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Evolution and Biodiversity Explained

The document discusses the evolution and origin of biodiversity, focusing on human evolution and the concept of descent with modification, particularly from African apes. It outlines various reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between species, including pre-zygotic and post-zygotic isolation methods. Additionally, it describes modes of speciation such as allopatric, sympatric, parapatric, and peripatric speciation.

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Alyssa Amor Anggong
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10 views2 pages

Evolution and Biodiversity Explained

The document discusses the evolution and origin of biodiversity, focusing on human evolution and the concept of descent with modification, particularly from African apes. It outlines various reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between species, including pre-zygotic and post-zygotic isolation methods. Additionally, it describes modes of speciation such as allopatric, sympatric, parapatric, and peripatric speciation.

Uploaded by

Alyssa Amor Anggong
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

EVOLUTION AND ORIGIN OF - The Descent Man, and Selection

BIODIVERSITY: PATTERNS OF in Relation to Sex


(book about human evolution)
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
- believed that humans evolved
from Africa, African Apes
What is evolution? - human evolution is done through
- process by which living organisms natural process or sexual activity
change over time, resulting in new
traits, species, and altered genes REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING
MECHANISMS
Species Classification
Interbreeding Isolating mechanism I. Pre-zygotic Isolation Mechanisms
Zygote Allopatric
Sympatric 1. Geographic or Ecological or Habitat
Parapatric Peripatric Isolation
- potential mates occupy different areas
Breeding or habitats thus, they never come in
- “mating” contact
Interbreeding 2. Temporal or Seasonal Isolation
- two different species - different groups may not be
- Group A x Group B = Group C
reproductively mature at the same
- same family, different species
season, or month or year
Inbreeding
- between closely related species 3. Behavioral Isolation
- there are abnormalities - patterns of courtship are different

Zygote 4. Mechanical Isolation


- fertilized egg - differences in reproductive organs
prevent successful interbreeding
Isolating mechanism
5. Gametic Isolation
- prevents interbreeding with other
- incompatibilities between egg and
species
sperm prevent fertilization
Species
- group of organisms that can produce II. Post-zygotic Isolation
with each other and produce fertile Mechanisms
offspring
1. Hybrid Inviability
Fertile – ability to conceive and have a - fertilized egg fails to develop past the
healthy pregnancy
Sterile – inability to produce or release
sperm

What is species?
- a group of organisms that can
reproduce with each other and produce
fertile offspring

“Species are groups of interbreeding early embryonic stages


natural populations that are
reproductively isolated from other such
groups.”
– Ernst
Mayr

CHARLES DARWIN
2. Hybrid Sterility 2. Sympatric Speciation
- hybrids are sterile because gonads occurs when members of a population
develop abnormally or there is abnormal that initially occupy the same habitat
within the same range diverge into two
or more different species

segregation of chromosomes during


meiosis

3. Hybrid Breakdown
- F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and
viable, but F2 contains many weak or 3. Parapatric Speciation
sterile individuals individuals are more likely to mate with
their geographic neighbors than with
MODES OF SPECIATION
individuals in a different part of the
population’s range

1. Allopatric or Geographic Speciation


occurs when some members of a
population become geographically
separated from the other members
4. Peripatric Speciation
a small population breaks off from a
larger population and forms a new
species. This can happen when a small
group of individuals colonize a new
habitat

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