Social, Science, and Technology

GE 7 Module 1

4. Enhancing Communication and Connectivity

Historical Antecedents During ●​ Technology facilitates global
communication, information sharing, and access
Science and Technology
to knowledge, contributing to increased
connectivity
TOPIC OUTLINE
1.​ Roles of Science and Technology 5. Enabling Social and Cultural Transformation
2.​ Stone Age ●​ Technological advancements shape social
3.​ Bronze Age and cultural norms, behaviors and interactions
4.​ Iron Age leading to societal transformation
5.​ Antiquity Period
6.​ Middle Ages (Medieval Period)
2 Stone Age
7.​ Modern: Renaissance
●​ Refers to a timeline when stone tools were
predominantly used by ancient societies for
1 Roles of Science and Technology
various purposes.
1. Advancing Knowledge and Understanding ●​ It is a prehistoric era characterized by the
●​ Scientific research and technological absence of metal tools and the reliance on stone
innovations contribute to expanding our implements for survival.
knowledge and understanding of the natural
world. Examples of early humans, including:
2. Driving Economic Development ●​ Neanderthals(Cave mens)
●​ Science and Technology play a crucial role ●​ Homo sapiens (Wise Men) or Modern Man
in driving economic growth, innovation and
competitiveness.
Stonehenge
●​ During the Neolithic period of the Stone Age,
3. Improving Health and Medicine
the mysterious monument of Stonehenge was
●​ Scientific discoveries and technological
[Link] one is quite sure why or how it was built,
advancements lead to improved healthcare,
and it remains one of the greatest mysteries in
disease prevention and medical treatments
human history.

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Stone Age 3 Bronze Age

Hand axe Bronze Age
●​ Used to butcher animals; to dig for tubers, ●​ Characterized by the widespread use of
animals and water; to chop wood and remove bronze, an alloy made primarily of copper and tin
tree bark; and / or process vegetal materials
●​ Bronze is more durable than stone
Chopper
●​ stone tools used for a variety of purposes, Bronze Age
including extracting meat and bone marrow from
Smelting
large animals
●​ Extraction of metal from ores and
combining copper with tin to create bronze (Alloy)
Scrapers
●​ Used on animal hides, wood or bones
Cuneiform
○​ Once the hide was removed from
●​ Created by Sumerians over 5000 years
an animal, an end scraper could take the hair off
ago.
the skin’s outer layer and remove the fatty tissue
●​ It was the world's first written language.
from its underside.
●​ It was written on clay tablets that were
baked in a kiln to harden them.
Microliths
●​ These tablets were the primary media for
●​ These were developed in the Mesolithic
everyday written communication.
age because of the changing natural
environment.
Uruk City
●​ Normally a few microliths were “hafted”
●​ Considered one of the world's first true
(attached) to a bone and wooden hafts to make
cities
larger tools
●​ Build only using mud or clay mixed with
reeds, producing sunbaked bricks – used to make
Stone Age Periods houses and walls

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

●​ Mountain of God
●​ Sacred place only priest are allowed to
enter
●​ Showcase elaborate and intricate
architecture

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Irrigation and Dikes Hanging Gardens of Babylon

●​ Was built to answer the increase demand ●​ One of the seven wonders of the Ancient
for food World
●​ Used to bring water to farmlands ●​ Structure that contain several layers upon
●​ Control flooding of the rivers layers of gardens containing different species of
●​ Considered as one of the world’s most plants
beneficial engineering works ●​ Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife
Queen Amytis
Sailboats
●​ People wanted to discover faraway lands Code of Hammurabi
to settle ●​ This code established laws and regulations
●​ Essential in transportation and trading for various aspects of society, promoting justice,
fairness and the rule of law.
Wheel ●​ It served as the foundation for later legal
●​ Wheels are not intended for transportation systems and the influenced the development of
but for farm work and food processes legal codes in other civilizations
●​ Mill grains with less effort and less time
Epic of Gilgamesh
Plow ●​ One of the oldest surviving works of
●​ Humans evolve from food gatherers to literature in the world
farm cultivators ●​ This epic poem explores themes of
●​ Invented to dig the earth in a faster pace heroism, friendship and the search for
●​ Result in mass produce food in less effort immortality, providing insights into ancient
and time Babylonian culture, beliefs and values

Road Egyptian Civilization

●​ To facilitate faster and easier travel
●​ Same technology with sunbaked bricks Papyrus
●​ They also used black sticky substance like ●​ Before, clay tablets were used, but clay
asphalt called bitumen tablets are fragile, heavy and delicate to handle.
●​ Very useful during rainy season ●​ Considered as the major accomplishment
in record keeping and communication.
●​ Papyrus was a plant grew along Nile River.
Egyptian process the plant to produce thin sheets.

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Water Clock / Clepsydra

Ink ●​ Utilizes gravity that affect the flow of water
●​ Made from combining soot with different from one vessel to another
chemicals to produce ink of different colors ●​ Time keeping device
●​ Should withstand elements of nature so ●​ Served various purposes, including regular
that it can preserve the record of history, culture work shifts, determining the length of religious
and codified laws rituals, and indicating specific time intervals
during the day
Hieroglyphics
●​ System of writing adapted from Sumerian 4 Iron Age
as a result of trade
Iron Age
●​ Written on walls of pyramids and other
●​ Characterized by advancements in
important structures
metallurgy, increased urbanization, and
●​ Well preserved, can still be seen today
evolving social and political structures.
●​ It laid the foundation for the subsequent
Cosmetics
development of civilizations in the ancient
●​ Invented for both health and aesthetic
world.
reason
●​ Egyptian wore Kohl(soot / malachite mixed
Iron Age
with mineral galena) around their eyes to prevent
and even cure eye diseases Steel
●​ A hard, strong, gray or bluish-gray alloy of iron
with carbon and usually other elements, used
Wig
extensively as a structural and fabricating material.
●​ Ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for
health and wellness rather than aesthetic Hittite Empire – Battle of Khadesh
purposes. ●​ The Battle of Kadesh, sometimes called the first
●​ To protect the shaved heads of the world war, featured one of the largest-ever
wealthy Egyptian from harmful rays of the sun chariot battles.

●​ Believed to be the cleaner than natural ●​ Competing Hittite and Egyptian interests in the

hair because it prevent accumulation of head lice region of Canaan. For the Egyptians, Canaan
was crucial to the overall security and
well-being of ancient Egypt.

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Persian Empire - Trade and Industry

Antiquity Period
●​ Development and use of coins. Under the
Achaemenid Empire, which was the largest and most
Alarm Clock

powerful Persian dynasty, coins became more ●​ The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used
widespread and standardized. large complicated mechanisms to time the
●​ The Persian Empire adopted the use of coins alarm.
from various conquered regions and facilitated their ●​ They made use of water (or sometimes
circulation within its vast territories. small stones or sand) that dropped into drums
which sounded the alarm.
5 Antiquity Period ●​ Plato was believed to have utilized an
Antiquity Period alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture. His
●​ Rise of the Greek Civilization and the first version used for water vessels lined up vertically.
scientists and philosophers were known
Water Mill
●​ Watermills were also considered as one of
Greek Civilization
the most important contributions of the
Greece
Greek civilization to the world.
●​ is an archipelago in the southeastern part
●​ They were commonly used in agricultural
of Europe.
processes like milling of grains which was a
●​ Known as the birthplace of western
necessary form of food processing during
philosophy, some of the major achievements of
that time.
the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy
●​ They only required access to rivers or
and mathematics.
flowing water where a mechanism of a large
●​ More than coliseums and the Olympics, the
wheel with small “buckets” of water attached to it
Greek civilization has contributed much to the
could be installed.
world especially in the fields of science and
technology.
Roman Civilization
●​ The Roman Empire was perceived to be
the strongest political and social entity in the west.
It was considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during that period.
●​ Because the Roman Empire was so large,
other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws. Aside from their contributions in
politics, a lot of discoveries and inventions still relevant today
can be attributed to the Roman Empire.

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Roman Architecture
Bound Books or Codex ●​ The development in the field of
●​ Record-keeping was much easier since engineering and architecture was fully supported
paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and and funded by the Roman government so they
did not occupy much space. were able to implement major projects such as
●​ As a result, civilizations became fond of large churches (cathedrals and basilica,
record keeping, especially documenting historical aqueduct coliseums, amphitheaters, and even
events and newly legislated laws. residential houses.
●​ Aside from Romans writing down
information about history and politics, literature Roman Numerals
also changed form from clay tablets to ●​ Roman devised their own number system
parchment of paper. specifically to address the need for a standard
counting method that would meet their
News Paper increasing communication and trade concerns.
●​ Acta Diurna (Latin: Daily Acts, sometimes ●​ The Roman numeral is no longer widely
translated as Daily Public Records or used today due to its inherent limitations, quite a
poetically as Daily Gaze number of enthusiasts would still used it over
other more popular number systems, like the
●​ The first newspapers, known as gazettes, Hindu-Arabic system, due to its aesthetic and
contained announcements of the Roman Empire historical value.
to the people. Made before the invention of
paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or Pre-Socratic Philosophers
some stone tablets and then publicly displayed. ●​ They laid the foundation for Western
●​ According to sources, Julius Caesar philosophy by exploring fundamental questions
started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to about the nature of reality, the origin of the
form pages of a book. universe, and the principles that govern the
●​ Later on, they were able to provide covers natural world.
to protect the papyrus. The earlier covers were
made of wax but were later on replaced by Thales
animal skin which proved to be stronger and ●​ Considered one of the first philosophers
longer-lasting. and is known for his focus on the primary element
●​ With the papyrus pages bound together of water as the fundamental substance from
and covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman which everything is derived.
Empire was able to produce the first books or
codex.

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Anaximander Socrates
●​ Proposed that an indefinite and boundless ●​ He is best known for his Socratic Method, a
substance called "apeiron" was the source of all method of questioning that aimed to stimulate
things and introduced the idea of natural laws critical thinking and self-examination.
governing the universe.
Plato
Pythagoras ●​ Was a student of Socrates.
●​ Renowned for his mathematical and ●​ Adopted Empedocles' theory and coined ‘
geometric contributions, including the the term element to describe these four
Pythagorean theorem. He also believed in the substances.
concept of the harmony of the spheres and the ●​ Platonic Academy
immortality of the soul.
Hippocrates
Heraclitus ●​ Is not typically considered a Socratic
●​ Emphasized the concept of eternal change philosopher. Hippocrates was primarily known as
and believed that reality is in a constant state of a physician and is often regarded as the founder
flux. of medicine.
●​ He is associated with the Hippocratic
Empedocles Corpus, a collection of medical writings attributed
●​ Proposed that all matter was composed of to him and his followers, which focused on
four substances: earth, air, fire, and water. He also principles of medical ethics and the observation
introduced the concept of the four forces—love, of symptoms and diseases.
strife, attraction, and repulsion—that govern the
interactions between these elements.

Democritus
●​ Developed the concept of atomism,
positing that all matter consists of indivisible and
indestructible particles called atoms.

Socratic Philosophers
●​ Primarily concerned with philosophical
inquiry and the exploration of ethical and
metaphysical questions.

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Chinese Civilization ●​ Today, tea production developed by the

ancient Chinese may have resulted in making tea
●​ The Chinese civilization is considered to be
as one of the most popular beverages in the
the oldest civilization in Asia.
world.
●​ Also known as the Middle Kingdom, China
is located on the far east of Asia . It was famous
Great Wall of China
among other ancient civilizations because of its
●​ The Great wall of China is said to be the
silk trade.
largest and most extensive infrastructure that the
●​ Not a great amount was written about
nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign
ancient China partly due to its distance from the
invaders and control the boarders of China.
other civilizations. Despite its less popular status
●​ Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and
among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit
other materials, it showcased the extent of
the significant contributions of Chinese civilization
Chinese engineering technology at that time.
to the world.
●​ Today, with some sections already in ruins,
the Great Wall still continues to be a world
Silk
attraction due to its historical significance and
●​ naturally produced by silk worms, the
architectural grandeur.
Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it to
Gun powder
produce paper and clothing.
●​ It was developed by Chinese alchemist
●​ The production of silk resulted in the
who aimed to achieved immortality.
creation of a product for trade. The silk trade
●​ They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and
opened China to the outside world, making way
potassium nitrate , but instead of creating an elixir
for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges.
of life, they accidentally invented a black powder
●​ It bridged the gap between the western
that could actually generate large amounts of
world and the middle kingdom.
heat and gas in an instant.
●​ Ironically, instead of prolong life,
Tea Production
gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from
●​ Tea is a beverage produced by pouring
guns and cannons which cause countless death.
hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded
dried tea leaves. It was believed that the first tea
was drunk by Chinese emperor.
●​ Tea production was developed when an
unknown Chinese inventor created a machine
that was able to shred tea leaves into strips.

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6 Middle Ages (Medieval Period) Microscope

●​ Zacharias Janssen was able to develop
●​ The start of middle ages was marred by
the first compound microscope. With this device,
massive invasions and migrations. Wars were
people were able to observe organisms that were
prevalent during this time. As such, great
normally unseen by the naked eye.
technology was needed in the fields of weaponry,
●​ The microscope was key in discovering
navigation, mass food and farm production, and
new means in preventing and curing various
health.
illness.
●​ The wars have resulted in population
decline, but during the latter part of the period,
Telescope
there was a significant rise in population. Trade
●​ The invention of the telescope, an optical
and commerce among nations increased, which
instrument that helps in the observation of remote
resulted in greater demands for transportation
●​ objects, was great help for navigators
technology. Some of the most innovative minds
during the MiddleAges was also known as the Age
came from this period.
of Exploration.
●​ Together with the telescope, the invention
Middle Age of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea
Printing Press travelling easier and safer(Helen, 1989).
●​ Johannes Gutenberg was able to invent
the printing press, a more reliable way of printing War Weapons
using a cast type. ●​ People developed cross bows and low
●​ He utilized wooden machines that extract bows so that they could attack the enemies at
juices from fruits, attached to them a metal long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the
impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the protection of walls and fortresses.
cast metal into a piece of paper, which then ●​ Additionally, in close-range had-to-hand
made an exact impression on paper. combat, soldiers should wear something to
●​ The printing press was invented to address protect themselves, a need addressed by the
the need for publishing books that would spread creation of iron body armors.
information to many people at a faster rate. This ●​ However, body armors were heavy and
invention also made works accessible to limited their movements. The problem was
individuals who could not even write. eventually solved by the invention of the
chainmail.

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7 Modern: Renaissance Period Telephone

●​ Governments needed some kind of
Pasteurization
communication system which would allow them
●​ Louis Pasteur, a French biologist,
to administer their states well.
microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve
●​ Important day-to-day decisions must be
the problem. He invented pasteurization, the
discussed and addressed at the faster time
process of heating dairy products to kill the
possible.
harmful bacteria. Through this process, milk could
●​ Thus, the development of the telephone by
be stored and consumed for a longer period.
Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most
●​ It also prevented illness caused by harmful
important inventions at that time.
bacteria. Other contributions of Pasteur to
science, technology, and medicine included his
Calculator
works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation,
●​ Although an earlier version of the
and vaccination.
calculator had already been developed,
circumstances in the modern times required a
Petroleum Refinery
faster way to compute more complicated
●​ Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene
equations.
by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on
●​ Computing devices must also be easy to
referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was
carry since they would be utilized on a
used at first to provide lightning to homes.
day-to-day basis. The creation of modern
●​ After some time, it was applied for heating
calculators did not only pave the way for easier
purposes. The development of kerosene
arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the
established the petroleum refinery industry. At
development more complex processing
present, petroleum is widely used in powering
machines like the computer.
automobiles, factories, and power plants, among
others.

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Philippine Inventions Medical Incubator

●​ Its main purpose was to maintain
●​ Ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in
conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a
resources.
pre-term baby.
●​ Discoveries and inventions were built from
●​ Other breakthroughs in Philippine
indigenous materials or created to adapt to the
medicine attributed to Dr. Fe del Mundo include
harsh environment
her works on the immunization and treatment of
jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea.
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
●​ (Banana, Rice, Apple & Tea)
●​ H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N.
Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief
Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave, was able to invent the
●​ In 2010, the Department of Science and
Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can
Technology-Industrial Technology Development
cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and
Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the
lakes.
mosquito Ovicidal /LarvicidalTrap System, also
●​ It may also be utilized to travel from island
known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of
to island. Since the Philippines is an archipelago,
natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquito but
the Salamander is a useful invention that has a lot
safe for humans and the environment.
of potential.

Ejeepney
Salt Lamp
●​ The jeepney dominated Philippine streets
●​ A young Filipina inventor Aisa Mijeno was
and is considered as the primary mode of
able to invent a lightning system that utilizes a
transportation of most Filipinos. However, the
material abundant in the Philippines-saltwater.
diesel-powered jeepney produces large
●​ She invented Sustainable Alternative
quantities of black smoke, and usually a major
Lightning (SALt) lamp, an environmentally-friendly
contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive
light source that runs on saltwater. The SALt lamp
exhaust system. To counter these disadvantages,
is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic
the electric jeepney (ejeepney) was developed.
gases.
This modern type of transportation utilizes
●​ Aside from people who live in coastal
electricity instead of the more expensive diesel. It
areas, it may also benefits those from far-flung
is environmentally-friendly since it does not emit
barrios because they can make their own
any smoke and noise.
saltwater by mixing two tablespoon of salt and a
glass of tap water.

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