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UNIT I
Introduction & Evolution of Digital Systems. Role & Significance of
Digital Technology. Information & Communication Technology & Tools.
Computer System & it's working, Software and its types. Operating
Systems: Types and Functions. Problem Solving: Algorithms and
Flowcharts. Communication Systems: Principles, Model & Transmission
Media. Computer Networks & Internet: Concepts & Applications, WWW,
Web Browsers, Search Engines, Messaging, Email, Social Networking.
Computer Based Information System: Significance & Types. E-commerce
& Digital Marketing: Basic Concepts, Benefits & Challenges.

Introduction to Digital Systems

A system is a set of related components that work as a whole to achieve
a goal. A system contains inputs, behavior and outputs.

InputsBehavior Output

Behavior is a function that translates inputs to output.

Components are electronics blocks digital, analog, or mixed signal.
Digital System is a system in which signals have a finite number of
discrete values. Analog System has values from a continuous set and
Mixed Signal System has both Digital and Analog parts.
Generally, signals are represented by two methods, i.e., Digital and
Analog System. Digital Signal is limited to only a few possible values,
generally represented by Binary logic 0 (0 - 0.8 volts) and logic 1 (2.0 –
5.0 volts). Whereas Analog Signal varies continuously.

Characteristics and Benefits of Digital System

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→ Data is represented in a digital system as a vector of binary variables.

→ Digital Systems can provide accuracy (dynamic range) limited only by
the number of bits used to represent a variable.
→ Digital systems are less prone to error than analog systems.
→ Data representation in a digital system is suitable for error detection
and correction.
→ Digital systems are designed in a hierarchical manner using re-
useable
modules.
Benefits of Digital over Analog System:
→ It is economical and easy to design.
→ It is very well suited for both numerical and non-numerical
information processing.
→ It has high noiseimmunity.
→ It is easy to duplicate similar circuits and complex digital ICs are
manufactured with the advent of microelectronics Technology.
→Adjustable precision and easily controllable by Computer.
The finite number of values in a Digital System can be represented by a
vector of signals with just two values, i.e., Binary: 3 is 0011 and 9 is
1001. So, the device which processes the signal is very simple, i.e.,
on/off. However, there are some disadvantages or drawbacks of Digital
Systems as following below.
Disadvantages of Digital System:
→ It has low speed.
→ There are need of converters, e.g., Analog to Digital (A/D) converter
and Digital to Analog (D/A) converter, because physical world is analog.

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Since digital circuits deal with analog signals, current or voltage, so it

allows Analog signals to be ignored and allows some discrete values to
be used. There are two types of digital signal communication:
Synchronous and Asynchronous. Synchronous is the in which outputs
change their values at certain specified time (or clocked), for example 5,
6, 7, etc. Whereas Asynchronous is the in which outputs can change at
any instant of time, for example, 5, 8, 15 ... etc.
Digital Calculators, Digital Computers and Digital Watch are good
examples of Digital Systems.
Evolution of Digital Systems.
One of the earliest digital systems was the dial telephone system.
Pulses generated by activating a spinning dial were counted and
recorded by special switches in a central office. After all the numbers
had been dialed and recorded, switches were set to connect the user to
the desired party. A switch is a digital device that can take one of two
states: open or closed.
In 1939, Harvard University built the Harvard Mark I, which went into
operation in 1943. It was used to compute ballistic tables for the U.S.
Navy. In the next few years, more machines were built in research
laboratories around the world. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer) was placed in operation at the Moore School
of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, component
by component, beginning with the cycling unit and an accumulator in
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June 1944. This was followed in rapid succession by the initiating unit
and function tables in September 1945 and the divider and square-root
unit in October 1945. Final assembly of this primitive computer system
took place during the fall of 1945.
Q) What is Digital Technology?
Ans: The word "digital" comes from Latin-digitus, finger and refers to
one of the oldest tools for counting. When information is stored,
transmitted or forwarded in digital format, it is converted into numbers-
at the most basic machine-level as "zeroes and ones." The term
represents technology that relies on the use of microprocessors; hence,
computers and applications that are dependent on computers such as
the Internet, as well as other devices such as video cameras, and mobile
devices such as phones and personaldigital assistants (PDAs).
Digital technology definition includes all electronic tools, automatic
systems, technological devices and resources that generate, process or
store information. The difference between analogue and digital
technology is that in analogue technology, data is converted into
electric rhythms of multiple amplitudes, while in digital technology;
information is converted into the binary system, i.e. zero or one, where
every bit is the symbol of two amplitudes. The importance of digital
technology in marketing is that you can simply record and analyze the
execution and result of your campaigns. This is because when digital
marketers spend their time and money in making effective campaigns,
they want to see the successful outcomes of those campaigns. It makes
it simple for them to record their campaigns, which enables them to
become accustomed and determines improved outcomes.
Role & Significance of Digital Technology
The main purpose of digital technology is to enable individuals to work
in collaboration towards the achievement of common goals and
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objectives, enhancement of employee productivity, employee

satisfaction and employee retention and improvement of skills, abilities
and expertise amongst the human resources. Communication is one of
the areas of utmost significance and digital technology enables the
individuals to get involved in effective communication.
It has been understood that digital technology has gained prominence
all over the world. When individuals make use of digital technology, they
have a purpose. They either have to communicate with others, share
information, acquire information, generate awareness, upgrade their
knowledge and skills, devise innovative strategies and methods in their
work and so forth. In order to achieve the purpose, it vital for the
individuals to possess efficient knowledge and skills to make use of
digital technology. To facilitate and objectives, it is vital that
understanding and achievement of god equipment that is required to
individuals be provided with the tools collaborate and work in
integration.
In education and management, it is essential to co-ordinate digital
technology to avoid the implementations of activities that may impose
unfavourable effects and different ownerships. One should adopt clear
roadmaps to ensure that digital workplace provides measurable
business values and individuals are able to put into operation various
technologies that may enhance their job functions. The digital workplace
is present in every organization and industry in the present existence. It
will take a different form depending on what are the goals and
objectives of the industry and business. There are numerous types of
digital technologies. Computers, laptops, smartphones, mobile phones
are the ones that are extensively made use of in all areas. The
individuals make use of these technologies in the management of their
homes. It is vital for the individuals to possess the knowledge of what
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are the technologies within the organization, in which they are working
and how their use will vary.
Information & Communication Technology & Tools,
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is used in all
spheres of life. It has changed the way everything functions, be it
learning, solving problems, or working. The tools of ICT such as
communications, networked computers, and media have become crucial
for the efficient working of all professions. Today, it is almost impossible
to imagine the functioning of organizations without these tools. ICT tools
have changed the time and space of learning and working, which has
been beneficial for the students as well as the working professionals.
ICT comprises of two parts:
→ IT [Information technology]: It refers to the use of storing,
processing, collecting data. All the different components of the
computer, like hardware and software, come under this category.
→ CT [Communication technology]: It refers to the use of technology
for telecommunication, broadcasting media, audio-visual processing and
transmitting information, and transmitting information through wired or
wireless networks.
ICT as a whole is a combination of IT and CT, where we collect, store,
process, and transmit data through wired or wireless methods.
Q) What is ICT?
Ans:ICT, also known as Information and Communications Technology, is
the infrastructure that facilitates the communication of people and
organizations in the digital world. Generally, it includes applications,
devices, systems, and networking components that enable modern
computing.
Various component of ICT

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The word ICT is widely accepted as representing all technologies that

enable individuals, association to connect in the digital world together.
 Communication technology
 Cloud computing
 Software
 Hardware
 Internet access
 Data
 Transaction

The Importance of ICT

 ICT has become a fundamental requirement for modern society.
 Business organizations utilize ICT in multiple ways to improve
profitability, get clients, enhance their efficiency, and so on
 ICT systems are introducing other smart intelligent functionality to
currenttechnologies.
 The ICT sector has both a direct et and indirect effect on economic
development. → The modern communications network can also be
used to improve enterpriseadvertising and development.
 Many of the products and services rely knowingly or unknowingly
on ICT.

Advantages and Disadvantages of ICT

Advantages
The developments in the ICT have led to many cost-saving opportunities
for businesses. These include businesses ranging from small scale to
large scale. ICT has also changed the way people shop, socialize,
communicate, and interact. It has given more choices to people and also
enabled internet shopping by facilitating online transactions. Engineers

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at ICT are developing various applications and systems to make work

and daily life easier for everyone.
Disadvantages
ICT has several advantages that have contributed to the growth and
development of society. However, many problems have arisen with the
development of ICT. Data security is one of the major problems.
Moreover, the growing global network and increased speed of the
internet has given rise tocrimes. The security breach and stealing of
intellectual property, money, and data have increased.
Additionally, ICT has encouraged automation and robotics, which has
rapidly replaced workers. Another disadvantage of ICT is that it has
limited personal interaction of people with each other, and hence it is
creating a population that is largely dependent on technology.
ICT Tools
ICT tools stand for Information Communication Technology tools. The
ICT tools means to digital infrastructures like computers, laptops,
printers, scanners, software programs, data projectors, and interactive
teaching box.
The ICT devices are the latest tools, concepts and techniques used in
student-to-teacher, student-to-student interaction for example: - clicker
devices, mobile applications, flipped classroom) for information and
communication technology.
Advantages of ICT Tools
There are various advantages of ICT Tools:
1. Cost-efficient
2. Provide the facility for easy student management
3. Direct classroom teaching
4. Improved modes of communication
5. Eco-friendly-Eliminate the usage of paper
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Disadvantages of ICT Tools

There are various disadvantages of ICT Tooke
1. Unemployment
2. Lack of security/privacy
3. Cyber bullying
4. Reliance on technology
5. Social media
6. Preparation time

1. Unemployment: -Although IT has streamlined the process of

business, it has created redundancy and subcontinent in the job.
Employers can save more money by using computers instead of human
resources, but due to this, employees are losing their jobs as no longer
needed.
2. Lack of Security/Privacy: Although IT has changed and may be
more convenient, it has also raised issues of privacy and security. Phone
signal interception, email hacking, etc., people are concerned that
personal information can become public knowledge. IT continues to
change almost every day, which means that to secure their jobs,
everyone has to be up-to-date in IT. Risk factors for attacking computer
viruses, trojans, spam, malware is also present in the systems.
3. Cyber Bullying: - In social network pages, it is now so easy to bully
and bully others as it has become very easy for the users of the internet
around over the world. They do not realize the consequences of
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reading/listening to hostile comments. There have been various

investigation cases involving cyberbullying with lethal implications in
the recent past.
4. Reliance on Technology: - People no longer bother to read, write,
or calculate without computers because of losing handwriting skills (why
write if spell checker can be used). Calculate without calculator even for
the small addition, reading books (why read if there is huge information
on the internet).
Avoid hurting the feelings of someone through emails or other forms of
electronic communication; respect other's online right; avoid insulting
anyone. If someone disrespects you, you stay calm; avoid discussion
groups or forums crashing groups; respect other people's privacy online;
be responsible online."
5. social media: - Network pages are open for everyone who can
influence their physical and mental health by playing and watching
violent games, including young children and teenagers. They are
addicted to iPods, phones, gaming consoles, forgetting about society's
external activities and communication.
6. Preparation Time: - Preparation takes more time so that the
internet can be used effectively for education. In addition to designing
internet-based plans, we have to surf the Internet in order to download
the lesson plans and adapt them to support the course's objectives or
visit sites to choose appropriate places for the classes needed.
Computer System & it's working Computer Systems:
A computer is a system made of two major components: hardware
andsoftware. The computer hardware re is the physical equipment. The
software is the collection of programs (instructions) that allow the
hardware to do its job.
Computer System
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Hardware Software
Q) What is Computer Hardware?
Ans: Computer hardware is the physical components of a computer that
we can touch and feel. These are machinery or primary electronic
devices that are used to build up the computer or data processing
system. Computer hardware consists of interconnected electronic
devices that we can use to control a computer's operation, input and
output.
Computer hardware examples
Few examples of computer hardware are –
→ Motherboard - it is the circuit board that contains IC sockets and slots.
→ Central Processing Unit (CPU) - it is the heart of the computer
→ Peripheral of CPU such as Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Speaker,
UPS etc.
Q) What is Computer Software?
Ans: It is a Computer Software is a programming code executed on a
computer processor. set of programs that can do particular work of the
user. The software simply is a collection of documentation, instructions,
and procedures that are capable of performing different tasks on a
computer system. The computer software is divided into two major
parts:
1. System Software's- System software operates directly on hardware
devices of the computer. It provides a platform to run an application and
helps to run the hardware of the computer and the system itself.
Operating systems, diagnostic tools, device drivers are some included in
system software. These are mostly pre-installed on computers.
Examples are Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.

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2. Application Software's - Designed for user-benefit to complete

different tasks. These are either pre-installed in the computers or can be
installed as per the need. It includes word processing, Language
processors, web browsing, translators, editors and almost any other task
for which we install the software. Examples are Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
Oracle, etc.
Software is generally written or created in a high-level programming
language. The language that is readable by people. These instructions
in high-level languages are then converted into "machine language"
instructions, represented in the form of binary code before the hardware
can "run the code”. When we install any software, it is generally already
in this machine language or binary form.
Q: -Explain the Working of Computer System?
Ans: -Computer made of many components which works together in
coordination. The working of computer with the help of different
components can be understood with the help of detail given as under.
Input Devices: -Instructions are send to CPU through input devices.
Some of the input devices are keyboard, scanner, and joystick. Data or
programmes are entered into the computer system through these
devices. Input units take data from us and process it. The most
important input device is keywordswhich takes words, figures and
commands from the operator. The second important device is mouse
which selects option menu from screen. These are some other input
devices also such as scanner, joy stick microphone, track pen etc.
Central Processor Unit (CPU): -CPU processes the information in a
computer as per the instruction given by the operator. It interprets and
implements software instructions, perform calculations and
comparisons, makes logical decisions, temporarily stores information,
keeps track of the current step in the execution of the program and
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allows the CPU to communicate with the rest of the computer. The CPU's
also called the brain of the computer. The CPU processes data taken
from necessary storage device such as hard disk. CD-ROM, Pen Drive
etc.
Output Devices: -Output devices display information or data. Common
output devices are monitor and printers. the monitor which we can see
on the screen. The computer sends the output to If we need a copy of
the output,then we take of printout thereof.
Q: What is Software and its types.
Ans:Software denotes a set of programmes, procedures, rules, etc.
concerned with the operation of the data processing system. There are
following six types of software:
(a) Operating System: An integrated set of specialisedprogrammes
that are meant to manage the resources a computer and also facilitate
its operation is called operating system. It creates a necessary interface
that is an interactive link, between the user and the computer hardware.
(b) Utility Programmes: designed to perform These are a set of
computerprogrammes, which are certain supporting operations, such as
programme to format a disk, duplicate a disk, physically reorganise
stored data and programmes.
(c) Application Software: These are user-oriented programmes
designed and developed for performing certain specified tasks: such as
payroll accounting, inventory accounting, financial accounting, etc.
(d) Language Processors: These are the software, which checks for
language syntax and eventually translate (or interpret) the source
programme (that is a programme written in a computer language) into
machine language (that is the language which the computer
understands).

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(e) System Software: These are a set of programmes which control

such internal functions as reading data from input devices, transmitting
processed data to output devices and also checking the system to
ensure that its components are functioning properly.
(f) Connectivity Software: These are set of programmes which create
and control a connection between a computer and a server so that the
computer is able to communicate and share the resources of server and
other connected computers.
OPERATING SYSTEMS: TYPES AND FUNCTIONS
Q: What is Operating System.
Ans: - An operating system is a program that acts as an interface
between the user and the computer hardware and controls the
execution of all kinds of programs. In technical terms, it is software
which manages hardware. An operating System controls the allocation
of resources and services such as memory, processors, devices and
information
It is a program with following features:
 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface
between the software and the computer hardware.
 It is an integrated set of specialized overall resources and
operations of the computer. programs that are used to manage
 It is specialized software that controls and monitors the execution
of all other programs that reside in the computer, including
application programs and other system software.

Objectives of Operating System

 To make a computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner
 To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users
 To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system

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 To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users and

making it easier for the users to access and use other resources
 To manage the resources of a computer system
 To keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource
requests, according for resource using and mediating conflicting
requests from different programs and users
 To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and
programs

Q: -Explain the Characteristicsof Operating System.

Memory Management -- keeps tracks of primary memory i.e. what
part of it is in use by whom, what part is not in use etc. and allocates
the memory when a process or program requests it.
Processor Management -- allocates the processor (CPU) to a process
and deallocates processor when it is no longer required.
Device Management keeps track of all devices. This is also called I/O
controller that decides which process gets the device, when, and for
how much time.

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File Management -- allocates and de-allocates the resources and

decides who gets the resources.
Security -- prevents unauthorized access to programs and data by
means of passwords and similar other techniques.
Job accounting -- keeps track of time and resources used by various jobs
and/or users.
Control over system performance records delays between request
for a service and from the system.
Interaction with the operators - The interaction may take place via
the console of the computer in the form of instructions. Operating
System acknowledges the same, does the corresponding action and
informs the operation by a display screen.
Error-detecting aids -- Production of dumps, traces, error messages
andother debugging and error-detecting methods.
Coordination between other software and users Coordination and
assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to
the various users of the computer systems.
Q: Describe the Functions of an Operating System.
Ans:
a) Process Management: It handles the creation, deletion,
suspension, resumption, and synchronization of process.
b) Memory Management: It handles allocation and de-allocation of
memory space as required by various programs.
c) File Management: It is responsible for creation and deletion of files
and directories. It also organizes, stores, retrieves, names, and protects
all the files.
d) Device Management: It manages all the devices of the computer
system such as printers and modems. If any device fails, it detects the
device failure and notifies the same to the user.
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e) Security Management: Protects system resources and information

against destruction and unauthorized use.
f) User interface: Provides the interface between the user and the
hardware.
Q: -What are the different Types of Operating Systems?
Ans:An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing
files, processes, and memory. Thus operating system acts as the
manager of all the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus, the operating
system becomes an interface between user and machine.
Types Operating Systems: Some widely used operating systems are
asfollows
1. Batch Operating System: This type of operating system does not
interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes
similar jobs having the same requirement and group them into
batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with
similar needs.

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

 It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to
complete. Processors of the batch systems know how long the job
would be when it is in queue.
 Multiple users can share the batch systems.
 The idle time for the batch system is very less.
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:

 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometimes costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
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Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank

Statements, etc.
2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems: Each task is given some time
toexecute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time
of CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as
Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or different
users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:

 Each task gets an equal opportunity
 Fewer chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:

 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user
programs and data
 Data communication problem

Examples of Time-Sharing OSS are: Multics, Unix, etc.

3. Distributed Operating System - These types of the operating
system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology
and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, with a
great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers
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communicate with each other using a shared communication network.

Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These
are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These
system's processors differ in size and function. The major benefit of
working with these types of the operating system is that it is always
possible that one user can access the files or software which are not
actually present on his system but some other system connected within
this network i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected
in that network.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

 Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as
all systems are independent from each other
 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
 Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and
durable Load on host computer reduces
 These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily
added to the network.
 Delay in data processing reduces

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:

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 Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication To

establish distributed systems the language which is used are not
well defined yet
 These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex
and not understood well yet

Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS, etc.

4. Network Operating System - These systems run on a server and
provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating
systems allow shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and
other networking functions over a small private network. One more
important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are
well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the
network, their individual connections, etc. and that's why these
computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems.

Advantages of Network Operating System:

 Highly stable centralized servers
 Security concerns are handled through servers

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 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated

into the system
 Server access is possible remotely from different locations and
types of systems

Disadvantages of Network Operating System:

 Servers are costly
 User has to depend on a central location for most operations
 Maintenance and updates are required regularly

Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft Windows

Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X,
Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.
5. Real-Time Operating System These types of OSS serve real-time
systems. The time interval required to process and respond inputs is
very small. This time interval is called response time.
●
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that
are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots,
etc.
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:
Hard Real-Time Systems: These OSs are meant for applications
where time constraints are very strict and even the shortest possible
delay is not acceptable. These systems are built for saving life like
automatic parachutes or airbags which are required be readily available
in case of any accident. Virtual memory is rarely and in these systems.
Soft Real-Time Systems: These OSs are for applications where for
time
constraint is less strict.
Advantages of RTOS:
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Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system,

thus more output from all the resources
Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems
are very less. For example, in older systems, it takes about 10
microseconds in shifting one task to another, and in the latest systems,
it takes 3 microseconds.
Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less
importance to applications which are in the queue.
Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size
of programs are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like
in transport and others.
Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types
of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:
Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on few applications to avoid errors. Use heavy
system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good and
they are expensive as well.
Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult
for the designer to write on.
Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers
and interrupts signals to respond earliest to interrupts. Thread Priority:
It is not good to set thread priority as these systems arevery less prone
to switching task
Examples of RealTime Operating Systems are: Scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems,
weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.
PROBLEM SOLVING: ALGORITHMS AND FLOWCHARTS
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Q: -What is an Algorithm?
Ans: -An algorithm is a procedure or set of rules that defines how a
program is to be executed. Or we can say that it is a set of instructions
for solving a welldefined computational problem.
Algorithms was developed by an Arab mathematician. It is chalked out
step-by-step approach to solve a given problem. It is represented in an
English like language and has some mathematical symbols like ->, >, <,
= etc.
To solve a given problem or to write a program you approach towards
solution of the problem in a systematic, disciplined, non-adhoc, step-by-
step way is called Algorithmic approach. Algorithm is a penned strategy
(to write) to find a solution.
Example: Algorithm/pseudo code to add two numbers
Step 1: Start
Step 2:Read the two numbers in to a,b
Step 3: c=a+b
Step 4: write/print c
Step 5: Stop.
Characteristics of Algorithm:
1. Input: It should externally supply zero or more quantities.
2. Output: It results in at least one quantity.
3. Definiteness: Each instruction should be clear and ambiguous.
4. Finiteness: An algorithm should terminate after executing a finite
number of steps.
5. Effectiveness: Every instruction should be fundamental to be
carried out, in principle, by a person using only pen and paper.
6. Feasible: It must be feasible enough to produce each instruction.
7. Flexibility: It must be flexible enough to carry out desired changes
with no efforts.
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8. Efficient: The term efficiency is measured in terms of time and

space required by an algorithm to implement. Thus, an algorithm must
ensure that it takes little time and less memory space meeting the
acceptable limit of development time.
9. Independent: An algorithm must be language independent, which
means that it should mainly focus on the input and the procedure
required to derive the output instead of depending upon the language.
Q: -What is a Flowchart?
Ans: A flowchart is a graphical representation of the steps a program
takes to process data. In this, we can use several geometric patterns to
illustrate the numerous actions the program carries out.
With the help of the flowchart, the designer can efficiently segregate the
various elements of the process. Also, it facilitates the analysis by giving
stepby-step instructions on the problem.
The following are the most common symbols used in Drawing
flowcharts:
Q: What is communication system?
Ans: -The communication system is a system which describes the
information exchange between two points. The process of transmission
and reception of information is called communication. The major
elements of communication are the Transmitter of information, Channel
or medium of communication and the Receiver of information.

Types Of Communication Systems

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Depending on Signal specification or technology, the communication

system is classified as follows:
(1) Analog
Analog technology communicates data as electronic signals of varying
frequency or amplitude, Broadcast and telephone transmission are
common examples of Analog technology.
(2) Digital
In digital technology, the data are generated and processed in two
states: High (represented as 1) and Low (represented as 0). Digital
technology stores and transmits data in the form of 1s and 0s.
Depending on the communication channel, the communication system
is categorized as follows:
1. Wired (Line communication)
→ Parallel wire communication
→ Twisted wire communication
→Coaxial cable communication
→ Optical fibre communication
2. Wireless (Space communication)
→Ground wave communication
→ Skywave communication
→ Space wave communication
→ Satellite communication
Examples Of Communication Systems
The following are a few examples of communication systems:
1. Internet
2. Public Switched Telephone network
3. Intranet and Extranet
4. Television
Elements Of Communication Systems
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The definitions of the terms used in the communication system are

discussed below.
Information
Message or information is the entity that is to be transmitted. It can be
in the form of audio, video, temperature, picture, pressure, etc.
Signal
The single-valued function of time that carries the information. The
information is converted into an electrical form for transmission.
Transducer
A device or an arrangement that converts one form of energy to the
other. An electrical transducer converts physical variables such as
pressure, force, temperature into corresponding electrical signal
variations. Example: Microphone converts audio signals into electrical
signals. Photodetector converts light signals into electrical signals.
Amplifier
The electronic circuit or device that increases the amplitude or the
strength of the transmitted signal is called an amplifier. When the signal
strength becomes less than the required value, amplification can be
done anywhere in between transmitter and receiver. A DC power source
will provide for the amplification.
Modulator
As the original message signal cannot be transmitted over a large
distance because of their low frequency and amplitude, they are
superimposed with high frequency and amplitude wave called carrier
wat ave. This phenomenon of superimposing of message signal with a
carrier wave called modulation. And the resultant wave is a modulated
wave which is to be transmitted.
Again, there are different types of Modulation
i. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
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The process of changing the amplitude of the signal wave by impressing

or superimposing it on a high-frequency carrier wave, keeping its
frequency constant is called amplitude modulation.
ii. Frequency Modulation (FM)
Frequency modulation is a technique in which the frequency of the
message signal is varied by modulating with a carrier wave. It is better
than amplitude modulation because it eliminates noise from various
sources.
iii. Phase Modulation (PM)
The phase of the carrier wave changes the phase of the signal wave.
The phase shift after modulation is dependent on the frequency of the
carrier wave est as well. Phase modulated waves are immune to noise
to a greater extent.
Transmitter
It is the arrangement that processes the message signal into a suitable
form for transmission and subsequently reception.
Antenna
An Antenna is a structure or a device that will radiate and receive
electromagnetic waves. So, they are used in both transmitters and
receivers.
An antenna is basically a metallic object, often a collection of wires. The
electromagnetic waves are polarised according to the position of the
antenna.
Channel
A channel refers to a physical medium such as wire, cables, space
through which the signal is passed from the transmitter to the receiver.
There are many channel impairments that affect channel performance
to a pronounced level. Noise, Attenuation and distortion to mention the
major impairments.
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Noise
Noise is one of the channel imperfection or impairment in the received
signal at the destination. There are external and internal sources that
cause noise. External sources include interference, i.e. interference from
nearby transmitted signals (cross talk), interference generated by
natural source such as lightning, solar or cosmic radiation, automobile
generated radiation, etc. The external noise can be minimised and
eliminated by the appropriate design of the channel, shielding of cables.
Also, by digital transmission external noise can be much minimised.
Internal sources include noise due to random motion and collision of
electrons in the conductors, thermal noise due to diffusion and
recombination of charge carriers in other electronic devices. Internal
noise can be minimised by cooling and using digital technology for
transmission.
→ A different cable design.
→ Proper design of the channel.
→ Use digital transmission
→ Using BPF or LPF at the receiver side.
Attenuation
Attenuation is a problem caused by the medium. When the signal is
propagating for a longer distance through a medium, depending on the
length of the medium the initial power decreases. The loss in initial
power is directly proportional to the length of the medium. Using
amplifiers, the signal power is strengthened or amplified so as to reduce
attenuation. Also, digital signals are comparatively less prone to
attenuation than analogue signals.

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Distortion
It is also another type of channel problem. When the signal is distorted,
the distorted signal may have frequency and bandwidth different from
the transmitted signal. The variation in the signal frequency can be
linear or nonlinear.
Receiver
An arrangement that extracts the message or information from the
transmitted signal at the output end of the channel and reproduces it in
a suitable form as the original message signal is a receiver.
Demodulator
It is the inverse phenomenon of modulation. The process of separation
of message signal from the carrier wave takes place in the demodulator.
The information is retrieved from the modulated wave.
Repeaters
Repeaters are placed at different locations in between the transmitter
and receiver. A repeater receives the transmitted signal, amplifies it and
send it to the next repeater without distorting the original signal.

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Block Diagram of Communication Systems The block diagram given

below represents the flow of the signal from the source to the
destination. The role of every device and arrangement discussed above
is better understood.

Q: What is Transmission media?

→ Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the
information from the sender to the receiver. Data is transmitted through
the electromagnetic signals.
→ The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the
information in the form of bits through LAN (Local Area Network).

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→ It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in

datacommunication.
→ In a copper-based network, the bits in the form of electrical signals.
→ In a fibre-based network, the bits in the form of light pulses.
→ In OSI (Open System Interconnection) phase, transmission media
supports the Layer 1. Therefore, it is considered to be as a Layer 1
component.
→ The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fibre
optics, atmosphere, water, and vacuum.
→ The characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined
by the characteristics of medium and signal.
→ Transmission media is of two types are wired media and wireless
media. In wired media, medium characteristics are more important
whereas, in wireless media, signal characteristics are more important.
→ Different transmission media have different properties such as
bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of installation and maintenance.
→ The transmission media is available in the lowest layer of the OSI
reference model, i.e.,Physical layer.
Some factors need to be considered for designing the
transmission media:
→ Bandwidth: All the factors remaining constant, the greater the
bandwidth of a medium, the higher the data transmission rate of a
signal. → Transmission impairment: When the received signal is not
identical to the transmitted one due to the transmission impairment.
The quality of thesignals will get destroyed due to transmission
impairment.
→ Interference: An interference is defined as the process of disrupting
a signal when it travels over a communication medium on the addition
of some unwanted signal.
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Classification Of Transmission Media:

In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a

physical path between the transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the
channel through which data is sent from one place to another.
Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following types:

1. Guided Media: It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded

transmission media. Signals being transmitted are directed and confined
in a narrow pathway by using physical links.
Features:
 High Speed
 Secure
 Used for comparatively shorter distances

Q: What is Network?
Ans: -A network is the interconnection of a set of devices capable of
communication. In this definition, a device can be a host for an end

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system as it is sometimes called) such as a large computer, desktop,

laptop, workstation, cellular phone, or security system. A device in this
definition can also be a connecting device such as a router, which
connects the network to other networks, a switch, which connects
devices together, a modem (modulatordemodulator), which changes the
form of data, and so on. These devices in a network are connected using
wired or wireless transmission media such as cable or air. When we
connect two computers at home using a plug-and-play router, we have
created a network, although very small.
Definition: A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer,
or anyother device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated
by othernodes on the network.
Distributed Processing Most networks use distributed processing, in
which a task is divided among multiple computers. Instead of one single
large machine being responsible for all aspects of a process, separate
computers (usually a personal computer or workstation) handle a
subset.
Network Criteria A network must be able to meet a certain number of
criteria. The most important of these are performance, reliability, and
security.
Performance: Performance can be measured in many ways, including
transit time and response time. Transit time is the amount of time
required for a message to travel from one device to another. Response
time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. The
performance of a network depends on a number of factors, including the
number of users, the type of transmission medium, the capabilities of
the connected hardware, and the efficiency of the software.
Performance is often evaluated by two networkingmetrics: throughput
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and delay. We often need more throughput and less delay. However,
these two criteria are often contradictory. If we try to send more data to
the network, we may increase throughput but we increase the delay
because of traffic congestion in the network.
Reliability: In addition to accuracy of delivery, network reliability is
measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover
from a failure, and the network's robustness in a catastrophe.
Security: Network security issues include protecting data from
unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and development,
and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches
and data losses.
Physical Structures:
Type of Connection A network is two or more devices connected
through links. A link is a communications pathway that transfers data
from one device to another. For visualization purposes, it is simplest to
imagine any link as a line drawn between two points. For
communication to occur, two devices must be connected in some way
to the same link the same time. There are twopossible types of
connections: point-to-point and multipoint.
Point-to-Point A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link
between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is reserved for
transmission between those two devices. Most point-to-point
connections use an actual length of wire or cable to connect the two
ends, but other options, such as microwave or satellite links, are also
possible. When you change television channels by infrared remote
control, you are establishing a point-to-point connection between the
remote control and the television's control system.
Multipoint A multipoint (also called multidrop) connection is one in
which more than two specific devices share a single link. In a multipoint
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environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or

temporally. If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a
spatially shared connection. If users must take turns, it is a timeshared
connection.
Physical Topology
The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid
out physically. One or more devices connect to a link two or more links
form a topology. The topology of a network is the geometric
representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices
(usually called nodes) to one another.
Q: -Explain network topologies?
Ans: - Network topology defined as the logical connection of various
computers in the network. The six basic network topologies are: bus,
ring, star, tree, mesh and hybrid.
1. Bus Topology: In bus topology all the computers are connected to a
long cable called a bus. A node that wants to send data puts the data on
the bus which carries it to the destination not. In this topology any
computer can data over the bus at any time. Since, the bus is shared
among all the computers. When two or more computers to send data at
the same time, an arbitration mechanism is needed to prevent
simultaneous access to the bus.
A bus topology is easy to install but is not flexible i.e., it is difficult to
add a new node to bus. In addition to this the bus stops functioning
even if a portion of the bus breaks down. It is also very difficult to isolate
fault. 2. Ring Topology: In ring topology, the computers are connected in
the form of a ring. Each node has exactly two adjacent neighbors. To
send data to adistant node on a ring it passes through many
intermediate nodes to reach to its ultimate destination.
Ring Topology
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A ring topology is as to install and reconfigure. In this topology, fault

isolation is easy because a signal that circulates all the time in a ring
helps in identifying a faulty node. The data transmission takes place in
only one direction. When a node fails in ring, it breaks down the whole
ring. To overcome this drawback some ring topologies, use qual rings.
The topology is not useful to connect large number of computers.
3. Star Topology: In star topology all the nodes are connected to a
central node called a hub. A node that wants to send some six data to
some other node on the network, send data to a hub which in turn sends
it the destination node. A hub plays a major role in such networks.
Star topology is easy to install and reconfigure. If a link fails then it
separates the node connected to link from the network and the network
continues to function. However, if the hub goes down, the entire
network collapses.
4. Tree Topology: Tree topology is a hierarchy of various hubs. The
entire nodes are connected to one hub or the other. There is a central
hub to which only a few nodes are connected directly.
Tree Topology
The central hub, also called active hub, looks at the incoming bits and
regenerates them so that they can traverse over longer distances. The
secondary hubs in tree topology may be active hubs or passive hubs.
The failure of a transmission line separates a node from the network.
5. Mesh Topology: -A mesh topology is also called complete topology.
In this topology, each node is connected directly to every oilier node in
the network. That is if there are n nodes then there would be nn - 1)/2
physical links in the network.
As there are dedicated links, the topology does not have congestion
problems. Further it does not need special Media Access Control (MAC)
protocol to prevent simultaneous access to the transmission media
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since links are dedicated, not shared. The topology also provides data
security.
The network can continue to function even in the failure of one of the
links. Fault identification is also easy. The main disadvantage of mesh
topology is the complexity of the network and the cost associated with
the cable length. The mesh topology is not useful for medium to large
networks. 6. Hybrid Topology: Hybrid topology is formed by connecting
two or more topologies together. For example, hybrid topology can be
created by using the bus, star and ring topologies.
Q: -What isnetwork protocol?
Ans: Protocols are a set of rules that help in governing the way in which
anyparticular body or technology works.
Internet Connection Protocols can be divided into three major types:
→ TCP/IP Network Model - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
Internet Protocol (IP) are the most widely used protocols for connecting
networks. It divides any message into a series of packets which are sent
from source to destination.
→ File Transfer Protocol - Program files, documents, etc. can be
transferred from one multimedia files, text files, device to another, using
FTP
→ Hypertext Transfer Protocol - Used for transferring a hypertext
from one device to two or more devices. HTML tags are used for
creating links and these links may be in the form of text or images.
Q: -What is The OSI Reference Model?
Ans: -The OSI model (minus the physical medium) is shown in Fig. This
model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards
Organization (ISO) as a first step toward international standardization of
the protocols used in the various layers (Day and Zimmermann, 1983).
It was revised in 1995(Day, 1995). "The model is called the ISO-OSI
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(Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model because it deals with

connecting open systems that is, systems that are open for
communication with other systems.

1. Physical Layer
→ It is the bottom-most or the first layer of the OSI Model
→ It comprises the raw data which is further transmitted to the higher
layers of the structure
→ Preparing the physical devices in the networkand accepting the
receiveddata for transmission
→ The termination of connection place at this stage between two nodes
of a network also takes
→ This layer converts the digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical
signals
2. Data Link Layer
→ Access to get the data is achieved at this layer

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→ It breaks the input data into frames which makes analysing the data
easier
→ Ensures that the data received is free of any errors
→ It controls the flow of data in the stipulated time duration and along
with aset speed of transmission
→ The data is sent to the next layer in the form of packets which are
then reviewed for further processing
3. Network Layer
→ It acts as a network controller
→ Transferring of variable data from one node to another, connected in
network, takes place at this layer
→ Each node has a specific address and the network layer ensures that
the data is sent to its destination address
→ The data is sent in the form of fragments which are then connected to
each other once the processing is done
4. Transport Layer
→ The delivery of data packets is managed by the transport layer
→ It manages the flow of data, segmentation and segmentation and
error control
→ There are five classes of the transport protocol starting from 0
andcontinuing till 4 (TPO to TP4)
→ Fragmentation and reassembly of data packets occur that this stage
5. Session Layer
→ The connection between the computers connected in a network is
managed at this layer
→ Establishment, management and termination between the remote
and local application takes place here
→ Authentication and authorization happen at this layer

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→ This layer can also terminate or end any session or transmission

which is complete
6. Presentation Layer
→ The data is converted into understands the syntax or semantics which
an application understands
→ Before passing on the data any further, the data is formatted at this
stage
→ Functions including compression, encryption, compatible character
code set, etc. are also done at this layer of the model
→ It serves as a datatranslator forthe network
7. Application Layer
→ The interaction with the user or the user application takes place at
this stage
→ When identifying communication partners, the application layer
determines the identity and availability of communication partners for
an application with data to transmit
On the whole, the entire process of transfer of raw data into processed
data and finally to the user or the application can be done through this
OSI model. It can detect errors, transmit the data and format it during
the course of the above-mentioned seven layers.
Q: What is TCP/IP protocol suite?
Ans: The TCP/IP model is a part of the Internet Protocol Suite. This
model acts as a communication protocol for computer networks and
connects hosts on the Internet. It is a concise version of the OSI Model
and comprises four layers in its structure.
This protocol is a result of the research and development by the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) during the 1960s.
Given below are a few points which had played an important role in the
advancement of the TCP/IP model:
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→ A two-network TCP/IP communications test was conducted between

Stanford and University College London in 1975
→ An important thing which resulted in promoting this model was when
the US Department of Defense declared TCP/IP as the standard for all
military computer networking. This was In March 1982
→ In 1983, this structured protocol was adopted by ARPANET as a
standard protocol.
→ Later on other Computer and IT companies including IBM, DEC, etc.
had also adapted the TCP/IP model as their standard communication
protocol
→ In 1989, the University of California has accepted the TCP/IP code for
public domain

INTERNET:
Definition and Applications of Internet
Introduction: the internet is a global network of interconnected
computers, enabling users to share information along multiple channels.
Typically, a computer that connects to the internet can access
information from a vast array of available servers and other computers
by moving information from them to the computer 's local memory.
From a social point of view - the internet is a device through which
millions of people are communicating and sharing their idea and
information. From a technical point of view – the internet is a network of
thousands of computer networks. Together the networks making up the
internet consist of over million computer systems.
Growth of internet: - internet started as a government project in the
US, has spread all across the world connecting thousands of networks
and millions of people is an amazing truth today. The growth of internet
can be estimated by the fact that users on internet were only 124

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millions in 2000 while it increased to 175 millions in 2004 only in the

United States. The current internet subscriber base in India is 3.3
millions.
Owner of internet: the internet has no president nor has it a CEO the
ultimate authority on the internet is the internet society, which is a
voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global
information exchange through the internet technology. -
Advantages of internet:
1. Information
2. Entertainment
3. Services
4. News
5. E-commerce
6. Communication
7. Formation of communities
Disadvantages:
1. Spamming
2. Theft of personal details
3. Pornography
4. Virus threat
5. Waste of time and money
Applications OF INTERNET
Internet is today one of the most important part of our daily life. There
are large numbers of things that can be done using the internet and so
it is very important. You can say that with the progress in the internet
we are progressing in every sphere of life as it not only makes our tasks
easier but also saves a lot of time. Today internet is used for different
purposes depending upon the requirement. Here in this very article we

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have mentioned then ten best uses of the internet. Here goes some of
them.
Introduction to world wide web
World Wide Web (WWW)-A hypertext interface to internet
information resources.
WWW:This stands for A technical definition of the World Wide Web is:
all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).A broader definition comes from the
organization that Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee helped found, the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C):
The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information;
an embodiment of human knowledge. In simple terms, The World Wide
Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on the
Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive
multimedia resources.
World wide web is a series of servers that are interconnected through
hypertext. Tim burner lee is widely known as the father of the world
wide web. burners was working with the European organization for
nuclear research (CERN), in Switzerland).
Connecting to internet
1. Dialup accounts
2. ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network):
3. Broadband:
Domain name systems (DNS): - It is an internet engineering task
force (IETF) standard name service that allows your computer to register
and resolve domain names. In other words, DNS is a system that
translates domain names into IP address. This is necessary because
computers only make use of IP address yet we use only readable names
since the name are easier to remember than IP address.
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Categories: -
1. .com for commercial purpose
2. .edu for education domains
3. .net for network, internet service provider andother network
relatedcompanies
4. .org for non-government organization and non-commercial
5. .mil for the united states military Country level domain: it is reserve
for country. For example .in for India, .uk for United Kingdom, .pk for
Pakistan.
internet surfing tools, using common browsers like internet
Explorer, Electronic Mail and Chatting and Future of Internet. -
Some of the basic services available to Internet users are:
Email: A fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other
Internet users around the world. Telnet: Allows a user to log into a
remote computer as though it were a local system.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) It allows a user to transfer virtually every
kind of file that can be stored on a computer from one Internet-
connected computer to another. FTP is used to copy files from one host
to another. It is used to exchange and manipulate files over as TCP
computer network, such as the internet. An FTP client may connect to
an FTP server to manipulate files on thatserver.
Transmission control Protocol/Internet Protocol [TCP/IP] it is actually a
collection of protocols that govern the way data travel from one
computer toanother across networks. A user connected on any network
on the Internet can communicate with people or software located on
any other network connected to the internet using this common set of
protocols. On the internet, the protocol that permits two internet
connected computers to establish a reliable connection is called TCP/IP.

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Usenet news: A distributed bulletin board that offers a combination

news and discussion service on thousands of topics.
A Usenet newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system,
for messages posted from many users in different locations using
Internet. Despite the name, newsgroups are discussion groups, and are
not devoted to publishing news, but were when the internet was young.
URL (Uniform resource locator) :- URL is a type of uniform resource
identifier that specifies where an identified resource is available and the
mechanism for retrieving it.
There are several parts to a URL. The first part of a URL defines a web
protocol, such as the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), this part of URL
(eg [Link] allows the machines to talk to one another, the complete
URL specifies the name of a server or a path to a web resource on a
server, which a user canaccess by using browsers like Firefox, Opera,
and Internet Explorer.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - This stands for Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol being used to transfer hypertext
documents that makes the World Wide possible. Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol [HTTP] HTTP is an internet standard or set of rules that allows
the exchange of information on the World Wide Web. Hypertext is a
method of preparing and publishing text, ideally suited to the computer,
in which users can select their own text. To prepare hypertext, the
whole material should be divided into small segments such as single
pages of text. These small segments are called nodes. Then hyperlinks
are embedded in the text. When the user clicks on a hyper link, the
hypertext software displays a different node. The process of navigating
among the nodes linked in this way is called browsing. A collection of
nodes that are interconnected by hyperlinks is called a web. A Hypertext
is prepared using Hyper Text Markup Language [HTML].The html codes
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are used to create links. Http is also based on the client/server principle.
It allows the client computer to contact with server computer and make
a request. The server accepts the connection requested by the client
and sends back a response. An Http request identifies the information or
text that the client is needed and it tells the serverto supply the text. A
standard web address such as [Link] called a URL
and here the prefix http indicates its protocol.
URL: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify
addresses on the World Wide Web. A URL is the fundamental network
identification for any resource connected to the web (e.g., hypertext
pages, images, and sound files).
A URL will have the following format: protocol://hostname/other_
Information.
The protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred. The
protocol used for web resources is Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Other protocols compatible with most web browsers include FTP, telnet,
newsgroups, and Gopher. The protocol is followed by a colon, two
slashes, and then the domain name. The domain name is the computer
on which the resource is located.
Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after
the domain name. The directory names are separated by single forward
slashes.
WEBSITE - Currently you are on our website
[Link] which is a collection of various pages
written in HTML mark-up language. This is a location on the web where
people can find tutorials on latest technologies. Similar way there are
millions of websites available on the web. Each page available on the
Website is called a web page and first page of any web site is called
home page for that site.
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WEB SERVER- Every Web site sits on a computer known as a Web

server. This server is always connected to the internet. Every Web
server that is connected to the Internet is given a unique address made
up of a series of four numbers between and 256 separated by periods.
for example, [Link] to [Link].
When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name, such
as [Link] you have to specify the IP address of the Web
server that will host the site.
WEB BROWSER - Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To
access the Web you need a web browsers, such as Netscape Navigator,
Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.
Currently you must be using any sort of Web browser while you are
navigating through my site [Link]. On the Web, when you
navigate through pages of information this is commonly known as
browsing or surfing.
SMTP SERVER -This stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Server.
This server takes care of delivering emails from one server to another
server. When you send an email to an email address, it is delivered to
its recipient by a SMTP Server.
ISP - This stands for Internet Service Provider. They are the companies
who provide you service in terms of internet connection to connect to
the internet. You will buy space on a Web Server from any Internet
Service Provider. This space will be used to host your Web site.
HTML - This stands for Hyper Text Mark-up Language. This is the
language in which we write web pages for any Website. Even the page
you are reading right now is written in HTML. This is a subset of
Standard Generalized MarkUp Language (SGML) for electronic
publishing, the specific standard used for the World Wide Web.

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HYPERLINK: A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable element in an

electronic document that serves as an access point to other electronic
resources. Typically, you click the hyperlink to access the linked
resource. Familiar hyperlinks include buttons, icons, image maps, and
clickable text links.
DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System. When someone types in
your domain name, [Link], your browser will ask the
Domain Name System to find the IP that hosts your site. When you
register your domain name, your IP address should be put in a DNS
along with your domain [Link] doing it your domain name will
not be functioning properly.
W3C-This stands for World Wide Web Consortium which is an
international consortium of companies involved with the Internet and
the Web. The W3C was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the original
architect of the World Wide Web. The organization's purpose is to
develop open standards so that the Web evolves in a single direction
rather than being splintered among competing factions. The W3C is the
chief standards body for HTTP and HTML.
Internet browsers: Internet browser or web browser are software's
that allow you to explore the net. These are actually client programs
and are capable todisplay and interact with hypertext document. These
software's are especially designed for the web use. There are two types
of browsers text-based browser and graphical browser. Graphical
browser supports multimedia like text, video, animation, audio etc.
Some popular browsers are -
 Microsoft Internet Explorer
 Mozila Firefox
 Google Chrome
 Opera
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Email basic:
Email is a method of exchanging digital messages, designed primarily
for human use. A message at least consists of its content, an author
address and one of more recipient addresses. The foundation for today's
global internet email service was created in the early Arpanet an was
codified as a standard for encoding of messages, as RFC 733.
Features of email:
1. Address book
2. Statistics
3. Sorting or mails
4. Security
5. Edit/draft option
6. File attachment
7. Reply/forward option
Working of email: Email is based around the use of electronic
mailboxes. When an email is sent, the message is routed from server to
server, all the way to the recipient's email server. The message is sent
to the mail server tasked with transporting emails (called the MTA, for
Mail Transport Agent) to the recipient's MTA. On the Internet, MTAS
communicate with one another using the protocol SMTP, and so are
logically called SMTP servers (or sometimes outgoing mail servers).
The recipient's MTA then delivers the email to the incoming mail server
(called the MDA, for Mail Delivery Agent), which stores the email as it
waits forthe user to accept it. There are two main protocols used for
retrieving email onan MDA:
POP3 (Post Office Protocol), the older of the two, which is used for
retrieving email and, in certain cases, leaving a copy of it on the server.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), which is used for coordinating
the status of emails (read, deleted, moved) across multiple email
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clients. With IMAP, a copy of every message is saved on the server, so

that this synchronization task can be completed. To keep everyone from
checking other users' emails, MDA is protected by a user name called a
login and by a password. Retrieving mail is done using a software
program called an MUA (Mail User Agent). When the MUA is a program
installed on the user's system, it is called an email client (such as
Mozilla Thunderbird, Microsoft Outlook, Eudora Mail, Incredimail or Lotus
Notes).
Types of email -
1. Marketing Emails: - Marketing (or Bulk) emails stimulate your
clients and leads. They contain informative / incentive messages. The
recipient must agree to receive such emails: opt-in is mandatory
Examples: - Newsletters, Flash sales, Sales/promotions announcements.
2. Notification Emails: - Notification email are also known as trigger,
alert or autoresponder. They allow the user to be notified each time a
particular event happens (or has happened). More generally, the
notification email may be used in order to celebrate and/or mark an
event. Examples: - getting in touch a few days after registration,
Congratulations after a status change (first purchase, subscription...),
Birthday email, Shopping Cart Abandonment email.
3. Transactional Emails. This is an expected message and its content
is information that the dent wishes to check or confirm, and not
"discover". This type of email is not intended to optimize the customer
relationship but to define it and mark it out. It is a point of reference in
one's CRM. Examples; - Welcome message / Account opening, Shipment
tracking and order status, Order shipment confirmation, Account
termination.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): -

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The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) service, which transfers e-

mail, is installed as part of E-mail Services, along with the POP3 service.
SMTP controls how e-mail is transported and then delivered across the
Internet to the destination server. The SMTP service sends and receives
e-mail between servers, whereas the POP3 service retrieves e-mail from
the mailserver to the user's computer. For more information, see the
SMTP documentation Microsoft SMTP Service.
Pop3(post office protocol): the post office protocol is an application
layer protocol used by local email client s to retrieve email from a
remote server over a TCP/IP connection. The POP protocol has been
developed through several versions. With version 3 being the current
standard. like IMAP, POP3 is supported by most webmail services such
as Hotmail, Gmail And yahoo mail.
Chatting
Chat refers to the process of communicating, interacting and/or
exchanging messages over the Internet. It involves two or more
individuals that communicate through a chat-enabled service or
software. It is a text-based communication that is live or in real-time.
Chat is also known as chatting, online chat or Internet chat.
Chat may be delivered through text, verbal, audio, visual or audio-visual
(A/ V) communication via the Internet. If conducted through a desktop,
chat requires software that supports Internet Relay Chat (IRC) or an
instant messenger application, where a central server manages chat
communication between different end user clients.
There are also online chat services that require users to sign up with a
valid email address. After signing up, user may join a group chat room
or send a private message to another individual Online chat services
have purpose-built chat interfaces that manage the entire
communication processes.
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Q: -What is Social Networking?

Ans: -Social Networking refers to grouping of individuals and
organizations together via some medium, in order to share thoughts,
interests, and activities. There are several web based social network
services are available such as facebook, twitter, linkedin, Google+ etc.
which offer easy to use and interactive interface to connect with people
with in the country an overseas as well. There are also several mobile
based social networking services in for of apps such as Whatsapp, hike,
Line etc.
Advantages of social networking
→ Make friends
→Grow your business
→ Help students
→ Getting the latest news
→ Communicate with anybody
→ Disabled people
→ Web traffic
Disadvantages of social networking
→ False information
→ False identity
→ Time wastage
→ Health problems
→Get donations
Some examples of social networking websites are -
Facebook
TikTok
Youtube
Instagram
LinkedIn
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Twitter
Snapchat
WhatsApp
Pinterest
It is good to spend some time on social sites but spending most of your
time on social sites is not good. You can spend your time with your
family. Only use social sites for your work and business and don't waste
extra time on it.
COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM: SIGNIFICANCE &
TYPES
Q: What Is an Information System?
Ans: -Information system has been defined in terms of two
perspectives: one relating to its function; the other relating to its
structure. From a functional perspective; an information system is a
technologically implemented medium for the purpose of recording,
storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions as well as for the
supporting of inference making. From a structural perspective; an
information system consists of a collection of people, processes, data,
models, technology and partly formalized language, forming a cohesive
structure which serves some organizational purpose or function.
The functional definition has its merits in focusing on what actual users -
from a conceptual point of view- do with the information system while
using it. They communicate with experts to solve a particular problem.
The structural definition makes clear that IS are socio technical systems,
i.e., systems consisting of humans, behavior rules, and conceptual and
technical artifacts.
An information system can be defined technically as a set of
interrelatedcomponents that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and
distribute information to support decision making and control in an
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organization. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination,

and control, information systems may also help managers and workers
analyze problems, visualize complex subjects, and create new products.
Three activities in an information system produce the information that
organizations need to make decisions, control operations, analyze
problems, and create new products or services. These activities are
input, processing, and output. Input captures or collects raw data from
within the organization or from its external environment. Processing
converts this raw input into a more meaningful form. Output transfers
the processed information to the people who will use it or to the
activities for which it will be used. Information systems also require
feedback, which is output that is returned to appropriate members of
the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage.

Figure 6: Functions of an information system

Q: -What Is a Computer-Based Information System?
Ans: -A computer-based information system (CBIS) is an information
system that uses computer technology to perform some or all of its
intended tasks. Such a system can include as little as a personal
computer and software. Or it may include several thousand computers
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of various sizes with hundreds of printers, plotters, and other devices, as

well as communication networks (wireline and wireless) and databases.
In most cases an information system also includes people. The basic
components of information systems are listed below. Note that not
every system includes all these components.
Significance
A computer-based information system, or CBIS, uses computers to
collect, process, store, analyze and distribute information for a specific
purpose, such as meeting a business objective. The main components of
a CBIS include] hardware, software, data, procedures and people.
Components of Information Systems
1. Resources of people; (end users and IS specialists, system analyst,
programmers, data administrators etc.).
2. Hardware: (Physical computer equipment's and associate device,
machines and media).
3. Software: (programs and procedures).
4. Data: (data and knowledge bases), and
5. Networks: (communications media and network support).
Types of Computers Based Information Systems
Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction processing systems
handle routine information items, more often than not manipulating
data in some constructive way as it enters or leaves the firm's
databases. An order entry program is an example of a TPS. Reasons for
TP are recording, classification, sorting, calculation, summarization,
storage and exhibit of results.
Management Information Systems: Management Information
systems make available a focused vision of information flow as it
develops during the course of business activities. This information is

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constructive in managing the business. We will discuss all the aspects of

MIS in the coming heads in an elaborate manner.
Decision Support Systems: Decision Support systems are methodical
models used to progress managerial or professional decision making by
bringing significant data to a manager's notice. In many cases, these
systems use the identical data as management information systems,
but DSS purify the data to make it more functional to managers. It
support with exceptional and nonrecurring decisions, which are
moderately unstructured. Mainly what factors to reflect on and what
information are needed.
Office Automation Systems: Office automation systems endow with
electronic mail, word processing, electronic filing, scheduling,
calendaring, and other kinds of support to office workers. First
introduced with personal computers, these "groupware" applications
became essential with the extensive use of personal digital assistants. It
combines word processing, telecommunications and data processing to
computerize office information, draws on stored data as a result of data
processing and comprise handling of correspondence, reports and
documents,
Q: -What is E-commerce?
Ans: E-commerce is a concept that explains and elaborates upon the
idea of buying and selling of products, goods, services and information
using computer including Internet.
There are various advantages of e-commerce for the buyers such as it
provides detailed information, accelerates buying process, personalises
store as per their preferences, reduces recurring cost, while hiring
virtual support resources for the consumer, etc.

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For the sellers it offers opportunities to expand business processes,

reach new customers, and reduce costs while developing new models
and markets for business organizations across the board.
Generally, there are eight different types of e-commerce models
namely; B2B (Business-to-Business), B2C (Business-to-Consumer), C2C
(Consumer-to Consumer), C2B (Consumer-to-Business), B2G (Business-
to-Government/ Administration), C2A (Consumer-to-Administration) and
P2P (Peer-to-Peer) and D2C (Direct-to-Consumer).
There are various disadvantages of e-commerce such as it lacks
personal touch, when it comes to purchasing products online, it is
difficult for the consumer to determine its quality. E-commerce is prone
to cybercrime and unauthorized data access typical to the cyber world.
E-Commerce provides the following features
Non-Cash Payment-E-Commerce enables the use of credit cards, debit
cards, smart cards, electronic fund transfer via bank's website, and
other modes of electronics payment.
24x7 Service availability- E-commerce automates the business of
enterprises and the way they provide services totheir customers. It is
availableanytime, anywhere.
Advertising / Marketing - E-commerce increases the reach of
advertising of products and services of businesses. It helps in better
marketing management of products/services.
Improved Sales- Using e-commerce, orders for the products can be
generated anytime, anywhere without any human intervention. It gives
a big boost to existing sales volumes.
Support - E-commerce provides various ways to provide pre-sales and
postsales assistance to provide better services to customers.

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Inventory Management- E-commerce automates inventory

management. Reports get generated instantly when required. Product
inventory management becomes very efficient and easy to maintain.
Communication improvement - E-commerce provides ways for
faster, efficient, reliable communication with customers and partners.
Digital Marketing:Basic Concepts, Benefits & Challenges.
Digital Marketing: Conducting marketing process of products or
services through digital technologies, mobile phones, and display
advertising is a part of digital marketing. The process of the marketing
implies particularly on the internet or on any of the trending social
media platforms.
Digital Marketing method involves:
Digital marketing not only involves the Social Media Marketing but also
some key methods like the Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Search
gine Marketing (SEM), Pay Per Click management (PPC), mobile
marketing, email marketing, and e-commerce marketing.
Importance of the digital marketing
 Cost Effective
 Impactful Content
 Access to the mobile users
 Better ROI (Return on Investment)
 Higher Conversion
 Web Analytics
 Social Media support.
 Customer 's trust
 Compete with your rivals

In the current moment, digital marketing is a vast aspect of any

business. Why do you stay behind your rivals? You can achieve a good

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result using the digital marketing tricks. In addition to the importance of

digital marketing today.
Benefits Of Digital Marketing
→Global Reach.
→ Local Reach.
→ Lower Cost.
→ Easy to Learn.
→ Effective Targeting.
→ Multiple Strategies.
→ Multiple Content Types.
→ Increased Engagement. Digital Marketing Challenges
→ A customer-centric market.
→ Creating engaging content.
→ Complying with privacy and data-sharing regulations.
→ Mobile-friendly approach.
→ Omnichannel marketing strategies.
E-marketing means using digital technologies such as websites, mobile
devices and social networking to help reach your customers, create
awareness of your brand and sell your goods or services. The basics of
marketing remain the same - creating a strategy to deliver the right
messages to the right people.
E-marketing strategies
An organization's strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into
one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn
from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to
achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business.
Internet marketing refers to the strategies that are used to market a
product or service online, including Website design strategies. Search
engine optimization and search engine submission.
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 Right web design

 Search Engine marketing and optimization
 E-mail marketing
 social networking, social media marketing and web intelligence
 web analytics
 Blogs

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Unit – 2nd
Digital India & e-Governance: Initiatives, Infrastructure, Services and
Empowerment. Digital Financial Tools: Unified Payment Interface,
Aadhar Enabled Payment System, USSD, Credit/ Debit Cards, e-Wallets,

Digital India & e-Governance:

Q: What is Digital India?
Ans: -The Government of India launched the Digital India campaign to
ensure that the services of the Government are made available
electronically to all citizens. This objective is achieved by strengthening
online infrastructure and improving internet connectivity or to make
India digitally empowered in the field of technology.
The Digitize India scheme includes plans to connect rural areas with
highspeed internet networks and improve digital literacy. The vision of
the campaign is inclusive growth in all sectors.
Objectives of Digital India
→ The development of a stable and secure digital infrastructure.
→ Delivering government services digitally.
→ Universal Digital Literacy
Initiatives Under Digital India
The initiatives under Digital India are categorised based on the
objectives of the scheme. The initiatives under Digital India are as
follows:
Infrastructure
A Under this initiative, the Government provides multiple programs that
facilitate a reliable digital infrastructure. The following are some of the
programs under this:
AADHAR: One of the key strengths of 'Digital India', wherein every
resident of the country is given a unique identity number.
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Bharat Broadband Network (BBNL): This is the custodian of Digital

India. The creation of the National Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) has
been mandated in India.
Centre for Excellence for Internet of Things (CoE-IT): The main
objective of the center is for creating domain capability and innovative
applications.
CERT-IN: This is formed with the intention to secure Indian cyberspace.
Common Services Centres (CSCS): CSCS are the access points for
the delivery of essential public utility services, healthcare, social welfare
schemes, financial, education, and agriculture services.
Cyber Swachhta Kendra: The purpose of this is to generate secure
cyberspace by detecting botnet infections in India and to notify, enable
cleaning, and secure systems of end-users so as to prevent further
infections.
DeenDayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana: This is one of the
flagship programs of the Power Ministry (MOP) and is designed to
provide a continuous power supply to the entire rural India.
Digi Locker: A digital wallet to empower citizens digitally.
Digital SakshartaAbhiyaan (DISHA): This aims to provide IT training
to 52.5. lakh persons.
Digitize India Platform: This platform provides digitization of scanned
document images or physical documents.
Services
Under this initiative, the Government has introduced multiple online
services to facilitate greater reach and accessibility:
Accessible India Campaign and Mobile App: This nation-wide
flagship campaign is for achieving universal accessibility for enabling
people with disabilities to gain access to equal opportunity.

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Agrimarket App: This mobile application aims to keep farmers abreast

with the crop prices and avoid distress sale.
BetiBachaoBetiPadhao: This aims to provide equal opportunity to a
girl child, a chance to be born and be educated.
BHIM (Bharat Interface For Money): This makes payment easy and
quick using UPI.
Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS): This
aims for nationwide networking infrastructure for the evolution of an IT-
enabled stateof-the-art tracking system around 'Investigation of crime
and detection of criminals.'
Crop Insurance Mobile App: This app can be used to compute the
insurance premium for notified crops based on the area of coverage,
amount, and loan amount in the case of loanee farmers.
Digital AIIMS: A distinctive health identification number for every
patient visiting AIIMS was generated on an Aadhar platform.
E-Granthalaya, E-Panchayat, E-Hospital, E-Pathshala, E- prison:
All of these provide digitalization of services like libraries, hospitals,
schools, and prisons.
Empowerment
Under this initiative the Government provides e-governance, skill
development, and infrastructure development initiatives:
→ Aadhar Enabled Payment System (AEPS)
→BPO Scheme
→ DigidhanAbhiyaan
→ MyGov
→ National Mission on Education using ICT
→North East BPO Promotion Scheme (NEBPS)
→NREGA - Soft
→ OpenForge
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→ PayGov India
→ Smart Cities
→ Pradhan Mantri Jan- Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
→ Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
→ PAHAL (DBTL)
→ Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)
→ Visvesvaraya PhD Scheme for Electronics and IT
Digital Financial Tools
A Digital payment, also known as electronic payment, is a transfer of
money from one account to another using an electronic medium. So,
there is no exchange of physical money or instruments like cash,
cheque, etc. However, you should know that digital payment is not
limited to online payments as it also covers payments made on brick-
mortar premises, at a physical location. For example, payment done
through UPI to the grocery store or salon also qualifies for digital
payment.
Unified Payment Interface (UPI):
Unified Payment Interface, also known as UPI, has gained immense
popularity, especially in urban areas. It powers multiple bank accounts
(of any participating banks) into a single mobile application that allows
severalbanking features, seamless fund routing, and merchant
payments under a single roof. Currently, 224 banks are live on the UPI.
Some of the key features and benefits of UPI are:
i. Each bank has uploaded their UPI-enabled app on App Store,
Google Play Store, and Microsoft Store.
ii. One app lets you access different bank accounts. It allows
immediate fund transfer through registered mobile phone
24*7*365. Money can be instantly transferred to the phone
contacts registered with the UP, QR codes in shops, by typing the
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contact number or UPI ID, to pay the utility bill and make
donations, etc.
iii. For double-layer security, a 2-factor authentication is required to
processtransactions.
iv. UPI allows scheduled payments that can be made as per
requirement and convenience. A customer has to provide the
banking details, such as account number, card number, IFSC, etc.
only at the time of registration.
v. A user can senda collection request to another user
vi. For doing a UPI transaction, a customer requires a registered
mobile device with an internet facility and MPIN.
vii. The banks do not charge the customer for the UPI transactions. The
maximum amount that can be transferred per transaction is Rs 1
lakh. viii. A customer can check the account balance, check the
transaction history, send/pay money, collect money, add bank
accounts, change/set MPIN, invite contacts to UPI, etc.

Aadhar Enabled Payment System (AePS):

In order to further speed-track financial inclusion in the country and
leverage the presence and reach of Aadhar, a bank-led model for digital
payments, the AePS, was initiated. It enables banks to route the Aadhar
initiated interbank transactions through a central switching and clearing
agency in a safe and secured manner.
Some of the key features and benefits of AePS are:
i. It allows online interoperable financial transactions at PoS/Micro ATMs
through the business correspondence or Bank Mitra of any bank using
the Aadhar Authentication.
ii. The AePS does not require any physical activity like visiting the bank,
using any banking card, making a signature, etc.

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iii. A customer has to do Aadhar seeding to the bank account.

iv. No transaction fee is charged to the customer.
v. The Reserve Bank of India has not set any transaction limit, but each
bank has set its own limit.
vi. The AePS allows all the basic transactions, such as balance enquiry,
cash withdrawal, cash deposit, Aadhar to Aadhar fund transfer, payment
transaction like Customer-to-Business (C2B) and Customer-to-
Government (C2G).
vii. As of now, the service is offered by 118 banks.
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD): Unstructured
Supplementary Service Data (USSD) is an innovative payment service
that allows customers to make mobile banking transactions using a
basic mobile phone without internet facility. Banking customers can
avail of this service by dialing *99#, a common number across all the
Telecom Service Providers (TSPs). The service is envisioned to provide
financial inclusion and deepening of rural areas and the areas with poor
internet connectivity.
Some of the key features and benefits of the
UnstructuredSupplementary Service Data are:
i. It offers all the basic services, such as balance enquiry, interbank
funds transfer, mini statement, etc. The service is currently offered by
51 leading banks and all GSM service providers.
ii. A customer can access the service in 12 different languages.
Customers simply have to register for the USSD with the mobile number
they have registered with the bank account.
iii. A customer receives a Mobile Money Identifier (MMID) and Mobile
Personal Identification Number (MPIN), which needs to be remembered,
without which the transaction will not take place. A transaction fee of Rs
0.50 is charged to the customer.
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iv. For safety purposes, the fund transfer is capped at Rs 5,000 per
transaction.
Banking Cards:
Banking cards are the most used digital payment method in India. It
includes all the types of cards debit cards, credit cards, and pre-paid
cards. The leading card payment systems in India are Visa, MasterCard,
and RuPay. Banking cards have become one of the preferred payment
methods due to the enormous convenience, control, flexibility, and
security they offer, compared tothe other payment methods. With all
the banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) offering a
variety of banking cards, the customers have a choice to choose the
right type of card for them.
Some of the key features and benefits of the banking cards are:
i. Highly versatile usage for withdrawals at ATMs, purchases at Point
of Sale (POS) devices, micro ATMs, shops/establishments, savings in
e-wallets, as well as online transactions on e-commerce websites
and mobile apps.
ii. Customers can make secure payments within a minute or two for
their online as well as offline purchases. A customer can either
present a physical card or provide card details for online
transactions.
iii. The cards are less likely to be used for fraudulent transactions
unless the card data is revealed because, for a transaction to take
place, a cardholder is required to do a two-factor authentication by
entering either a Personal Identification Code (PIN) or One Time
Password (OTP).
iv. Nil transaction fee to the customer a bank may charge for cash
withdrawals after a certain number of transactions done from non-
network ATMS).
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v. A customer might have to pay an annual fee or transaction fee (for

the number of transactions above the specified limit) by bank's
discretion.
vi. Customers can use Travellers and International cards globally. A
customer can set up transaction limits as per their requirements.

Bank Pre-Paid Cards:

Bank pre-paid cards are the plastic cards issued by the bank that are
preloaded with money and can be used like a debit card. However, the
main difference is that these cards are not linked to the account and
requires to be loaded with money from your bank account either online
or by visiting the bank branch.
Some of the key features and benefits of Bank Pre-Paid Cards are:
i. These cards can either be single-use cards or multiple-use cards.
ii. Once the loaded amount is exhausted in a single-use pre-paid card,
itautomatically gets blocked.
iii. A multiple-use pre-paid card generally comes with a certain expiry
date and a user can reload and use the card numerous times until
its expiry.
iv. These cards are commonly used as corporate gift cards, reward
cards, travel cards (to load the foreign currency), etc.
v. Generally, the bank pre-paid cards are used for specific purchases
only. For example, an Amazon Gift Card can only be used to make
purchases through Amazon.
vi. Up to Rs 2 lakhs can be loaded on a pre-paid card with full KYC.
The loading money on pre-paid cards is mostly free, but some
cards may have charges.

Mobile Wallets:

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A mobile wallet, also known as a digital wallet or e-wallet, is a type of

virtual wallet that can link your debit card and/or credit card information
in a mobile device to your mobile wallet app and lets you transfer funds
online to the wallet. This app can be seamlessly used to make
purchases through your smartphone, tablet, or smartwatch, instead of
physically using plastic cards. To load money in the mobile wallet, a
customer has to link their bank account to it.
i. Some of the key features and benefits of mobile wallets are: Most
banks have their mobile wallets (PayZapp by HDFC Bank, ICICI
Pockets, SBI Buddy, etc.) that offer discounts on bill payments and
purchases made with partner merchants.
ii. Paytm, Freecharge, Mobikwik to Money, mRupee are some of the
popular non-banking mobile wallets
iii. Banks generally charge a fixed fee for the remittance. A customer
can make a transaction of up to Rs 2,00,000 through a mobile
wallet. Through a mobile wallet, a customer can send or receive
money, pay utility bills, pay insurance premiums, scan the QR code
to make a purchase, and much more.

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