Summary for Chapter 2
Phonetics: This is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.
It includes:
Articulatory phonetics: How speech sounds are produced by the
vocal apparatus.
Acoustic phonetics: The physical properties of sound waves
(frequency, amplitude, etc.).
Auditory phonetics: How the brain perceives and processes
speech sounds.
Consonants and Vowels: The two main categories of sounds in
languages.
Consonants: Sounds produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal
tract. They are categorized by features such as place of articulation
(where the sound is produced, e.g., lips, tongue, etc.), manner of
articulation (how the sound is produced, e.g., stops, fricatives), and
voicing (whether vocal cords vibrate).
Vowels: Sounds produced without significant obstruction of airflow.
Vowels are distinguished by tongue height, tongue backness, and lip
rounding.
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): A system used to represent
speech sounds across all languages. It allows linguists to transcribe
sounds accurately and consistently.
Question 1, 2, 3, 4/ p42
1. a. Find four words in which the sound [k] is spelled differently
"cat" - The /k/ sound is represented by the letter "c".
"kite" - The /k/ sound is represented by the letter "k".
"school" - The /k/ sound is represented by the letter combination "ch".
"accordion" - The /k/ sound is represented by the letter combination "cc".
b. Find four words in which the letter e is pronounced differently
"bed" - The letter "e" is pronounced as /ɛ/ (a short "e" sound, like
in "bet").
"beet" - The letter "e" is pronounced as /iː/ (a long "e" sound, like
in "see").
"her" - The letter "e" is pronounced as /ɜː/ (a vowel sound like in
"bird" or "sir").
"been" - The letter "e" is pronounced as /iː/ (a long "e" sound, like
in "see").
c. Find four words in which a combination of letters
represents one sound
"chess" – The combination "ch" represents the /ʧ/ sound (like "ch"
in "church").
"ship" – The combination "sh" represents the /ʃ/ sound (like "sh" in
"shoe").
"phone" – The combination "ph" represents the /f/ sound (like "f"
in "fun").
"though" – The combination "gh" represents the /f/ sound (like "f"
in "enough").
d. Find four words in which one letter represents more than one
sound
"c":
/k/ in "cat"
/s/ in "cent"
"g":
/g/ in "go"
/dʒ/ in "giant"
"a":
/æ/ in "cat"
/eɪ/ in "cake"
"x":
/ks/ in "box"
/z/ in "xylophone"
e. Find four words in which a letter does not stand for any sound
"knight" – The "k" is silent, so it's pronounced /naɪt/.
"honest" – The "h" is silent, so it's pronounced /ɒnɪst/.
"thumb" – The "b" is silent, so it's pronounced /θʌm/.
"doubt" – The "b" is silent, so it's pronounced /daʊt/.
2. a. nine: price Vowel sound in "nine": /aɪ/ Vowel sound in "price": /aɪ/
Conclusion: Same vowel sound. Vowel transcription: /aɪ/
b. hit: key Vowel sound in "hit": /ɪ/ Vowel sound in "key": /iː/ Conclusion:
Different vowel sounds. Vowel transcriptions: /ɪ/ and /iː/
c. put: but Vowel sound in "put": /ʊ/ Vowel sound in "but": /ʌ/
Conclusion: Different vowel sounds. Vowel transcriptions: /ʊ/ and /ʌ/
d. house: court Vowel sound in "house": /aʊ/ Vowel sound in
"court": /ɔː/ Conclusion: Different vowel sounds. Vowel
transcriptions: /aʊ/ and /ɔː/
e. back: drawn Vowel sound in "back": /æ/ Vowel sound in
"drawn": /ɔː/ Conclusion: Different vowel sounds. Vowel
transcriptions: /æ/ and /ɔː/
f. cake: leg Vowel sound in "cake": /eɪ/ Vowel sound in "leg": /ɛ/
Conclusion: Different vowel sounds. Vowel transcriptions: /eɪ/ and /ɛ/
g. flow: boat Vowel sound in "flow": /oʊ/ Vowel sound in "boat": /oʊ/
Conclusion: Same vowel sound. Vowel transcription: /oʊ/
h. ounce: flour Vowel sound in "ounce": /aʊ/ Vowel sound in
"flour": /aʊ/ Conclusion: Same vowel sound. Vowel transcription: /aʊ/
i. play: drag Vowel sound in "play": /eɪ/ Vowel sound in "drag": /æ/
Conclusion: Different vowel sounds. Vowel transcriptions: /eɪ/ and
/æ/
j. full: fool Vowel sound in "full": /ʊ/ Vowel sound in "fool": /uː/
Conclusion: Different vowel sounds. Vowel transcriptions: /ʊ/ and
/uː/
3.
[Link] - /ˈɔːsəm/
b. mailbox - /ˈmeɪlbɒks/
c. hopping - /ˈhɒpɪŋ/
d. announce - /əˈnaʊns/
e. cooler - /ˈkuːlər/
f. stun - /stʌn/
g. playground - /ˈpleɪɡraʊnd/
h. lucky - /ˈlʌki/
i. thought - /θɔːt/
j. notebook - /ˈnəʊtbʊk/
k. agreement - /əˈɡriːmənt/
l. psychology - /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
m. knight - /naɪt/
n. nature - /ˈneɪtʃər/
4. Here are the correct transcriptions for the words:
a. strength - /strɛŋkθ/
b. crime - /kraɪm/
c. wishing - /ˈwɪʃɪŋ/
d. wives - /waɪvz/
e. these - /ðiːz/
f. hijacking - /ˈhaɪˌdʒækɪŋ/
g. chipping - /ˈtʃɪpɪŋ/
h. yelling - /ˈjɛlɪŋ/
i. shut - /ʃʌt/
j. child - /ʧaɪld/
k. football - /ˈfʊtbɔːl/
l. tiptoe - /ˈtɪpˌtoʊ/
m. avoid - /əˈvɔɪd/
n. remain - /rɪˈmeɪn/
o. umbrella - /ʌmˈbrɛlə/
p. joyful - /ˈdʒɔɪfəl/