxnfhoGif;a&wGufrI
rjyKvkyfyg/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 74

program insertion_sort;
uses crt;
const stopcode =-999;
max=20;
var list:array[1..max] of integer;
n,num,i,p :integer;
begin
clrscr;
n:=0;
write(‘enter an integer ‘);
readln(num);
while num<>stopcode do
begin
if n=0 then begin
n:=n+1;
list[n]:=num;
end;
else begin
p:=n;
while(p>=1) and(num<list[p])do
begin
list[p+1]:=list[p];
p:=p-1;
end;
list[p+1]:=num;
n:=n+1;
end;
 75 Turbo Pascal 7.0
write(‘enter an integer ‘);
readln(num);
end;
write(‘sorted list ‘);
for i:=1 to n do
write(list[i]:5);
writeln;
end.

4/ Variable udk Array [ 1..Max ] aMunmNyD;? Type udk integer owfrSwfay;xm;

ygonf/ n, num, i, p udkvnf; integer owfrSwfay;ygonf/ y½dk*&rf tpwGif n xJodkY 0
xnfyh g/ *Pef;½du
k x
f nfah y;&eftwGuf write ( 'Enter an integer') a&;&ygrnf/ 4if;aemuf
Readln (num); udka&;yg/ xdkYaemuf while loop udk toHk;jyKNyD; rdrd½dkufxnfh&rnfh
*Pef;rsm;udk stopcode = - 999 ESifh rnDrcsif; vkyfyg[ka&;&ygrnf/
while num <> stopcode Do

5/ xdkYaemuf if ESifh condition ppfaomtcg n = 0 jzpfvQif n + 1 udk n xJodkY

xnfh&rnf/ num udkvnf; list [n] xJodkY xnfh&ygrnf/ (odkYr[kwf) condition
rudu k n
f cD yhJ gu n udk p xJodkYxnfhay;&ygrnf/ 4if;aemuf while looping ESifh p twGuf
ppfaomtcg p onf 1 xufBuD;vQif (odkYr[kwf) nDvQif ESifh num onf list [p]
xufi,fonfhtxd vkyfyg[k a&;&ygrnf/ &&Sdaom list [p] udk list [p+1] xJodkYxnfhay;
&ygrnf/ p xJodkY p - 1 xnfhay;&ygrnf/ num udk list [ p+1 ] odkYxnfhNyD;? n xJodkY n + 1
udxk nf&h ygrnf/
6/ 4if;aemuf *Pef; qufxnfh&ef write ('Enter an integer'); readln(num); [k
a&;ay;&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf &&Sdaomtajzudk sorted list pDíjy&ef write ('Sorted list');
[ka&;&ygrnf/ 1 rS n Budrfxd for looping wpfBudrfxyfywfNyD; i xJodkY xnfhay;&ygrnf/
aemufqHk; tajzxkwfonfhtcg rdrd½dkufcJhaom *Pef;rsm;udk i,fpOfBuD;vdkufpDjy&ef
write(list[i]:5); [ka&;ygonf/ data wpfckESifhwpfck space 5 ae&mpDcGmí azmfjyay;&ef
jzpfygonf/ xdkYaemuf y½dk*&rfNyD;qHk;í End. ESifhydwfay;&ygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 76

7/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk Run vdkufvQif ' Enter an integer ' [kay:vmygrnf/ integer

*Pef;rsm; xnfhoGif;ay;&ef jzpfygonf/ *Pef;wpfck½dkufxnfhNyD; EneterudkESdyfvdkufvQif
aemuf*Pef;wpfcu k x kd nf&h ef pmwef;ay:vmygrnf/ xdaYk emuf *Pef;wpfv;kH udk xyfr½H u
kd f
xnfNh y;D Enter udk EdyS &f ygrnf/ xnfvh akd om Range txd *Pef;rsm;udk qufumqufum
½du
k x
f nfah y;&ygrnf/ *Pef;xyfrxnfv h í
kd &yfcsiaf omtcg stopcode tjzpf owfrw S f
xm;aom *Pef;( - 999 ) udk½dkufxnfh vdkufvQif y½dk*&rfudk &yfoGm;apygrnf/
Oyrm-
Enter an integer 5
Enter an integer 4
Enter an integer 3
Enter an integer 2
Enter an integer 1
Enter an integer -999

8/ txufygtwdik ;f tpOftvdu k x
f nfNh y;D Enter ESyd yf gu y½d*k &rfrS xGuo
f mG ;ygrnf/
xdtk cg Alt + F5 udk wJGESdyfygu tajzudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyay;rnf jzpfygonf/
Sorted list 1 2 3 4 5

Example(2)
9/ y½d*k &rfukd Linear_search [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfrS ausmif;om;rsm;\
trnfu½kd ukd xf nfah y;Ny;D 4if;trnfrsm;xJrS &Smvdak om ausmif;om;trnfukd ½du
k x
f nfí
h
&SmazGay;ygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program Linear_search;
uses crt;
const max=30;
terminator =’stop’;
var a :Array[1..max] of string [30];
n,j,i :integer;
name :string[30];
begin
clrscr;
 77 Turbo Pascal 7.0
write(‘Enter name of student : type “stop” for termination :’);
readln(name);
n:=0;
while (name<>terminator) do
begin
n:=n+1;
a[n]:=name;
write(‘enter another name :’);
readln(name);
end;
write(‘enter the name to be search :’);
readln(name);
for j:=1 to n do
if a[j]=name then begin
writeln(name,’is found at position ‘,j);
halt;
end;
writeln(‘not found’);
end.

10/ Constant udef;aowefzdk;udk Max trsm;qHk; (30) owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/

Terminator udk 'Stop' [kowfrw
S x
f m;Ny;D Stop ½dkufvQif Program rS½u
kd rf nfjzpfygonf/
11/ Variable tjzpf a udk Array [1 rS Max ] txdowfrSwfay;xm;NyD; 4if; Range
twGif; Data xnfhoGif;ay;EdkifNyD; 'Stop' pmom;½dkufygrS Data awmif;jcif;rS &yfrnf
jzpfygonf/
12/ y½dk*&rfudk Run vdkufygu atmufygtwdkif; ay:vmygrnf-
Enter name of students: type 'stop' for terminator =

13/ ausmif;om;rsm;\trnfrsm;udk ½dkufxnfhay;&ygrnf/ &yfrnfqdkygu 'Stop' [k

½dkufay;&ygrnf/ ausmif;om;trnfrsm; wpfa,mufcsif;½dkufxnfhygu a&SUwGif 'Enter
uGefysLwmvufpJG 78

another name' [k message ay:aeygrnf/ trnfrsm;udk ½du k x

f nfNh y;D ? aemufq;kH 'Stop'
ESifhxGufNyD;aomtcg 'Enter the name to be search' [k message xyfraH y:vmygrnf/
rdrd&Smvdkaom ausmif;om;\trnfudk ½dkufxnfhay;&ef jzpfygonf/ ausmif;om;trnf
&SmawGUygu trnfudk az:jyay;rnfjzpfNyD;? &SmrawGUygu 'is not found' [k message
az:jyrnf jzpfygonf/
Example(3)
14/ y½d*k &rfukd Two matrix sum [ktrnfay;xm;Ny;D ? rufx&pfEpS cf u k kd aygif;ay;jcif;
t"dygÜ ,fjzpfygonf/ Variable udk Array a, b, c oH;k ckrS rufx&pfEpS cf yk g0ifaMumif; azmfjyay;
ygonf/ i ESifh j wd k Y u d k v nf ; integer owf r S w f a y;xm;ygonf / 4if ; y½d k * &rf u d k
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program two_matrix_sum;
var a,b,c :Array[1..3,1..3] of integer;
i,j:integer;
begin
writeln(‘Matrix a & b’);
for i:=1 to 3 do
for j:=1 to 3 do
begin
write(‘a[‘,i,j,’]’); readln(a[i,j]);
write(‘b[‘,i,j,’]’); readln(b[i,j]);
end;
writeln(‘matrix c’);
for i:=1 to 3 do
begin
for j:=1 to 3 do
begin
c[i,j]:=a[i,j]+b[i,j];
write(c[i,j] :5);
 79 Turbo Pascal 7.0
end;
writeln;
end;
end.

15/ y½d*k &rfpwifaomtcg rufx&pf A ESihf B wdkYudk azmfjyay;&ef writeln ( 'Matrix

A & B ' ) [ka&;&ygrnf/ rufx&pf A wGif 3 Dimensional matrix jzpfí For looping
oHk;í 1 rS 3 xd tvkyfvkyfNyD; i xJodkY xnfhay;&ygrnf/ j twGufvnf; looping ywfay;
&ygrnf/
16/ xdkYaemuf rufx&pf A twGuf Data xnfhEdkif&ef write ( ' A [ 'i, j' ]' ); Readln
( a[ i, j ]); [ka&;&ygrnf/ rufx&pf B twGuf Write( 'B[ 'i, j' ] ' ); Readln (b [i,j] );
[ka&;&ygrnf/ A ESifh B wdkYonf rufx&pfrsm;jzpfNyD; 4if;rufx&pfxJwGifygaom i, j wdkY
onf wefb;kd rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ a ESifh b wdkYonfvnf; Array rsm;jzpfNyD; 4if;wdkYxJwGif i,
j wefb;kd rsm;½du
k x
f nfah y;&ef a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdu
Yk o
J Ykd rufx&pfA ESihf B wefb;kd rsm;
udk aygif;NyD;? rufx&pf C xJodkYxnfh&ef atmufygtwdkif;a&;&ygrnf-
Writeln ( ' Matrix C ' );

17/ rufx&pf C wGifvnf; i, j wefbdk;rsm;udk For looping toHk;jyKí 1 rS 3 txd

tBudrfBudrfvkyfaqmifNyD; rufx&pf C tjzpfazmfjyay;ygrnf/ rufx&pf A ESifh B udk
aygif;í rufx&pf C &&SdyHkudkvnf; y½dk*&rfydkif;jzifh atmufygtwdif; a&;om;azmfjy
ay;&ygrnf-
C [ i, j ] := A [ i, j ] + B [ i, j ];
write ( c [ i, j ] : 5 );

18/ rufx&pf C udk azmfjy&mwGiv f nf; i, j wefb;kd rsm;udk space ig;ae&mcGmí azmfjy
ay;&ef a&;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;aemuf y½dk*&rfNyD;qHk;aomtcg oufqdkif&m Begin
ESifh pxm;aom y½dk*&rfatmufwdkYwGif End ESifh ydwfay;&ygrnf/

avhusifhcef; (1)
19/ 1 rS 100 txd ude;f jynfrh sm; xnfo
h iG ;f Edik af om wpfcu
k kd atmufygtwdifk ;f y½d*k &rf
jzifh a&;om;Edkifygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 80

program listing;
var a :array[1..100] of integer;
i,n:integer;
begin
write(‘how many data =’);
readln(n);
for i:=1 to n do
begin
write(‘enter data ‘);
readln(a[i]);
end;
for i:=1 to n do
writeln(a[i]:5, a[n-i+1]:5,a[i]+a[n-i+1]:5);
end.

avhusifhcef; (2)
20/ q,fvpD epfo;kH ude;f *Pef;rsm;udk ½du k x
f nfNh y;D ? tvd&k &Sd m pepfwpfc\
k ude;f *Pef;
rsm;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJazmfjyonfh y½dk*&rfwpfckudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program convert;
{change decimal number to any base}
uses crt;
const inform : array[0..15] of char = (‘0’,’1',’2',’3',’4',’5',’6',
’7',’8',’9',’a’,’b’, ’c’,’d’,’e’,’f’);
var c : array[1..64] of integer;
base,i,k,p : integer;
num : longint;
begin
 81 Turbo Pascal 7.0
clrscr;
write(‘enter decimal number =’) ;readln(num);
write(‘base =’);readln(base);
write(‘the conver ‘,num);
writeln(‘ is base ‘,base);
i:=0;
repeat
inc(i);
c[i] :=num mod base;
num :=num div base;
until num=0;
write(‘the converted number is =’);
for k :=i downto 1 do
begin
p:=c[k];
write(inform[p]:2);
end;
writeln;
end.

avhusifhcef; (3)
21/ 1 rS 100 txd udef;jynfh*Pef;rsm;teuf tvdk&dS&mudef;*Pef;ta&twGuf
twdik ;f ude;f *Pef;rsm;udk ½du
k x
f nfNh y;D aemuf tpDtpOftwdik ;f azmfjyonfh y½d*k &rfwpfcu
k kd
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program counting_sort;
uses crt;
Var list,count,output : array[1..100] of integer;
i,k,p,n : integer;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 82

begin
clrscr;
write(‘How many integers = ‘) ; readln(n);
for i:= 1 to n do
begin
Write(‘Number = ‘) ; readln(List[i]); count[i]:=1;
end;
for i:=1 to n-1 do
for k:=i+1 to n do
if list[I]>list[k] then count[i]:=count[i]+1
else count[k]:=count[k]+1;
for i:=1 to n do
begin
p:=count[i];
output[p]:=list[i];
end;
writeln(‘sorted list ‘);
for i:=1 to n do
write(output[i]:5);
end.

avhusifhcef; (4)
22/ &ufaygif; 365 teuf xnfhoGif;vdkufonfh &ufta&twGufudk wGufcsufí
vESifh&ufwdkYudk wGufcsufazmfjyonfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program caldate;
uses crt;
type store = packed array[1..9] of char;
var mlist : array[1..12] of string;
numdays,month,day : integer;
 83 Turbo Pascal 7.0
procedure calculatedate (yeardate : integer);
var stop : boolean;
m : array[1..13] of integer;
begin
m[1] := 0; m[2] := 31; m[3] := 59;
m[4] := 90; m[5] := 120; m[6] := 151;
m[7] := 181; m[8] := 212; m[9] := 243;
m[10] := 273; m[11] := 304; m[12] := 334;
m[13] := 365;
month := 0;
stop := false;
repeat
month := month+1;
if yeardate < (m[month+1]+1) then begin
day := yeardate-m[month];
stop := true;
end;
until stop;
end;
{ main program }
begin
clrscr;
mlist [1] := ‘january ‘;
mlist [2] := ‘february ‘;
mlist [3] := ‘march ‘;
mlist [4] := ‘april ‘;
mlist [5] := ‘may ‘;
mlist [6] := ‘june ‘;
mlist [7] := ‘july ‘;
mlist [8] := ‘august ‘;
mlist [9] := ‘september ‘;
mlist [10]:= ‘october ‘;
mlist [11]:= ‘november ‘;
mlist [12]:= ‘december ‘;
repeat
uGefysLwmvufpJG 84
writeln;
writeln(‘enter the number of days’);
read (numdays);
calculatedate(numdays);
writeln (mlist [month], day : 3);
until numdays = 0;
end.

avhusifhcef; (5)
23/ trnfrsm;udk ½dkufxnfhNyD;aemuf tvdk&dSonfhtrnftm; jyefvnf&SmazGonfh
y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program binary_search;
const terminator =’stop’;
var top,bottom,mid,count :integer;
list :array[1..20] of string[30];
sname :string[30];
begin
write(‘enter the name :terminate by ‘,terminator, ‘:’);
readln(sname);
count:=0;
while sname<>terminator do
begin
count:=count+1;
list[count]:=sname;
write(‘enter the name :’);
readln(sname);
end;
top:=1;
bottom:=count;
mid:=(top+bottom) div 2;
write(‘enter the name to be searched :’);
readln(sname);
while not(top>=bottom) and (list[mid]<>sname) do
begin
if sname > list[mid] then bottom :=mid-1
 85 Turbo Pascal 7.0
else top :=mid+1;
mid :=(top+bottom) div 2;
end;
if top>bottom then writeln(‘not found’)
else writeln(‘name is found at position ‘, mid);
end.

avhusifhcef; (6)
24/ ta&mif;wefbdk;rsm;udk ½dkufxnfhNyD;aemuf a&mif;&wefzdk;rsm;udk wGufcsuf
azmfjyonfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program sales;
uses crt;
var sale : Array[1..5,1..5] of integer;
i,j : integer;
begin
clrscr;
writeln(‘enter sale data for matrix’);
for i:=1 to 4 do
for j:=1 to 4 do
begin
writeln(‘enter a data ‘);
writeln(‘sale[‘,i,j,’] ‘);
readln(sale[i,j]);
end;
for i:=1 to 4 do
begin
for j:=1 to 4 do
begin
sale[i,5]:=sale[i,5]+sale[i,j];
sale[5,i]:=sale[5,i]+sale[j,i];
end;
sale[5,5]:=sale[5,5]+sale[5,i];
end;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 86

writeln(‘the result sale matrix is ‘);

for i:=1 to 5 do
begin
for j:=1 to 5 do
write(sale[i,j]:4);
writeln;
end;
end.

avhusifhcef; (7)
25/ Array ESpfckrS udef;*Pef;rsm;udk aygif;NyD;aemuf &&dSonfhtajzudk array wpfck
twGif;odkY xnfhoGif;onfhy½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program array_additoin;
const n=20;
var a,b,c :array[1..n]of integer;
i :integer;
begin
writeln(‘array a’);
for i:=1 to n do
readln(a[i]);
writeln(‘array b’);
for i:=1 to n do
readln(b[i]);
writeln(‘array c’);
for i:=1 to n do
begin
c[i]:=a[i]+b[i];
writeln(c[i]);
end;
end.
 87 Turbo Pascal 7.0
avhusifhcef; (8)
26/ ypön;f ta&mif;wefb;kd rsm;udk ½du
k x
f nfah y;Ny;D aemuf Z,m;jzifh azmfjyonfyh ½d*k &rfukd
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program array_5;
uses crt;
var i,Qrt,uprice :integer;
num:array[1..10]of real;
item:char;
begin
clrscr;
writeln(‘ No Item Qrt Uprice Totalprice ‘);
writeln(‘ == ==== === ====== ========== ‘);
writeln;
for i:=1 to 10 do
num[i]:=i;
writeln(i:5,item:8,Qrt:15, uprice:20,qrt*uprice:25);
end.

Two Dimensional Array

27/ trsK;d tpm;ESit hf a&twGuf rsm;vmvQif tvd&k odS nfY wefb;dk rsm;udk Array tjzpf
owfrSwfaMujimEkdifygonf/ 4if;wefbdk;rsm;onf real ? integer? char ? boolean rsm;jzifh
owfrw
S Ef idk yf gonf/ Two Dimensional Array wpfckudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkif
ygonf-
var variable_name : Array[range1,range2,....] of value type;
example - list : Array [1..3, 1..2] of integer;

Example
28/ y½d*k &rfukd Two matrix sum [ktrnfay;xm;Ny;D ? rufx&pfEpS cf u k kd aygif;ay;jcif;
t"dygÜ ,fjzpfygonf/ Variable udk Array a, b, c oH;k ckrS rufx&pfEpS cf yk g0ifaMumif; azmfjyay;
ygonf/ Type trsKd;tpm;rSm integer jzpfygonf/ i ESifh j wdkYudkvnf; integer type
owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 88

program two_matrix_sum;
var a,b,c :Array[1..3,1..3] of integer;
i,j :integer;
begin
writeln(‘Matrix a & b’);
for i:=1 to 3 do
for j:=1 to 3 do
begin
write(‘a[‘,i,j,’]’); readln(a[i,j]);
write(‘b[‘,i,j,’]’); readln(b[i,j]);
end;
writeln(‘matrix c’);
for i:=1 to 3 do
begin
for j:=1 to 3 do
begin
c[i,j]:=a[i,j]+b[i,j];
write(c[i,j] :5);
end;
writeln;
end;
end.

29/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg rufx&pf A ESifh B wdkYudk azmfjyay;&ef writeln ( 'Matrix A

& B ' ) [ka&;&ygrnf/ rufx&pf A wGif 3 Dimensional matrix jzpfí For looping
oHk;í 1 rS 3 xd tvkyv
f yk Nf y;D i xJoYkd xnfah y;&ygrnf/ þuJo
h Ykd j twGufvnf; looping
ywfay;&ygrnf/
 89 Turbo Pascal 7.0
30/ xdkYaemuf rufx&pf A twGuf Data xnfhEdkif&ef write ( ' A [ 'i, j' ]' ); Readln
( a[ i, j ]); [ka&;&ygrnf/ rufx&pf B twGuf Write( 'B[ 'i, j' ] ' ); Readln (b [i,j] );
[ka&;&ygrnf/ A ESifh B wdkYonf rufx&pfrsm;jzpfNyD; 4if;rufx&pfxJwGifygaom i, j
wdoYk nf wefb;kd rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ a ESifh b wdkYonfvnf; Array rsm;jzpfNyD;? 4if;wdkYxJwGif
i, j wefbdk;rsm; ½dkufxnfhay;&ef a&;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkYuJodkYrufx&pf A ESifh B
wefbdk;rsm;udk aygif;NyD; rufx&pf C xJodkYxnfh&ef atmufygtwdkif;a&;&ygrnf-
Writeln ( ' Matrix C ' );

31/ xdkYuJhodkY rufx&pf C wGifvnf; i, j wefbdk;rsm;udk For looping toHk;jyKí 1 rS

3 txd tBudrfBudrfvkyfaqmifNyD;rufx&pf C tjzpfazmfjyay;ygrnf/ rufx&pf A ESifh B
udk aygif;í rufx&pf C &&Syd u
kH v
kd nf; y½d*k &rfyikd ;f jzifh atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;azmfjyay;
Edik yf gonf-
C [ i, j ] := A [ i, j ] + B [ i, j ];
write ( c [ i, j ] : 5 );

32/ rufx&pf C udk azmfjy&mwGiv f nf; i, j wefb;kd rsm;udk space ig;ae&mcGmí azmfjy
ay;&ef a&;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ y½d*k &rfNy;D qH;k aomtcg oufqikd &f m Begin ESihf pxm;aom
y½dk*&rfatmufwdkYwGif End ESifh ydwfay;&ygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 90

Chapter (5)
STRING DATA TYPE

Character Representation
1/ uGeyf sLwmwpfctk wGi;f ½Sd Numbers rsm;udk tcsi;f csi;f aygif;pyfvyk af qmif &mwGif
tqifajyrI½Sdap&ef 01-10 ponfh Binary Number rsm;ESifh udk,fpm;jyKvkyfaqmif&
ygonf/ xdkudk,fpm;jyKvkyfaqmifaom Characters rsm;twGuf uGefysKwmtrsm;pkwGif
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) pepfut kd oH;k jyKyg
onf/
Built in Functions
2/ 4if;wdkY\a&;xHk;rsm;tm; OyrmESifhwuGatmufygtwdkif;azmfjytyfygonf-
(u) CHR ( nun ) : Returns a character with a specified ordinal
ASCII- code.
eg. ch: = chr (65) ; { ch= ‘A’ }
( c) ORD (ch) : Returns the decimal equivalent of ‘ch’
eg. nun: = ord(‘A’) ; { nun=65}
( *) UPCASE(ch): Return the upper case equivalent of ‘ch’. If no
upper case
equivalent exits, the argument is returned unchanged.
eg. ch:= up case (‘a’) ; {ch=’A’}

String Data Type

3/ String qdkonfrSm Characters rsm;ESifhpkxm;aom tpkwpfckjzpfygonf/
4if;tpkwpfc&k pdS mvH;k ta&twGuu
f akd c:ygonf/ pmvH;k rsm;yg0ifrrI &Sv
d QiNull
f (odrYk [kw)f
Empty [k ac:qdkygonf/ xdk String tpkudk ‘ ’ jzifa h zmfjyygonf/ [ ] jzifh tpkudk
xnhfoGif;azmfjyygonf/ 4if;tpkudk Integer Type jzihf owfrSwfazmfjyygonf/ 4if;\
Constant Range rSm 1 to 255 jzpfygonf/
Oyrm- Name : string [30] ;
Sentence : string ;
 91 Turbo Pascal 7.0
Example ( 1 )
4/ y½dk*&rfudk Vowel-count [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ rdrd½dkufxnhfay;aom word
(od k Y ) sentence rS A,E,I,O,U paom Vowel rsm;ud k p pf x k w f & S m azG a y;aom
y½dk*&rfjzpfygonf/ y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program vowel_count;
var st:string[80];
i,count:integer;
begin
write(‘enter the string =’);
readln(st);
count:=0;
for i:=1 to length(st) do
case upcase (st[i]) of
‘A’,’E’,’I’,’O’,’U’ : COUNT:=COUNT+1;
end;
writeln(‘the number of vowel is =’ ,count);
end.

5/ Variable aMujimay;&mwGif Sentence String udk 80 xdowfrw

S f ay;xm;ygonf/
i ESifh count wdkYudk integer type tjzpfowfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/

6/ yxrOD;pGm Data xnhfaomtcg Message ay:ap&eftwGuf atmufazmfjyyg

y½dk*&rfydkif;udka&;om;ay;&ygonf-
Write( ' Enter the String = ' ) ;
Read( st ) ;

7/ xdkYaemuf Count udk okn (0) rSpía&wGufyg[k owfrSwfazmfjyay;&ygonf/

For Looping udktoHkjyKí Sentence ( st ) udkppfxkwfay;&mwGif 1 rSpí Sentence
(st)qHk;onftxd wpfBudrfNyD;wpfBudrf Count udkwpfpDwdk;í Looping vnfywf
cdik ;f jcif;jzpfygonf/ 4if;aemuf (st) xJrS 'A' , 'E' , 'I' , 'O' , 'U' yg&Syd gu azmfxw
k af y;&ygrnf/
yxrOD;pGm wpfvHk;ppfawGUygu rlvowfrSwfxm;aom Count = 0 rS Count: = Count
uGefysLwmvufpJG 92

+ 1 wpfckwdk;í owfrSwfay;&ygonf/ þodkYaemufwpfvHk;xyfawGUygu Count = 2 ,

Count = 3 ponfjzihf Setence qHk;onftxdppfxkwfNyD; 'A' , 'E' , 'I' , 'O' , 'U' paom
Vowel pmvH;k rsm;udk Setence rSppfxkwfazmfjyay;rnfjzpfygonf/

8/ aemufqHk;pmaMumif;qHk;onftxdppfNyD;aomtcg xGuf&Sdvmaom Vowel pmvH;k

rsm;udk *Pef;eHygwfjzifh 1,2,3,4 ponfjzihf tajzxkwfay;ygrnf/ tajzxkwfay;&ef
pmom;ay:ap&ef Writeln ( ' The number of vowel is = ' , Count ) ; [ka&;ay;&ygrnf/
xkdYaemuf y½dk*&rfNyD;qHk;í end ESihfydwfay;&ygrnf/

Example( 2 )
9/ y½dk*&rfudk Count [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ Character pmvHk;rsm;? numeric
*Pef; rsm;rSpmvH;k rsm;udk wpfv;kH pDa&wGuí
f pmvH;k ta&twGurf nfrQ&o
dS nfuakd zmfjyaom
y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fjzpfygonf/ y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program count;
var st:string;
i,ncount,chcount :integer;
begin
write(‘enter a string =’);
readln(st);
ncount:=0 ; chcount:=0;
for i:=1 to length(st) do
begin
if(st[i]>=’0') and (st[i]<=’9') then ncount:=ncount+1;
if upcase (st[i]) in [‘A’..’Z’] then chcount:=chcount+1;
end;
writeln(‘the numeric count =’, ncount);
writeln(‘the alphabetic character count =’ ,chcount);
end.
 93 Turbo Pascal 7.0
10/ Variable ydkif;wGif (st) Sentence udk string: [kowfrSwfay;xm;NyD; i , ncount
(numeric count), chcount ( character count ) wdkYudk Integer type owfrSwfay;xm;
ygonf/
11/ yxrOD;pGm Data xnfh&eftwGuf Message ay:vmap&ef atmufygy½dk*&rf
ydkif;udk a&;om;&ygrnf-
Write ( 'Enter a string = ' ) ;
Readln (st);

12/ xdkYaemuf ncount ESifh chcount wdkYudk okn (0) rSpía&wGufyg[k owfrSwf
azmfjyay;&ygonf/ for Looping udktoHkjyKí Sentence (st) udk ppfxkwfay;&mwGif 1
rSpí Sentence (st) qHk;onftxdwpfBudrfNyD;wpfBudrf Count udkwpfpDwdk;í Looping
ygwf ckid ;f jcif;jzpfygonf/
13/ Looping ygwf N yD ; aomtcg Numeric ES i f h Character pmvH k ; rsm;ud k
cGJjcm;ppfxkwf&ef if statement udkoHk;í Condition udk ppfxw k af y;&ygonf/ yxrOD;pGm
Numeric wdkYudk ppf&mü Sentence xJwGifyg0ifaompmvHk;rsm;onf oknxufBuD;rnf
(odrYk [kw)f nDrnfEiS hf (9) xufi,frnf(odrYk [kw)f nDrnfqydk gu ncount udk wpfw;kd ay;Ny;D
ncount + 1 tjzpfowfrSwfa&;ay;& rnfjzpfygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm wpfESifhudk;&Sd *Pef;
wpfvHk;vHk;udkawGUwdkif; wpfpDwdk;cdkif;oGm; jcif;jzpfygonf/ Character pmvHk;rsm;jzpfaom
t*Fvdyftu©&m 'A' rS 'Z' txd&Sdaom pm;vHk;rsm;xJrS wpfvHk;vHk;udk awGUwdkif; chcount
udk wpfwdk;ay;NyD;? count + 1 tjzpf owfrSwfay;ygrnf/
14/ tajzazmfjy&mü Numeric rnfrQyg0ifonf? Character pmvH;k rnfrQyg0ifonf
wdkYudk toD;oD;azmfjyay;&ef atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;&ayrnf-
Writeln ( ' The Numeric count = ' , ncount ) ;
Writeln ( ' The alphabetic character count = ' , chcount ) ;

Example (3)
15/ y&kd*&rfukd Find_and_Replace [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ character pmvk;H rsm;
ESihf *Pef;rsm;ukd &SmazGppfxkwfay;NyD;? trSefpmvkH;ukd jyefvnftpm;xkd;&mwGif tokH;jyK
ygonf/ variable tjzpf st ukd string type owfrw S af y;xm;ygonf/ st1, st2 wkdYukd
uGefysLwmvufpJG 94

15vkH;pm uefYowfaz:jy&ef string [15] [ka&;&ygonf/ p onf numeric *Pef;jzpfí

Integer type tjzpfowfrw
S af y;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;Edik yf gonf-
program find_and_replace;
var st :string;
st1,st2 :string[15];
p:integer;
begin
write(‘enter a string =’); readln(st);
write(‘enter a string to find =’); readln(st1);
p:=pos(st1,st);
if (p=0) then writeln(‘search string is not found’)
else begin
write(‘enter a string to replace with =’); readln(st2);
delete(st,p,length(st1));
insert(st2,st,p);
writeln(‘the output string is =’,st);
end;
end.

16/ yxrOD;pGm Data xnfh&eftwGuf Message ay:vm&ef atmufygtwdkif;

a&;&ygrnf-
write ( ' Enter a string = ' ) ;
Readln (st) ;

17/ st1, st2 wdkYrS String vkyr

f nfph mvH;k ud&k mS azGí P xJox Ykd nhaf y;&ygrnf/ xdUk aemuf
if statement ESifh P wefbdk;udk ppfxkwfay;&ygrnf/ P onf okn H ESin hf yD gu ' Search
string is not found ' [k Message azmfjyygrnf/ rnDcy hJ gu ' Enter a string to replace
with ' [k Message ay:vmygrnf/ st2 wefbdk;udk½dkufxnhfay;&ygrnf/ 4if;aemuf rlv
xnhfoGif;cJhaom Sentence rS P wefbdk;udkppfxkwfNyD; zsufxkwfay;ygrnf/ 4if;zsufxkwf
 95 Turbo Pascal 7.0
ay;NyD;aomae&mwGif tpm;xdk;rnhf Sentence udk xnhfoGif;azmfjyay;rnf jzpfygonf/
aemufqHk; tajzwGif Sentence wpfcktaejzihfazmfjyay;ygrnf/

18/ txufyg y½dk*&rfudk Run vdkufaomtcg Enter a string = [kay:vmygrnf/

Keyboard rS rdrd½dkufvdkaom Sentence udk ½dkufoGif;ay;&ygrnf/

avhusifhcef;
19/ ½dkufxnfhvdkufonfh pmESifhudef;*Pef;rsm;udk ppfaq;NyD;aemuf &&dSrnfhtajzudk
azmfjyonfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program sum_digit;
var st :string;
i,num,code,sum :integer;
begin
write('enter a string =');
readln(st);
sum:=0;
for i:=1 to length(st) do
begin
val(st[i],num,code);
if code=0 then sum :=sum+num
else begin
writeln('it is not a numeric string =');
halt;
end;
end;
writeln('the sum of the given string is ',sum);
end.
uGefysLwmvufpJG 96

Chapter (6)
FUNCTION AND PROCEDURE

1/ þtcef;wGif Pascal y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fudk t"dyÜg,f ydkrdk&Sif;vif;vG,fulap&ef ESifh

Trace vdu k rf v
I ,
G u
f al p&eftwGuf Function ESihf Procedure wduYk kd toH;k jyKNy;D ? tydik ;f rsm;
cJaG &;xm;ygonf/
Function
2/ zef&SifqdkonfrSm y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fwGif zef&Sif Name oD;oefYay;í y½dk*&rfxJwGif
4if;zef&Sif Name udak c:oH;k Ny;D a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ zef&iS o
f ;kH enf;yHpk rH mS atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfygonf-
Function Function_name : Data type;
(odkYr[kwf)
Function Function_Name ( parameters ) : Data type;

Standard Functions
3/ pHowfrwS xf m;aom Functions rsm;/ pHowfrw
S x
f m;aom Functions rsm;udk
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjytyfygonf-
(u) String Handling Functions
E.g. ( copy, pos, length, ... )

( c) File Handling Functions

E.g. ( EOF, EOLN )

( *) Arithmetic Functions
E.g. ( Abs, Cos, Trune, ... )

(C) Scalar Functions

E.g. ( Chr, Ord, Round, Trunc, ... )
 97 Turbo Pascal 7.0
Procedure
4/ Procedure qdo
k nfrmS y½d*k &rfwpfy'k w
f iG f oD;jcm;Name wpfct
k aeESihf &yfwnfNy;D
tvkyv f yk af qmifEikd jf cif; jzpfygonf/ zef&iS u
f o
hJ Ykd tydik ;f wpfyikd ;f taejzifo
h m &yfwnfEikd Nf y;D
oD;jcm; Name wpfcktaejzifh r&yfwnfEdkifjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyg/ Procedure oHk;enf;yHkpHrSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
Procedure procedure_name;
(odkYr[kwf)
Procedure procedure_Name (parameters);

Standard procedures
5/ pHowfrSwfxm;aom procedures/ pHowfrSwfxm;aom procedures wdrYk mS
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) String Handling Procedures
E.g. ( Str, Val, Delete, Insert, ... )

( c) File Handling Procedures

E.g. ( Assign, Reset, Rewrite, Close )

( *) Input and Output Procedures

E.g. ( Read, Write, Readln, Writeln )

(C) Miscellaneous Procedures

(1) Delay(Time)/ wdwu d sus owfrw
S x
f m;aom tcsed w
f pfct
k xd
apmifhjcif;/
(2) Halt/ y½dk*&rfa&mufonfhae&mrS Operating System odkY
jyefxu G o
f mG ;jcif;/
(3) Exit/ vuf½t dS vkyv
f yk af eaomBlock rS csujf cif; xGuo
f mG ;jcif;/

Example (1)
6/ Function toH;k jyKaom y½d* k &rf\trnfukd Even_or_Odd; [k trnfay;xm;
ygonf/ integer *Pef;rsm;xJrS pHu k ed ;f ( Even )? rude;f ( Odd )wdu
Yk kd cJjG cm;azmfjyay;aom
y½d*k &rfjzpfygonf/ y½d*k &rfwiG f Variable tjzpf ½dkufxnfh&rnfh Number *Pef;rsm;udk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 98

udef;jynfh integer tjzpf owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/ &&Sdrnfhtajz Result udk Boolean

owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ Function udk toHk;jyK&mwGif Function_Name udk Test [k
ay;xm;ygonf/ n udk integer udef;jynfh*Pef;[k owfrSwfay;xm;NyD;? Function
wpfckvHk;udk Boolean tjzpf owfrwS x
f m;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;
Edik yf gonf-
program even_or_odd;
uses crt;
var num : integer;
result : boolean;
function test(n:integer) : boolean;
begin
if(n mod 2=0) then test:=true
else test:=false;
end;
begin{main}
clrscr;
write(‘enter an integer ‘);
readln(num);
result :=test(num);
if(result)then writeln(‘even’)
else writeln(‘odd’);
end.

7/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcgwGif y½dk*&rfydkif;udk If statement ESifhppfxkwfxm;ygonf/

y½dk*&rfonf pHk? r ppfxkwfaom taMumif;t&mjzpfaomaMumifh *Pef;wpfvHk; (n) udk
pHu
k ed ;f jzpfaom 2 *Pef;jzifph m;ygu t<uif; = 0 oHn k jzpfvQif pHu
k ed ;f jzpfojzifh Function
Name jzpfaom Test xJodkY True [kowfrSwfay;NyD;? t<uif; = 0 oHkn r[kwfygu Test
xJodkY False [k owfrSwfazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ True ESifh False wdkYonf trSef^trSm;
ppfxkwfjcif;jzpfí Data type rSm Boolean jzpfygonf/
8/ xdkaemuf Main y½dk*&rfudk a&;&ygonf/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg udef;jynfh
*Pef;rsm;udk ½dkufxnfhEdkif&ef 'Enter an integer' [k pmwef;udk atmufygtwdik ;f a&;xd;k
ay;&ygrnf-
Write ( ' Enter an integer = ' );
 99 Turbo Pascal 7.0

9/ *Pef;ud½k u
kd x f nfrh nfjzpfí Readln (num); [k a&;&ygrnf/ xdaYk emuf ½du k x
f nfh
aom *Pef;udk y½d*k &rfrS ppfxwk Nf y;D ? tajzxkwaf y;Edik &f ef atmufygtwdik ;f a&;&ygrnf-
Result := Test (num);

10/ xdkYaemuftajz (Result) udk azmfjy&ef txufy½dk*&rfydkif;rS ppfxkwfvdkufaom

tajzudk jyefppfxwk &f ygrnf/ tajzufkd If statement ESiyhf if ppfxw
k ,
f Nl y;D ? pHu
k ed ;f jzpfvQif
(Even) rudef;jzpfvQif (Odd) [kazmfjy&ef atmufygtwdkif;a&;&ygonf-
If ( result ) then writeln ( 'Even' )
Else writeln ( 'Odd' );

11/ 4if; y½dk*&rfudk Run vdkufaomtcg Enter an integer = [k ay:vmygrnf/

nDrQjcif;aemufwGif udef;jynfh*Pef;wpfckckudk ½dkufxnfhay;&ygrnf/ rdrd½dkufxnfhaom
*Pef;onf pHkudef;jzpfygu ( Even ) [ktajzxkwfay;NyD;? r*Pef; ½dkufxnfhygu (Odd)
[k tajzazmfjyay;rnf jzpfygonf/ atmufygtwdik ;f uGeyf sLwmay:wGif tajzudk awGU&
ygrnf-
Enter an integer = 4
Even
Enter an integer = 5
Odd

Example (2)
12/ Function oHk; y½dk*&rfudk Fibonacci [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ 4if;y½dk*&rfrSm
udef;*Pef;rsm;aygif;&mwGif yxrudef;ESifh 'kwd,udef;aygif;NyD; wwd,udef; udk&NyD;?
'kwd,udef;ESifh wwd,udef;udkaygif;NyD; pwkw¬udef;udkazmfjyay;aom y½dk*&rfykpäm jzpfyg
onf/ Variable owfrSwf&mwGif Number ESifh i udk udef;jynfh integer type tjzpf
owfrw S x
f m;ygonf/ Function name rSm Fibo jzpfí udef;vHk;a& n udkvnf; udef;jynfh
integer type tjzpf owfrw S x
f m;ygonf/ temp udkvnf; integer type tjzpf owfrSwf
ay;xm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program fibonacci;
var no,i : integer;
function fibo(n : integer): integer;
var temp : integer;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 100
begin
if n=0 then fibo:=0
else if n=0 then fibo :=1
else fibo :=fibo(n-1)+fibo(n-2);
end;
begin
write(‘enter total noof sequence =’);
readln(no);
for i:=0 to no do
writeln(fibo(i));
end.

13/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg If statement ESifh udef;vHk;ta&twGuftm;vHk;udk ppfxkwf

xm;ygonf/ yxrOD;pGm ude;f vH;k n = 0 jzpfvQif Fibo udv k nf; oHn k [kowfrw S af y;xm;
cdik ;f ygonf/ wpfzefued ;f vH;k n = 1 jzpfvQif Fibo udkvnf; 1 [kyif owfrSwfxm;cdkif;NyD;
4if; oHn k ESiw
hf pf r[kwcf yhJ gu azmfjrLvmoH;k í wGucf suNf y;D ? tajzazmfjyay;&ef atmufyg
twdkif; ppfxkwfa&;om;&ygonf-
If n = 0 then fibo := 0
else if n = 1 then fibo := 1
else fibo := fibo (n-1) + fibo(n-2);
14/ xdkYaemuf udef;vHk;xnfhonfhpmom;ay:ap&ef atmufygtwdkif;a&;&ygonf-
write ( 'Enter total no of sequence = ' );

15/ Readln (no); [kjzpfygonf/ 4if;aemuf ude;f vH;k a& &So

d rQukd Sequence twGif;
Looping ywf&ef For statement udk atmufygtwdkif;toHk;jyKxm;ygonf-
For i := 0 To no Do

16/ t"dygÜ ,frmS okn (0) rSpí udef;vHk;&Sdoa½GUtxd tvkyfvkyfyg[k a&;xm;jcif;

jzpfygonf/ 4if;aemuf i xJodkY xnfhNyD;? tajzjzpfonfFibo
h *Pef;rsm;udk atmufygtwkid ;f
az:jyapjcif; jzpfygonf-
0 (yxrudef;)
1 ('kwd,udef;)
1 (wwd,udef;)
 101 Turbo Pascal 7.0
2 (pwkw¬udef;)
3 (yÍörudef;)
5 (qXrudef;)
17/ (yxrudef;) okHnESifh('kwd,udef;)wpf (1) wdkYaygif;í (wwd,udef;) wpf(1) udk
&onf/ ('kwd,udef;) wpf (1) ESi(hf wwd,ude;f ) wpf (1) aygif;NyD; (pwkw¬udef;) ESpf (2)
ud&k ygonf/ (wwd,ude;f ) wpf (1) ESi(hf pwkwu¬ ed ;f ) ESpf (2) wdaYk ygif;xm;aom (yÍörude;f )
oHk; (3) &&Sdygonf/ (pwkw¬udef;)ESifh (yÍörudef;) 2 ESifh 3 udkaygif;í aemufqHk;udef; (5)
udak zmfjyygonf/
Example (3)
18/ y½dk*&rfudk Sum [ktrnfay;xm;ygonf/ Function udk toH;k jyKí a&;xm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ *Pef;rsm;udk owfrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; qufwdkufaygif;NyD;tajzudk azmfjy
ay;jcif; jzpfygonf/ Variable owfrSwf&mwGif *Pef;rsm;aygif;jcif;wefzdk;udk udef;jynfh
(integer) tjzpfowfrSwfxm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program sum;
var no : integer;
function sum1(n : integer) : integer;
begin
if n=0 then sum1 :=0
else sum1:=n+sum1(n-1);
end;
begin{Main}
write(‘Enter total no of sequence =’); readln(no);
writeln(‘The total no of value is ‘,sum1(no));
end.
19/ y½d*k &rfpwifonft h cg rdrx
d nfrh nfh ude;f vH;k a&(n) udk If statement jzifh ppfygrnf/
(n) onf udef;vHk;a&jzpfNyD;? udef;vHk;a& oknjzpfcJhvQif aygif;jcif; Sum1 xJodkY (okn) 0
[k azmfjycdkif;ygonf/ (odkYr[kwf) sum1 : = n + sum1 (n-1) azmfjrLvmudkoHk;í
wGuf&efjzpfygonf/ 4if;udk atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
If n = 0 then sum1 : = 0
else sum1 : = n + sum1(n-1);
uGefysLwmvufpJG 102

20/ xdkYaemuf Enter total no of sequence = pmom;ay:ap&ef Write ( 'Enter

total no of sequence = '); [ka&;Ny;D ? nDrQjcif;aemufwi G f rdrod wfrw S af y;vdak ominteger
ude;f vH;k udk ½du
k x
f nf&h efjzpfygonf/ Readln (no); [ka&;NyD;? 4if; integer ude;f vH;k twGi;f &Sd
*Pef;rsm;udk tpOftwdkif;qufwdkufaygif;ay;NyD;? tajz (Value) azmfjy&ef atmufyg
twdkif; a&;&ygonf-
Writeln ( 'The total no of value is = ', sum1(no));

22/ 4if; y½d*k &rfukd Run vdu k af omtcg Enter total no of Sequence = [k ude;f vH;k a&
azmfjycdkif;aom pmom;ay:vmygrnf/ nDrQjcif;aemufwGif 3 ½dkufxnfhNyD;aemuf Enter
ESyd yf gu 1, 2, 3 *Pef;oHk;vHk;\aygif;v'ftajzudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyay;ygrnf-
The total no of value is 6

23/ udef;vHk;a&udk 5 [k ½du

k x
f nfNh y;D ? Enter ESyd yf gu The total no of value is 15 [k
tajzaz:jyay;ygrnf/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 *Pef;ig;vH;k udk qufwu kd af ygif;onft
h ajzudk azmfjy
ay;jcif; jzpfygonf/

Example (4)
24/ txufyg y½dk*&rfudk Function toHk;jyKí a&;xm;NyD;? y½dk*&rftrnfudk Power
[k ay;xm;ygonf/ ESpfxyfudef;&if;wefzdk;rsm;udk wGufcsufay;rnf jzpfygonf/ 22 = 4,
42 = 16 ponfjzifh wefbdk;udk az:jyay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ y½dk*&rfwGif tajcudef; Base
ESifh xyfñTef; Power wdkYudk udef;jynfh (integer) type owfrw S x f m;ygonf/ Function
name udv k nf; Power ay;xm;Ny;D ? tajcude;f Base ESihf ude;f vH;k a& n wdu
Yk v
kd nf; ude;f jynfh
(integer) owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program power1;
var base,pow : integer;
function power(base:integer ; n:integer):integer;
begin
if n=0 then power:=1
else power :=base*power(base,n-1);
end;
begin{Main}
write(‘Enter base and power =’);
readln(base,pow);
 103 Turbo Pascal 7.0
writeln(‘Result is ‘,power(base,pow));
end.

25/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg if statement ESihf ppfxm;ygonf/ xdaYk emuf tajcude;f Base

ESihf xyfued ;f Power wdu
Yk kd ½du
k x
f nfah y;&ef Enter Base and Power = pmwef;ay:ap&ef
atmufygtwdkif; a&;&ygonf-
Write ( 'Enter Base and Power = ');
Readln ( Base, Pow);

26/ xdkYaemuf Base ESifh Power wdkYudk xnfhay;NyD;? tajz Result azmfjy&ef Result
is = ay:ap&ef Writeln ( 'Result is =", power (Base, Pow)); [ka&;&ygonf/
y½dk*&rfNyD;qHk;aomtcg oufqdkif&mae&mwGif End. ESifhtqHk;owfay;&ygonf/

27/ y½d*k &rfukd Run aomtcg Enter Base and Power = [kay:vmygrnf/ nDrQjcif;
aemufwGif tajcudef; Base udk 2 ESifh xyfudef; Power udkvnf; 2 ½dkufxnfhay;NyD;
Enter ESy
d yf g/ y½d*k &rfNy;D qH;k í Alt + F5 ESdyfMunfhygu tajzudk Result is = 4 [k az:jy
ay;ygrnf/
28/ Enter Base and Power = 5, 2 tajcude;f 5 ESihf Power 2 ( 5 \ ESpx
f yfued ;f &if;
&Smvdyk gu) 5, 2 ½dkufxnfhNyD;? Run vdkygu tajzudk Result is = 25 [k azmfjyrnf
jzpfygonf/

Example(5)
29/ y½d k * &rf o nf Procedure ud k toH k ; jyKNyD ; a&;om;xm;jcif ; jzpf y gonf /
y½dk*&rf\trnfudk mathematic_Calculation [ktrnf ay;xm;ygonf/ ocsmF qdik &f m
taygif;? tEkwf? tajr§muf? tpm; (operator) oauFwrsm;udk toHk;jyKí udef;*Pef;
rsm;udk ajz&Sif;wGufcsufjcif;wGif toHk;jyKygonf/ 4if; y½dk*&rfwGif Variable tjzpf x ESifh
y udk integer type tjzpfowfrSwfay;NyD; ( Answer ) tajzudk character type tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
program mathematic_calculation;
var x,y :integer;
ans :char;
procedure addition;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 104
var sum : integer;
begin
sum :=x+y;
writeln(‘addition of two number =’,sum);
end;

procedure substraction;
var s : integer;
begin
s :=x-y;
writeln(‘substraction of two number =’,s);
end;
procedure multiply;
var prod : integer;
begin
prod:=x*y;
writeln(‘multiply of two number =’,prod);
end;

procedure divide;
begin
if(y=0) then writeln(‘error : divided by zero ‘)
else writeln(‘division of two number =’,x div y);
end;
procedure menu;
begin
writeln(‘1. Addition’);
writeln(‘2. Substraction’);
writeln(‘3. Multiplication’);
writeln(‘4. Division’);
writeln(‘5. Quit’);
write(‘Choose Any One’);
readln(ans);
end;
begin{main program}
 105 Turbo Pascal 7.0
write(‘enter two integer number =’);
readln(x,y);
repeat
menu;
case upcase(ans) of
‘1’, ‘a’,'A' : Addition;
‘2’, ‘s’,'B' : Substraction;
‘3’, ‘m’,'C' :Multiply;
‘4’, ‘d’,'D' : Divide;
end;
until upcase(ans) in [‘5’, ‘q’,'Q'];
end.

30/ y½dk*&rfudk Procedure rsm; cJGa&;&ygrnf/ yxrOD;pGm aygif;jcif;twGuf a&;rnf

qdyk gu Procedure Addition; [ka&;&ygonf/ 4if;wGif variable tjzpf aygif;jcif;twGuf
Sum udk integer owfrw S x
f m;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfpaomtcg sum : = x + y; rSm x ESifh y
wefbdk;wdkYudkaygif;í sum odkYxnfhygonf/ *Pef;ESpfvHk;aygif;jcif;twGuf Writeln (
'Addition of two numbers = ', sum ); [ka&;&ygonf/

31/ 'kw, d procedure rSm Ekwjf cif;twGujf zpfí procedure substraction [k a&;ay;
&ygrnf/ Variable tjzpf Substraction \twdkaumuf S [k owfrSwfNyD; integer
owfrw S x
f m;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfpaomtcg S : = x - y; [ka&;NyD;? x wefbdk;xJrS y wefb;kd udk
Ekwfí S xJodkY xnfhjcif;udk a&;jcif;jzpfygonf/ *Pef;ESpfvHk;Ekwfjcif;twGuf Writeln
('Substraction of two numbers = ', S ); a&;&ygrnf/

32/ wwd, procedure rSm ajrm§ ufjcif;twGujf zpfí Procedure Multiply [ka&;ay;
&ygrnf/ Variable tjzpf Product \twdak umuf Prod [k owfrw S Nf y;D type udk integer
owfrSwfay;xm;ygonf/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg x ESifh y wefzdk;ESpfckudk ajr§mufNyD; prod
xJoYkd xnfjh cif;[k a&;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdaYk emuf *Pef;ESpv
f ;kH ajrm§ ufjcif;twGuWriteln
f
(' Multiply of two Numbers = ', prod ); [k a&;&ygrnf/

33/ pwkw¬ procedure rSm pm;jcif;twGufjzpfí Procedure Divide [ka&;ay;

&ygrnf/ 4if; Procedure Divide wGif y½d*k &rftydik ;f taejzifh If statement jzifh ppfxw
k f
xm;ygonf/ x ESihf y udef;ESpfvHk;wGif a onf wnfudef;jzpfNyD;? y onf pm;ude;f jzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 106

x udk y ESifhpm;aomtajctaewGif pm;udef; y = 0 jzpfvQif "Error: Divided by Zero"

[k pmom;udkay:apNyD;? y onf 0 ESihf rnDygu x udk y ESifhpm;NyD;onfhtajzudk azmfjy&ef
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;&ygonf-
If (y = 0) then Writeln (' Error : Divided by Zero' )
else Writeln ( ' Divided of two numbers = ' x div y );

34/ xdkYaemuf Menu rsm;jzpfonfh aygif;jcif; (Addition) ? Ekwfjcif; (Substration) ?

ajr§mufjcif; ( Multiplication) ? pm;jcif; (Division) ESifh y½dk*&rfrSxGufjcif; (Quit) wdkY
ay:ap&ef Procedure menu wpfcu k kd a&;&ygrnf/ 4if; Menu (5) ckrS wpfcu k kd a½G;cs,f
rnfh Choose any one [kazmfjyap&ef Write (' Choose any one :' ); [ka&;NyD; aemuf
tajzxkwfay;&ef Readln (ans); [ka&;&ygrnf/
35/ 4if; Procedure rsm;a&;NyD;aomtcg t"duvkyfaqmif&rnfh Main program
udk a&;ay;&ygrnf/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg Keyboard rS *Pef;ESpfvHk; ½dkufxnfh&ef 'Enter
two integer number = ' [kazmfjyap&ef Write ('Enter two integer number =' );
Readln (x, y); [ka&;&ygrnf/ y½dk*&rf looping udk Repeat until jzifh ywfci kd ;f ygonf/
Menu rsm;udkvnf; Case statement ESifhppfxkwfNyD; tajzazmfjycdkif;ygonf/ Menu rS
a½G;cs,faomtcg (1) (odkYr[kwf)Addition \xdyfpmvHk;(A) ESpfrsKd;rS BudKuf&mwpfrsKd;udk
½du
k x f nfjh cif;jzifh aygif;jcif; ( Addition ) udk vkyfaqmifay;rnf jzpfygonf/ xdkYtwl (2)
(odrYk [kw)f (S) udak ½G;ygu Ekwjf cif;udk vkyaf qmifygrnf/ (3) (odrYk [kw)f (M) udk a½G;ygu
ajrm§ ufjcif;udk vkyaf qmifygrnf/ (4) (odrYk [kw)f (D) udak ½G;ygu pm;jcif;udk vkyaf qmifygrnf/
y½dk*&rfNyD;qHk;í Looping rSxu G v
f ykd gu (5) (odkYr[kwf) (Q)quit udk ½duk &f ygrnf/
36/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk Run vdkufaomtcg Enter two integer number = [k pmwef;
ay:vmygrnf/ x ESifh y wefbdk;udk ½dkufxnfhay;NyD;? Enter ESyd yf gu atmufygtwdik ;f
Menu (5) ck ay:vmygrnf-
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
 107 Turbo Pascal 7.0
37/ aemufwpfaMumif;rS Choose any one: [k Menu (5)ckrS wpfckckudk a½G;cs,f
ay;&ef pmwef;ay:vmygrnf/
38/ x wefbdk;udk 4 ? y wefbdk;udk 2 [k owfrSwfay;NyD;? Menu rS (1) (odkYr[kwf) (A)
udk a½G;ygu tajzudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyygrnf-
Addition of two numbers = 6

39/ Menu rS (2) (odr

Yk [kw)f (S) udk a½G;ygu tajzudk Substration of two numbers
= 2 [kazmfjyay;ygrnf/ Menu rS (3) (odkYr[kwf) (M) udk a½G;ygu tajzudk Multiply
of two numbers = 8 [kaz:jyay;ygrnf/ wzef Menu rS (4) (odkYr[kwf) (D) udk
a½G;ygu tajzudk Division of two numbers = 2 [kazmfjyay;ygrnf/
40/ tu,fí ( y = 0 ), y wefbdk;udk oHknay;xm;ygu tajzae&mwGif Error:
Divided by zero [k azmfjyay;ygrnf/

Example (6)
41/ y½d*k &rfukd procedure oH;k í a&;om;xm;Ny;D ? Transport1; [k trnfay;xm;onf/
rufx&pfrsm;udk Row (tvsm;vdkufwef;)ESifh Column (a'gifvdkufwdkif)wdkYudk ae&mcsif;
ajymif;vJay;aom y½d*k &rfjzpfygonf/ y½d*k &rfwiG f Array type udk rufx&pfEpS cf x k m;&SNd y;D
rufx&pfwpfckpDwGif integer udef;jynfh*Pef; (10)vHk;txdom vufcHxm;&SdEdkifap&ef
Atype = Array [1..10, 1..10] of integer [k a&;&ygonf/ Variable tjzpf 4if;rufx&pf
rsm;&Sd Row ESifh Column wdkYudk integer ude;f jynf*h Pef;owfrw S af y;xm;ygonf/ azmfjyrnfh
List ESifh Transport list wdkYudk Array type tjzpf owfrw S x
f m;ygonf/ y½d*k &rfukd atmufyg
twkdif; a&;om;&ygrnf-
program Transport1;
type AType=Array[1..10,1..10] of integer;
var row,col:integer;
list,Tlist:Atype;
procedure InputArray(var list:AType; row,col :integer);
var r,c :integer;
begin
for r:=1 to row do
for c:=1 to col do
uGefysLwmvufpJG 108
begin
write(‘Enter an integer for list =','[',r,c,']');
readln(list[r,c]);
end;
end;
procedure OutputArray(list:Atype;row,col :integer);
var r,c :integer;
begin
writeln;writeln;
for r:=1 to row do
begin
for c:=1 to col do
write(list[r,c]:5);
writeln;
end;
end;

procedure Transport(list:Atype;var Tlist : Atype; row,col :integer);

var r,c :integer;
begin
for r:=1 to row do
for c:=1 to col do
Tlist[c,r]:=list[r,c];
end;
begin
write(‘Enter no. of row & col =’);
readln(row,col);
InputArray(list,row,col);
OutputArray(list,row,col);
Transport(list,Tlist,row,col);
OutputArray(Tlist,row,col);
end.
42/ yxr Procedure tydkif;wGif Data xnfhoGif;ay;&ef Input array owfrSwfxm;
NyD; Variable tjzpf List udk Array type tjzpfvnf;aumif;? Row ESifh Column wdkYudk
integer udef;jynfhtjzpfvnf;aumif; owfrSwfaMunmay;ygonf/
 109 Turbo Pascal 7.0
43/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg For looping udk toHk;jyKNyD;? r udk 1 rS row ta&twGuf
&Sdonfhftwdkif; vkyfaqmifap&ef atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;Edkifygonf-
For r : = 1 to row Do

44/ xdkYenf;wl C udkvnf; 1 rS Col ta&twGuf&Sdonfhtwdkif; vnfywftvkyfvkyf

ap&ef atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;&ygrnf-
For C:= 1 to Col Do

45/ ½dkufxnfh&ef integer *Pef; row ESifh Col wdkYudk ay:ap&ef atmufygtwdkif;
a&;&ygonf-
Write ( 'Enter an integer for list ','[' ,r,c, ']');

46/ Readln ( list [ r, c ] ); [ka&;NyD;? yxr procedure tydkif;twGuf end; ESifh

oufqdkif&mae&mwdkYwGif ydwfay;&ygrnf/
47/ 'kwd, Procedure tydkif;wGif rdrdrSxnfhoGif;cJhaom Data row ESifh Col Z,m;
List ay:ap&eftwGuf Output Array owfrw S af y;Ny;D List udk Array type owfrw S u
f m
row ESihf Col wdkYudk integer type tjzpf owfrwS af y;ygonf/ Variable r, c wdkYudk integer
tjzpfowfrw S yf gonf/
48/ y½dk*&rfydkif;tpwGif vdkif;ESpfvdkif;jcm;NyD;rS Output Array List udkazmfjyap&ef
Writeln; Writeln; [ka&;ay;&ygonf/ 4if; Output tydkif;wGifvnf; For looping
toHk;jyKí Input array twdkif; r udk 1 rS row txd tvkyv f yk cf ikd ;f xm;ygonf/
For c:= 1 to Col Do
Write ( List [ r, c ] : 5 );

49/ Writeln; [ka&;Ny;D 4if; y½d*k &rfyikd ;f udv

k nf; oufqikd &f mae&mBegin atmufwnfh
wnfhwGif end; ESifh ydwfay;&ygonf/
50/ aemufqHk; Procedure tydkif;rSm Output Array wGif azmfjyaom Data rsm;udk
Row ESifh Col ajymif;ay;jcif;jzpfNyD; 4if;udkvnf; List ESifh azmfjyay;í Transport [k
owfrw S xf m;ygonf/ List udk Array type; variable Transport list udkvnf; Array
type owfrSwfNyD; row ESifh Col wdkYudk integer owfrw S yf gxm;onf/ variable r, C
wdkYudkvnf; integer owfrw S yf gonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 110

51/ y½dk*&rfpaomtcg txufyg procedure rsm;twdkif; For looping ESifh r , c

wdkYudk row, Col &Sdoí looping ywfapygonf/ xdkYaemuf Transport list [ c , r ] xJodkY
List [ r , c ] udk xnfy
h gonf/
52/ Tlist [ c, r ] : = List [ r, c ]; [ka&;NyD;? 4if; Procedure udkvnf; end; ESifh
ydwaf y;ygonf/ 4if;aemuf Procedure rsm;a&;Ny;D aomtcg Main y½d*k &rfukd a&;&ygonf/
y½d*k &rfwiG f yxrOD;pGm rdrx
d nfv
h akd omrow ESifh Col rnfrQowfrw
S rf nfukd xnfo
h iG ;f Edik &f ef
atmufygtwdkif;a&;&ygonf-
Write('Enter no of row & Col = ' );Readln ( row, Col );

53/ Input Array wGif rdrdrS Data ½dkufxnfhay;&ef Input Array ( list, row, Col );
[ka&;&ygrnf/ wpfzef rdrd½dkufxnfhay;aom Data rsm;udk List ESifhazmfjy&ef Output
Array ( list, row, Col ); [ka&;NyD; 4if; List udk row ESifh Col ajymif;vJay; aponfh
Transport list ay:ap&ef Transport ( list , Tlist, row, Col ); [ka&;&ygonf/ xdaYk emuf
tajzudk List ESifh azmfjy&ef Output Array ( Tlist, Col , row ); [ka&;NyD; oufqdkif&m
begin atmufwGif end. ESifhydwfí y½dk*&rfudk tqHk;owf&ygonf/

54/ 4if;y½dk*&rfudk Run vdu k yf gu Enter no. of row & Col = [k ay:vmrnf/
nDrQjcif;aemufwGif (2,2)[k ½dkufjcif;rSm row = 2, Col = 2 owfrSwfjcif;jzpfí Enter
ESdyfygu aemufwpfvdkif;wGif Enter an integer for list [11] [k ay:vmygrnf/ 4if;
row1, Col1 ae&mwGif Data xnfhay;&ef jzpfygonf/ ½dkufxnfhNyD;ygu Enter ESdyfvQif
aemufwpfvikd ;f wGif row1, Col2 ae&mtwGuf [12] ay:vmygrnf/ 4if;aemufwiG v f nf;
1 udkyif ½dkufxnfhay;NyD; Enter ESyd yf gu row2, Col1 ae&mtwGuf [21], row2 Col2
ae&mtwGuf [22] [kay:vmygrnf/ 4if;ae&mrsm;wGif 2 *Pef;udk ½dkufxnfhNyD;? Enter
ESdyfyg/ y½dk*&rf looping NyD;qHk;NyD; Alt + F5 ESdyfMunfhygu tajzudk uGefysLwmwGif
atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyygrnf-
Output Array List
1 1
2 2
Transport list
1 2
1 2
 111 Turbo Pascal 7.0
avhusifhcef;(1)
55/ Combination udk Function toHk;jyKí wGufcsufonfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufyg
twdkif; a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
program Combination;
var r,n,ways :integer;
function facto(a:integer) :integer;
var i,f :integer;
begin
f:=1;
for i:=1 to a do
f:=f*i;
facto:=f;
end;
begin {main}
write(‘Enter n and r =’); readln(n,r);
ways:=facto(n) div (facto(r)*facto(n-r));
writeln(‘Total combination =’, ways:5);
end.

avhusifhcef;(2)
56/ String wpfckzefwD;í ½dkufxnfhvdkufonfh pmaMumif;udk pmvHk;BuD;rsm;jzifh azmfjy
aponfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
program Upper_Case;
var st,st1 :string;
function UpCaseStr(S:string):string;
var i:integer;
begin
for i:=1 to length(S) do
if (S[i]>=’a’) and (S[i]<=’z’) then Dec(S[i],32);
UpCaseStr:=S;
end;
begin
write(‘Enter a sentence = ‘);
readln(st);
st1:=upCaseStr(st);
uGefysLwmvufpJG 112
writeln(‘The result is = ‘,st1);
end.

avhusifhcef;(3)
57/ ½dkufxnfhvdkufonfh udef;*Pef;ta&twGuftwdkif; aygif;v'fudk Funtion udk
tjyeftvSeftoHk;jyKí wGufcsufazmfjyaponfh y½dk*&rfudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;
avhvmEdkifygonf-
program recursion;
uses crt;
var no :integer;
function sum(n:integer) :integer;
begin
if n=0 then sum:=0
else sum:=n+sum(n-1);
end;
begin
clrscr;
write(‘Enter total [Link] sequence =’);
readln(no);
writeln(‘The total [Link] value is =’,sum(no));
end.

avhusifhcef;(4)
58/ owfrSwfxm;onfh trnfrsm;udk Funtion toHk;jyKí azmfjyaponfh y½dk*&rfudk
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
program nameslist;
uses crt;
type names = packed array[1..20] of char;
var name1,name2,name3: names;
procedure printout (x : names);
var count : integer;
begin
count :=0;
 113 Turbo Pascal 7.0
repeat
count := count+1;
write(x[count]);
until count = 20;
writeln;
end;
begin
clrscr;
name1 :=’pascal is ’;
name2 := ‘an excellent ’;
name3 := ‘language. ’;
printout(name1);
printout(name2);
printout(name3);
writeln;
end.

avhusifhcef;(5)
59/ owfrSwfxm;onfh vlem\ trnf? touf? wufa&mufukoonfh&uf? aq;½Hk
qif;Edik rf t
I ajctaersm;udk Funtion toH;k jyKí azmfjyaponfh y½d*k &rfukd atmufygtwdik ;f
a&;om;avhvmEdkifygonf-
program records1;
uses crt;
var patientinformation : record
name :string[30];
age :integer;
dayhere:integer;
releaseready:boolean;
end;

procedure inputinformation;
begin
uGefysLwmvufpJG 114
[Link] := 'mg mg';
[Link] := 30;
[Link] := 5;
[Link] := true;
end;

procedure outputinformation;
begin
writeln ('name = ',[Link]);
writeln ('age = ',[Link]);
writeln ('dayhere = ',[Link]);
writeln ('releaseready = ',[Link]);
end;
{main program}
begin
clrscr;
inputinformation;
outputinformation;
end.
 115 Turbo Pascal 7.0

Chapter (7)
Records and File
Record
1/ Record qdkonfrSm Data type csif;wlonfjzpfap? rwlonfjzpfap 4if;ESifh
oufqdkifaom Data tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaygif;zJGUpnf;xm;jcif;jzifh &&Sdvmaom
tcsut f vuf tpkta0;wpfcu k kd Record [kac:ygonf/ Pascal y½d*k &rfwiG f ½d;k ½d;k omref
Variable wpfckwGif Data udk wpfrsKd;om odrf;EdkifNyD; Array wGif Data trsm;tjym;
odr;f Edik yf gonf/ od&Yk mwGif 4if; Data &Sd Data type rsm;onf wpfrsK;d wpfpm;wnf; jzpf&ygrnf/
Record wpfckwGifrl Data type rsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfck rwlnDbJ pkaygif;wnfaqmuf
xm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEikd yf gonf/
Oyrm-
var x : Real;
var x : Array [ 1..3 ] of integer;

2/ ausmif;wpfausmif;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\trSwfpm&if; Records rsm;udk atmuf

azmfjyygyHkpHtwkdif; owfrSwfxnfhoGif;vdkygonf-

Students Record
Name Age Sex M/F Myan Eng Maths

3/ tqdyk gStudents Records ausmif;om;rsm;\ tcsuftvufrsm;udk Data type

rsK;d pHjk zifh oufqikd &f mtcsutf vufrsm;tvduk f Type rsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyay;&ygonf/
Data type rsm;udk string, integer, character, boolean ponfjzifh wpfckESifhwpfck
rwlnDMuyJ Record wpfcu k kd wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/ Data wpfckpD\ Data type rsm;udk
atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;azmfjyxm;ygonf-
Data Data type
Name : string;
Age : integer;
Sex : character;
Myan : integer;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 116

Data Data type

Eng: : integer;
Maths : integer;
Pass/Fail : boolean;

4/ 4if; Data rsm;udk y½d*k &rfwiG f a&;om;azmfjyygu atmufygtwdik ;f awGU&ygrnf-

var : Students records = Record
Name : String [30];
Age : integer;
Sex : char;
Myan : integer;
Eng : integer;
Maths : integer;
P/F : boolean;

5/ yHkpHwGif Students Records onf record Name jzpfygonf/ 4if; Record

xJwiG f yg0ifaom Name onf yxrqHk; Field Name jzpfNy;D ? yxrOD;qH;k ae&m wGi&f adS om
Field Name1 jzpfygonf/ ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD\ trnfudk xnfh&ef jzpfygonf/ 4if;\
Data type udk String owfrw S x
f m;ygonf/ 'kw,d Field Name2 rSm ausmif;om;rsm;\
toufudkxnfh&ef Age owfrSwfay;NyD;? 4if;\ Data type rSm integer udef;jynfh*Pef;
owfrw S af y;xm;ygonf/ Field Name3 rSm ausmif;om; wpfOD;pDa,musfm; (odkYr[kwf)
rdef;rjznfhpGuf&efjzpfjyD;? Data type rSm char owfrw
S x
f m;ygonf/ Field Name 4 rSm
ausmif;om;rsm;\trSwfpm&if;rS jrefrmpm&rSwfudk xnfhoGif;&efjzpfNyD;? Data type rSm
integer jzpfygonf/ Field Name 5 rSm t*Fvdyfpm &rSwfjzpfNyD;? Data type rSm integer
jzpfygonf/ Field Name 6 rSm ocsFm&rSwfjzpfNyD;? Data type rSm integer jzpfygonf/
aemufqHk; Field Name 7 rSm &rSwfrsm;tvdkuf pmar;yJG atmifonf^½HI;onfudk Pass/
Fail (P/F) oauFwjzifh xnfhoGif;ay:&efjzpfNyD;? Data type rSm boolen jzpfygonf/
pmar;yJGatmifjrifygu P [kvnf;aumif;? pmar;yJGus½HI;ygu F [k vnf;aumif;
xnfhoGif;ay;&ygrnf/