1.
Describe the three functions of the lymphatic system
2. Name the parts of the lymphatic system.
3. How is lymph formed?
4. Describe the structure of a lymphatic capillary. Why is it easy for fluid and other
substances to enter a lymphatic capillary?
5. What is the function of valves in lymphatic vessels? Name three mechanisms
responsible for moving lymph through the lymphatic vessels.
6. What are lymphatic trunks and ducts? Name the largest lymphatic vessel. What is the
cisterna chyli?
7. What areas of the body are drained by the right lymphatic trunks, left lymphatic trunks,
and thoracic duct?
8. What are the primary lymphatic organs? What are the secondary lymphatic organs and
tissues?
9. What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? In what way is the location of
MALT beneficial?
10.Distinguish among lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, lymphatic follicles, and Peyer
patches.
11.Describe the structure, function, and location of the tonsils.
12.Where are lymph nodes found? Describe the parts of a lymph node, and explain how
lymph flows through a lymph node.
13.Describe the function of lymph nodes. What is a germinal center?
14.Where is the spleen located? Describe the structure of the spleen.
15.Explain how the spleen performs its three main functions.
16.Where is the thymus located? Describe its structure and function.
17.What is immunity?
18.Why do specificity and memory relate to adaptive immunity but not to innate immunity?
19.What are the differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
20.List the three components of innate immunity.
21.Name two physical barriers that prevent microorganisms from entering the body. In what
ways are microorganisms removed from body surfaces?
22.What roles do cytokines play as chemical mediators?
23.What is complement? In what two ways is it activated? How does complement provide
protection?
24.What are interferons? How do they protect against viral infection?
25.Define chemotactic factor, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis.
26.What are the functions of neutrophils and macrophages? What is pus?
27.What effects are produced by the chemicals released from basophils, mast cells, and
eosinophils?
28.How do NK cells function?
29.What kinds of tissue damage can result in inflammation?
30.Describe the events that take place during an inflammatory response.
31.What are the symptoms of local inflammation and of systemic inflammation?
32.Define antigen. Distinguish between a foreign antigen and a self-antigen.
33.What are allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases?
34.What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
35.Define antigenic determinant and antigen receptor. How are they related to each other?
36.What types of cells display MHC class I and class II antigen complexes, and what
happens as a result?
37.What types of antigens are displayed by MHC class I molecules? By MHC class II
molecules?
38.What does MHC-restricted mean?
39.What are lymphocyte clones? What is the difference between positive and negative
lymphocyte selection?
40.What is costimulation? State two ways it can happen.
41.Why are helper T cells sometimes called CD4 or T4 cells? Why are cytotoxic T cells
sometimes called CD8 or T8 cells?
42.Describe how antigen-presenting cells stimulate an increase in the number of helper T
cells. Why is this important?
43.Describe how helper T cells stimulate an increase in the number of B cells or T cells.
Why is this important?
44.What is tolerance? Explain three ways it is accomplished.
45.What type of lymphocyte is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? What are the
functions of antibody-mediated immunity?
46.What are the functions of the variable and constant regions of an antibody?
47.List the five classes of antibodies, and state their functions.
48.Describe the different ways that antibodies participate in destroying antigens.
49.What are plasma cells and memory B cells, and how do they function?
50.What are the primary and secondary antibody responses? Why doesn’t the primary
response prevent illness, whereas the secondary response does?
51.What type of lymphocyte is responsible for cell-mediated immunity? What are the
functions of cell-mediated immunity?
52.How do cytoplasmic microorganisms stimulate cytotoxic T cells? What role do helper T
cells play in this process?
53.State the two main responses of cytotoxic T cells.
54.How is long-lasting immunity achieved in cell-mediated immunity?
55.Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
56.State four general ways of acquiring adaptive immunity. Which two provide the
longest-lasting immunity?
57.What type of immunity occurs when a child is given the chickenpox vaccine? What type
of immunity does a nursing baby obtain?
58.What type of immunity occurs when a person is given the rabies antisera? What type of
immunity occurs if a person had chickenpox as a child?
59.What is immunotherapy? Give some examples.