CHE 101 Chapter 12
Chemical Bonding
• Bonding is the way atoms attach to make molecules
• An understanding of how and why atoms attach
together in the manner they do is central to
chemistry
• Chemists have an understanding of bonding that
allows them to:
• predict the shapes of molecules and properties of
substances based on the bonding within the molecules
Chapter 12 • design and build molecules with particular sets of
chemical and physical properties
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds
• Forces that hold atoms together in molecules • Occur in ionic compounds
• Involve valence electrons • Electrostatic force between cations and anions
• Two types
• ionic bond
• covalent bond
Covalent Bonds Covalent Bonds
• Occur in covalent compounds
• Electrons are shared between two atoms
H + H H H
covalent
bond
valence electron is represented by a dot
Figure 12.1
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CHE 101 Chapter 12
Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds
H + F H F
covalent
bond
valence electron is represented by a dot
Figure 12.2
Polar Covalent Bonds Electronegativity
• Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in a • Abbreviation: EN
molecule • The ability of an atom to attract the electrons in a
• One atom attracts the electrons more than the bond
other atom
• Results in a charge separation in the bond
• partial positive (d+) and partial negative charge (d-)
• bond dipole
Electronegativity Polar Covalent Bonds
• Occur when two atoms have a difference in
electronegativity
• The bigger the difference in electronegativity the
more polar the bond
• Bond dipole
• aka dipole moment
• represented by
where the head of the arrow points to the more
F is most electronegative element electronegative element
O is second-most electronegative element
Figure 12.3
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CHE 101 Chapter 12
Rank the following bonds in order of increasing
Example polarity: H-H, H-F, H-S, H-O, and H-Cl.
• Rank the following bonds in order of increasing
polarity: H-H, H-F, H-S, H-O, and H-Cl.
Look at electronegativity difference:
O F
F is most EN, O is 2nd
O > S (EN increases from bottom to top in group)
S Cl Cl > S (EN increases from left to right in a row)
EN ranking: H < S < Cl < O < F
Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonding
Figure 12.4
Rules for Drawing Lewis
Lewis Structures
Structures
• Shows how valence electrons are arranged among 1. Must include all the valence electrons
atoms in a molecule • sum all valence electrons from each element in formula
• Valence electrons are represented by dots • for cations subtract 1 valence electron for each positive
charge
• Bonding pairs are shared between 2 atoms • for anions add 1 valence electron for each negative
• Unshared pairs (lone pairs) are not shared and not charge
involved in bonding 2. Bonds are represented by “––” which represents
2 shared electrons
3. Lone pairs, or unshared pairs, are 2 electrons
which are isolated on an atom
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CHE 101 Chapter 12
Rules for Drawing Lewis
Hints for Drawing Lewis Structures
Structures
4. Give all atoms an octet • The arrangement of atoms is usually symmetrical
Octet Rule: • The central atom (the one surrounded by other
atoms) is usually the less electronegative element
atoms usually have noble gas configurations • Exception: hydrogen is never a central atom
(8 valence shell electrons, ns2np6) • The chemical formula may give a hint as to the
5. Duet rule arrangement of atoms
Hydrogen only wants 2 electrons • Assign lone pairs to the more electronegative atom
first
6. Ions are placed in brackets with the charge as a
• If there are not enough electrons to give all atoms
superscript on the right side an octet, then use multiple bonds
Multiple Bonds Example
• Single bond • Draw the Lewis structure for H2O.
• covalent bond in which 1 pair of electrons is shared by 2
atoms
H–H
• Double bond
• covalent bond in which 2 pairs of electrons are shared by 2
atoms
O=C=O
• Triple bond
• covalent bond in which 3 pairs of electrons are shared by 2
atoms
NN
Example Example
• Draw the Lewis structure for HCN. • Draw the Lewis structure for SO2.
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CHE 101 Chapter 12
Example Example
• Draw the Lewis structure for NH4+. • Draw the Lewis structure for NO2-.
Example Example
• Draw the Lewis structure for SO42-. • Draw the Lewis structure for C2H4O2.
• ???
• more informative if formula is written as: CH3CO2H
• even better if formula is written as CH3COOH
Octet Rule Exceptions Octet Rule Exception Example
• Not all compounds follow the octet rule • Draw the Lewis structure for BH3.
• may not have enough electrons
• have fewer than 8 valence electrons
• have an odd number of electrons
• may have atoms which do not form multiple bonds
• halogens
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CHE 101 Chapter 12
Octet Rule Exception Example Octet Rule Exception Example
• Draw the Lewis structure for BF3. • Draw the Lewis structure for NO.
Chemical Bonding and Structure
• Be sure to practice a lot of examples!
• Be sure to allow enough time for your modeling
pre-lab!!!
• online D2L quiz
• hand draw Lewis structures