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Experimental Design in Biology

The document outlines the structure and components of a scientific investigation, including independent and dependent variables, controlled variables, sources of error, and methodologies for conducting experiments. It emphasizes the importance of replication, accuracy, and reliability in obtaining valid results. Additionally, it provides guidance on data representation through various types of graphs and tables.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views11 pages

Experimental Design in Biology

The document outlines the structure and components of a scientific investigation, including independent and dependent variables, controlled variables, sources of error, and methodologies for conducting experiments. It emphasizes the importance of replication, accuracy, and reliability in obtaining valid results. Additionally, it provides guidance on data representation through various types of graphs and tables.
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

11/2/2024

Part 2 paper 6
First question A

A) independent variable …..changeable …..investigate the effect of ………


B) dependent variables ……..recorded, measured, observed , counted ,
calculated .
C) controlled variable….SAME / 2 cm3 / 3 drops/ %
D) source of error
[Link] repeats ….replication …repeat 3 more times at each temp / pH /
concentration.
2. Cross Contamination ……using same tools
3. Dilution ….rinse without drying …..use new measuring cylinder / test tube
4. Color change used to judge end point …subjective judgment to color change
…better to use a colorimeter .
5. Shaking ….spillage and inconsistent mixing being non standardized ..
6. Drops …not of same size
7. No stirring …..settle at the bottom …use a stirrer to stir
8. Temperature not maintained ……improvement using thermostatic water bath /
agar plates / petridishes use incubator . _
9. Measuring ….of 3 exp at the same time …. Do them separately / stagger
the start time .
10. No equilibration .

Equilibrate
Light intensity
temperature

Why repeat ?
Take average , to be able to exclude anomalous results
Drawing a table B

Dependent / unit
Independent

Dependent / unit
Independent

Dependent is the way of measuring the results


Measured
Recorded
Calculated
Observed
2. Answer some questions Counted
A) controlled variables
B) name dependent and independent Heat / alcohol

C) calculation ..cross multiplication


Cutting ( cut away from your
D) safety precaution / hazard
fingers and on a chopping
E) independent / dependent variables board )

F) conclusion .. Acids and alkalis \irritants

Link independent + results /outcome


Results
Effect of temp on the activity of amylase
Dependent : time taken for iodine solution to remain yellow brown

Effect of surface area on catalase activity


Dependent : measuring the volume of O2 gas produced
Drawing a graph C

A) bar chart …..independent variable ( non measurable )

B) histogram ……range ( 11-15, 16-20, 21—25 )

C) line graph …point to point or a line of best fit so draw a smooth curve / or a line of
best fit

Line graph …point to point using a ruler


Line of best fit ….smooth curve free hand
1. Independent
D Plan an investigation/ describe 2. Controlled variables

1,. Independent variable ( carry the experiment under 5 3. Methodology

different ……add values with units ) …for concentrations 4. Time interval

use mol/ dm3 …for light intensity by keeping lamp at 5. Dependent

different distances from plant ….cm …humidity is g/ m3 6. Safety


7. Repeat

2. Controlled variables ( living and non living )


• temperature using a thermostatic water bath / incubator for petri dish
• pH is maintained using buffer solution
• Light intensity by keeping light source at the same distance from the plant
• Humidity ..humidifier / dehumidifier
• Carbon dioxide concentration using hydrogen carbonate
• Size by cutting to the same size with scalpel
• same species , same age , same size / number of leaves
• Same physical and health state

3. Methodology

( equilibration, water bath , buffer , gas syringe , humidifier/ dehumidifier , stop


watch , digital thermometer , measure color intensity using a colorimeter, pH
meter )

4. Time interval ( 10 mins , if seeds so from 2 to 7 days )


[Link]
Measure the volume of oxygen gas produced using a gas syringe
Measure the distance travelled by the air bubble after 10 mins
Measure the length of the foam after 10 mins
Measure the mass of the plant after 10 mins
Measure the dry mass by putting the plant in hot place / oven to allow water to
evaporate and repeat until plant losses all water .
SAFETY
CONTROL …carry out same experiment without the factor causing the change to
compare the results
6. Repeat ..3 more times at each pH / temp / concentration ….
Accuracy : numbers ( counting measuring size volume )
Reliability : repeats and take average ( sample size )
Validity : controlled variables

. Control : '
Carrying out same experiment without the factor causing the change
To compare the results
And show that the ( factor under investigation) is responsible for (the
change observed )

Drawing

Magnification +1
Clear unbroken lines +1
Details +1 / +2
Labels +1
First question

A) independent variable …..changeable …..investigate the effect of ………


B) dependent variables ……..recorded, measured, observed , counted ,
calculated .
C) controlled variable….SAME / 2 cm3 / 3 drops/ %
D) source of error
[Link] repeats ….replication …repeat 3 more times at each temp / pH /
concentration.
2. Cross Contamination ……using same tools
3. Dilution ….rinse without drying …..use new measuring cylinder / test tube
4. Color change used to judge end point …subjective judgment to color
change …better to use a colorimeter .
5. Shaking ….spillage and inconsistent mixing being non standardized ..
6. Drops …not of same size
7. No stirring …..settle at the bottom …use a stirrer to stir
8. Temperature not maintained ……improvement using thermostatic water
bath / agar plates / petridishes use incubator . _
9. Measuring ….of 3 exp at the same time …. Do them separately / stagger
the start time .
10. No equilibration .

Equilibrate Light intensity


the temp

Why repeat ?
Take average , to be able to exclude anomalous results

Dependent is the way of measuring the results


Independent ..changeable variable
Drawing a table B

Dependent / unit
Independent

Dependent / unit
Independent

2. Answer some questions


A) controlled variables
B) name dependent and independent
C) calculation ..cross multiplication
D) safety precaution / hazard
E) independent / dependent variables
F) conclusion .. ✓
Link independent + results /outcome

Effect of temp on the activity of amylase


Dependent : time taken for iodine solution to remain yellow brown

Effect of light intensity on rate of photo


Dependent : volume of oxygen gas produced
Effect of surface area on catalase activity
Dependent : measuring the volume of O2 gas produced

Drawing a graph C INDEX

A) bar chart …..independent variable ( non measurable )

B) histogram ……range ( 11-15, 16-20, 21—25 )

C) line graph …point to point or a line of best fit so draw a smooth curve / or a line of
best fit

Line graph …point to point using a ruler


Line of best fit ….smooth curve free hand / point to point
1. Independent
D Plan an investigation/ describe
2. controlled variables
1,. Independent variable ( carry the experiment under 5 3. Methodology
different ……add values with units ) …for concentrations 4. Time interval
use mol/ dm3 …for light intensity by keeping lamp at 5. Dependent variable
different distances from plant ….cm …humidity is g/ m3 6. Safety
7. Repeat
2. Controlled variables ( living and non living )
• temperature using a thermostatic water bath / incubator for petri dish
• pH is maintained using buffer solution
• Light intensity by keeping light source at the same distance from the plant
• Humidity ..humidifier / dehumidifier
• Carbon dioxide concentration using hydrogen carbonate
• Size by cutting to the same size with scalpel
• same species , same age , same size / number of leaves
• Same physical and health state

3. Methodology
( equilibration, water bath , buffer , gas syringe , humidifier/ dehumidifier , stop
watch , digital thermometer , measure color intensity using a colorimeter, pH
meter )

4. Time interval ( 10 mins , if seeds so from 2 to 7 days )


[Link] ,,,,details
Measure the volume of oxygen gas produced using a gas syringe
Measure the distance travelled by the air bubble after 10 mins
Measure the length of the foam after 10 mins
Measure the mass of the plant after 10 mins
Measure the dry mass by putting the plant in hot place / oven to allow water to
evaporate and repeat until plant losses all water .

SAFETY
CONTROL …carry out same experiment without the factor causing the change to compare the results
6. Repeat ..3 more times at each pH / temp / concentration ….
Accuracy : numbers ( counting measuring size volume )
Reliability : repeats and take average ( sample size )
Validity : controlled variables

. Control : '
Carrying out same experiment without the factor causing the change
To compare the results
And show that the ( factor under investigation) is responsible for (the
change observed )

Drawing

Magnification +1
Clear unbroken lines +1
Details +1 / +2
Labels +1

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