MATH04
Pre-Calculus
Course Outcome 3
Lesson 3: Trigonometric Identities 2
Course Outcome 3
Trigonometric Identities 2.0
• Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
• Proving Trigonometric Identities
• Addition and Subtraction Identities
• Double Angle Identities
• Half Angle Identities
• Sum and Product Identities
Double and Half Angle Identities
Double-angle identities can be derived from the sum identities and half angle identities can be derived
from double-angle formulas.
To derive the double angle of sine, cosine and tangent, substitute A for B in the formulas
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) , cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) and tan(𝐴 + 𝐵).
Double Angle for Sine
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑨)
Use the formula sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Then, sin 𝐴 + 𝐴 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴
sin 𝐴 + 𝐴 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
Double Angle for Cosine
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑨)
Use the formula cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Then, cos 𝐴 + 𝐴 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏,
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨
Double Angle for Tangent
𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝑨) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑨)
Use the formula:
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Then,
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐴
tan 𝐴 + 𝐴 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐴
Simplify
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨
tan(2𝐴) =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑨
Summary: Double Angle Identities
cos 2𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 = 2 cos2 𝐴 − 1 tan 2𝐴 =
1 − tan2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴
Half-Angle Identity for Sine
To derive the half angle of sine and cosine,
𝑥
replace 𝐴 by 2 in two formulas for cos(2𝐴)
cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 Double Angle Identity for Cosine
𝑥 𝑥
cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin2 Substitute 𝐴 = 2
𝑥
2 2
𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 Simplify
2
𝑥 𝑥
2 sin2 = 1 − cos 𝑥 Isolate 2 sin2
2 2
𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
sin2 = Divide both sides by 2
2 2
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 =± Get the square root of both sides
𝟐 𝟐
Half-Angle Identity for Cosine
cos 2𝐴 = 2 cos2 𝐴 − 1
𝑥 𝑥
cos 2 = 2 cos 2 −1
2 2
2
𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 2 cos −1
2
𝑥
2 cos2 = cos 𝑥 + 1
2
𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 1
cos 2 =
2 2
𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 =±
𝟐 𝟐
Note:
𝑥
The use of a positive or negative depends on the quadrant in which is located.
2
Half-Angle Identity
Angle Quadrant Half angle Quadrant
𝐴
0° < 𝐴 < 90° 1 0° < < 45° 1
2
90° < 𝐴 < 180° 𝐴
2 45° < < 90° 1
2
𝐴
180° < 𝐴 < 270° 3 90° < < 135°
2 2
𝐴
270° < 𝐴 < 360° 4 135° < < 180°
2 2
Half-Angle for Tangent
The half-angle formulas for sine and cosine can be used to derive the half-angle formula for tangent.
There are three equivalent forms for this formula.
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =±
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Half-Angle Identities
A 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 A
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =±
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 A
𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴 𝐴 1 + cos 𝐴
sin =± cos =± A 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 A
2 2 2 2 𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 A
A 𝐬𝐢𝐧 A
𝐭𝐚𝐧 =
𝟐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 A
Example
I. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:
5
1. If sec 𝐴 = − 4 and angle A is in second quadrant, find sin(2𝐴).
Example
I. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:
5
1. If sec 𝐴 = − 4 and angle A is in second quadrant, find sin(2𝐴).
Use the formula
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
Given 3 4
At quadrant 2, the values of sin 𝐴 = 5 and cos 𝐴 = − 5
𝑥 = 4, 𝑟 = 5
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 Then,
(−4)2 +𝑦 2 = 52
16 + 𝑦 2 = 25 3 4
sin 2𝐴 = 2 −
𝑦 2 = 25 − 16 5 5
𝑦2 = 9
𝑦 = ±3 𝟐𝟒
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 = −
𝟐𝟓
Example
I. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:
12
2. If sin 𝐴 = − 13 and 270° < 𝐴 < 360°, find cot(2𝐴) .
Example
I. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:
12
2. If sin 𝐴 = − 13 and 270° < 𝐴 < 360°, find cot(2𝐴) .
Use the formula
2 tan 𝐴 12
tan 2𝐴 = At quadrant 4, the value of tan 𝐴 = − 5
1 − tan2 𝐴
Then, Then,
1 − tan2 𝐴 2
cot 2𝐴 = 12
2tan 𝐴 1− −
5
Given, cot 2𝐴 =
12
𝑦 = −12, 𝑟 = 13 2 −
5
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
𝑥 2 + (−12)2 = 132 𝟏𝟏𝟗
=
𝑥 2 + 144 = 169 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝑥 2 = 169 − 144
𝑥 2 = 25
𝑥 = ±5
Example
II. Verify the following:
sin 2A cos A − cos 2A sin A 1
1. =
sin A cos A cos A
Work from LEFT to RIGHT
Recall
sin 2A cos A − cos 2A sin A sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin A cos A 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 = 2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1
2sinA cos A cos 𝐴 − 2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1 sin 𝐴
=
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
2sin A cos 2 𝐴 − 2 cos 2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴
=
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴
=
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
1
=
cos 𝐴
Example
II. Verify the following:
2. Verify:
1 −tan2 𝐵
cos 2𝐵 =
sec 2 𝐵
Example
II. Verify the following: sin2 𝐵
2 2
2 cos 𝐵 + 2 cos 𝐵∙ − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵 Recall:
2
2. Verify: = cos 𝐵
1 −tan2 𝐵 sec 2 𝐵 cos 2𝐵 = 2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1
cos 2𝐵 =
sec 2 𝐵 sec 2 B = 1 + tan2 B
Work from LEFT to RIGHT 2 cos2 𝐵 + 2 sin2 𝐵 −1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
= sin 𝐵
sec 2 𝐵 tan 𝐵 =
cos 2𝐵 (LHS) cos 𝐵
= 2 cos2 𝐵 − 1 2(cos 2 𝐵 + sin2 𝐵) − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
= sin2 𝐵 + cos2 𝐵 = 1
sec 2𝐵 sec 2 𝐵
= 2 cos2 𝐵 − 1 ∗
sec 2 𝐵 2(1) − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1 sec 2 𝐵 =
= sec 2 𝐵
sec 2 𝐵
2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1 1 + tan2 B 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐵
= =
sec 2 𝐵 sec 2 𝐵
Example
III. Verify the following:
3. Verify:
sin 𝐴 (4 cos2 𝐴 − 1) = sin (3𝐴)
Work from RIGHT to LEFT
Example
III. Verify the following: Recall:
3. Verify: sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) = sin (3𝐴) sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = 2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1
Work from RIGHT to LEFT
sin 3𝐴 (RHS)
= sin(2𝐴 + 𝐴)
= sin 2𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 2𝐴 sin 𝐴
= (2sin Acos A) cos 𝐴 + (2 cos2 𝐴 − 1) sin 𝐴
= 2sin 𝐴 cos 2 𝐴 + 2 cos 2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐴
= 2 cos2 𝐴 sinA + 2 cos2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐴
= 4 cos2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐴
= sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1)
Example
IV. Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°
𝐴 3
1. sin if cos A = and A lies in quadrant 1
2 5
Example
IV. Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°
𝐴 3
1. sin if cos A = and 𝐴 lies in quadrant 1
2 5
Use the formula:
𝑨 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 =±
𝟐 𝟐
3
𝐴 1−
sin = 5
2 2
5−3
5 = 2 1
= ∗
2 5 2
5
=
5
Example
IV. Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°
𝐴
2. csc if sec 𝐴 = −2 and A lies in quadrant 2
2
Example
IV. Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°
𝐴
2. csc if sec 𝐴 = −2 and A lies in quadrant 2
2
Use the formula:
Then,
𝑨 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐴 1
𝐬𝐢𝐧 =± csc =
𝟐 𝟐 2 1
1− −2
𝐴 1 2
csc =
2 1 − cos 𝐴 1 1 2
= = =
2 3 3 3
Since 2 4
2
1
cos 𝐴 = − 𝟐 𝟑
2 =
𝟑
Product-Sum Identities
Example
Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines.
1. cos 13𝑥 sin(13𝑥)
7𝑥 3𝑥
2. sin sin
2 2
3πx 5πx
3. sin − cos −
2 2
4. 6 cos −3x cos(2x)
Example
Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines.
1. cos 13𝑥 sin(13𝑥)
Use the formula:
1
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
cos 13𝑥 sin 13𝑥 = [sin(13𝑥 + 13 𝑥) − sin(13𝑥 − 13𝑥)]
2
1
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛(26 𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0)]
2
𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟔 𝒙
𝟐
Example
Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines.
7𝑥 3𝑥
2. sin sin
2 2
Use the formula:
1
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
7𝑥 3𝑥
sin sin
2 2
1 7𝑥 3𝑥 7𝑥 3𝑥
= [cos − − cos( + )]
2 2 2 2 2
𝟏
= [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟓𝒙)]
𝟐
Example
Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines.
3πx 5πx
3. sin − cos −
2 2
Example
Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines.
3πx 5πx
3. sin − cos −
2 2
Use the formula:
Recall
1 sin −𝐴 = − sin 𝐴
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2 cos −𝐴 = cos 𝐴
3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
= − sin cos
2 2
3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
= − sin cos = − [sin + + sin − ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝟏 𝟏
= − [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝝅𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝝅𝒙)] or − [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝝅𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝅𝒙)]
𝟐 𝟐
Example
Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines.
4. 6 cos −3x cos(2x)
Example
Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines.
4. 6 cos −3x cos(2x)
Use the formula:
1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
Recall
1
6cos −3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = 6 ⋅ [cos −3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − cos(−3𝑥 − 2𝑥)] cos −𝐴 = cos 𝐴
2
= 𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝟓𝒙)]
= 𝟑 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟓𝒙)]
Example
Simplify the following trigonometric expression
sin 5x + sin(3x)
1.
cos 5x − cos(3x)
Example
Simplify the following trigonometric expression
sin 5x + sin(3x)
1.
cos 5x − cos(3x)
Use the formula
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos , cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = −2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
5𝑥 + 3𝑥 5𝑥 − 3𝑥
sin 5𝑥 + sin(3𝑥) 2 sin cos
2 2
=
cos 5𝑥 − cos(3𝑥) −2 sin 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥 − 3𝑥
2 2
2 sin 4𝑥 cos 𝑥
=−
2 sin 4𝑥 sin 𝑥
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
Example
2. Prove:
𝐴
cos 𝐴 + 1 = cot sin 𝐴
2
Example
2. Prove: Recall
1
𝐴 cot 𝐴 =
cos 𝐴 + 1 = cot sin 𝐴 tan 𝐴
2
𝐴 sin 𝐴
tan =
Work from right to left 2 1 + cos 𝐴
𝐴
cot sin 𝐴 1
2 = sin 𝐴
sin 𝐴
1 + cos 𝐴
1
= sin 𝐴 1 + cos 𝐴
𝐴 = sin 𝐴
tan 2 sin 𝐴
= 1 + cos 𝐴
= cos 𝐴 + 1
Example
3. Prove:
sin(4𝐴) + sin(6𝐴)
= − cot 𝐴 tan(5𝐴)
sin 4𝐴 − sin(6𝐴)
Example
3. Prove: Recall
sin(4𝐴) + sin(6𝐴) 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
= − cot 𝐴 tan(5𝐴) sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos
sin 4𝐴 − sin(6𝐴) 2 2
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
Work from left to right sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos
2 2
sin(4𝐴) + sin(6𝐴) cos −𝐴 = cosA
sin 4𝐴 − sin(6𝐴) sin −𝐴 = − sin 𝐴
4𝐴 + 6𝐴 4𝐴 − 6𝐴 sin 𝐴
2 sin cos tan 𝐴 =
= 2 2 cos 𝐴
4𝐴 − 6𝐴 4𝐴 + 6𝐴
2 sin cos co𝑠 𝐴
2 2 cot 𝐴 =
2 sin(5𝐴) cos(−𝐴) sin 𝐴
= cos 𝐴 sin 5𝐴
2 sin(−𝐴) cos(5𝐴) =
− sin 𝐴 cos(5𝐴)
sin 5𝐴 cos 𝐴
= = − cot 𝐴 tan(5𝐴)
− sin 𝐴 cos(5𝐴)
Exercises (ALEKS)
1. Simplify the expression by using a double-angle formula.
2𝜋
2 tan 11
2𝜋
1 − tan2
11
2. Use a half-angle formula to find the exact value of
7𝜋
tan
8
40
Answers (ALEKS)
1. Simplify the expression by using a double-angle formula.
2𝜋
2 tan 11 𝟒𝝅
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧
2𝜋 𝟏𝟏
1 − tan2
11
2. Use a half-angle formula to find the exact value of
7𝜋
tan = − 𝟐+𝟏
8
41
End of Presentation
42