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STUDENTS

purpose.
research.

CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Background

Introduction
The Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual have
face different discrimination and criticism
among their peers. Stigma related stressors
have been linked to adverse effect on
mental health outcomes among gay and
bisexual men (Wang, 2016). This means with
the wide spreading issue of stigma among
LGB people have affected their mental
health.
The Stigma-related stressors of the LGB
students were pre-determined to their
Stigma Related Stressors and Coping
Mechanisms. Moreover, discrimination and
prejudice toward LGB are often involve
people

a more subtle heterosexism than the

physical attacks (Morrison, 2018). This
anent to the study of the World Health
Organization that homosexuality was
initially incorporated into mental
disorders classifications as a part of the
consensus-building process connected with
of homosexuality.
Hence, this study that will be
conducted by the researchers will be
assessing the Stigma-related stressors
Coping Mechanisms of the LGB students of
Western Cagayan School of Arts and Trades
Cagayan regarding to their stigma-related
stressors. In addition to that, the
researchers prompted to find out the
awareness of the prospect respondents, most
of which are in the Gender Identity of Gay,
Lesbian and Bisexual. Considering the
diversity of the population that is well
represented and also a manageable site for
conducting a survey, the researchers chose
Barangay Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan Western
Cagayan School of Arts and Trades because
of its accessibility for researchers in
gathering data and information needed in
the study.
Hence, this research aims to determine
the Stigma-related stressors of the LGBT
students of Western Cagayan School of Arts
and Trades. Various types of stressors will
to commence mental responsibility to every
people un the community who are included to
this research study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

LOCAL STUDIES
BEING LGBT IN ASIA: THE PHILIPPINES COUNTRY
REPORT A Participatory Review and Analysis
of the Legal and Social Environment for
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
(LGBT) Persons and Civil Society

In the study of (UNDP, 2014) The legal

and social environment faced by lesbian,
gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people
in the Philippines. It is a product of the
Third Philippine National LGBT Community
Dialogue (‘the Dialogue’) that was held 29–
30 June 2013 in Manila. The Dialogue
brought together 50 LGBT organizations
representatives to discuss the human rights
of LGBT people under eight themes:
education, health, employment, family
affairs, community, religion, media and
politics. The event was jointly convened by
UNDP and USAID. This country report is a
product of a broader initiative entitled
‘Being LGBT in Asia: A Participatory Review
and Analysis of the Legal and Social
Environment for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and
Transgender (LGBT) Persons and Civil
Society’. Launched on Human Rights Day, 10
December 2012, “Being LGBT in Asia” is a
first-of-its-kind Asia-wide learning effort
undertaken with Asian grassroots LGBT
organizations and community leaders
alongside UNDP and USAID. With a focus on
eight participating countries – Cambodia,
China, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal,
Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam – the
effort examines LGBT lived experience from
a development and rights perspective.
‘Being LGBT in Asia’ has a number of
objectives. It encourages networking
between LGBT people across the region,
building a knowledge baseline, and
developing an understanding of the capacity
of LGBT organizations to engage in policy
dialogue and community mobilization.
Through this work, ‘Being LGBT in Asia’
promotes understanding of the inherent
human rights of LGBT people and the stigma
and discrimination faced by them
regionally. It also outlines steps toward
LGBT-inclusive development work for UNDP
and the UN system; USAID and the US
Government; and other development partners
through reports like this and other social
and multimedia products. Finally, ‘Being
LGBT in Asia’ highlights the views of LGBT
participants at community dialogues and
links stakeholders who are working to
enhance LGBT human rights across Asia.
This Dialogue provided the opportunity to
discuss and evaluate the context, situation
and response on human rights related to
sexual orientation and gender identity
(SOGI) in the Philippines, including
enabling and hindering factors and the
legal and social environments in which LGBT
persons and rights advocates operate. The
end result is a set of recommendations to
improve LGBT rights, including through
strengthening the knowledge and capacity of
LGBT organizations.

LGBT psychology in the Philippines

In the study of (Torre, 2016) This
paper presents an account of the initial
developments towards an LGBT psychology in
the Philippines. We situate this on
critical events leading to: (1) an official
policy by the Psychological Association of
the Philippines (PAP) against anti-LGBT
discrimination in 2011, the first in south-
east Asia; and (2) the institutionalisation
in 2014 of the PAP’s LGBT Psychology
Special Interest Group. Organising efforts
have focused in four areas: research,
education, advocacy, and practice. National
conferences have served as naturally
occurring moments for mainstreaming and
visibility within the profession. Research
progress is evidenced by the publication in
2013 of a special LGBT issue of the
Philippine Journal of Psychology. Education
efforts have involved teaching an
undergraduate elective on LGBT psychology,
training of psychology teachers to
integrate sexual and gender diversity, and
conduct of ‘LGBT Psych 101’ seminars.
Advocacy has focused on ‘giving away’ LGBT
psychology through engagement with the
activist community, media, and support for
anti-discrimination legislation. Finally,
initial work in professional practice has
been around raising awareness of LGBT
issues in counselling. We reflect on these
initial successes and present lessons
learned as well as next steps for the
development of an LGBT-inclusive psychology
in south-east Asia.

Self-stigma, self-concept clarity, and

mental health status of Filipino LGBT
individuals

According to the study of (Marc Eric S.

Reyes, 2015) This study aims to determine
the relationship between perceived parental
support and suicidal ideation among 340
self-identified Filipino lesbian and gay
(LG) high school students. Findings showed
that the greater the rejection of an LG
adolescent, the higher the risk of suicidal
ideation. Moreover, a rejecting maternal
attitude is found to be more of a risk
factor for suicidal ideation than a
rejecting paternal attitude.

Research shows that sexual minorities

are at higher risk of experiencing mental
health burdens as compared to heterosexuals
(Hatzenbuehler, 2009). However, an
individual’s sexual orientation perse does
not cause poor mental health problems, but
rather, mental health problems are caused
by minority stressors – or stressors
experienced by minority groups living in
heterosexist cultures (O’Donnell, Meyer,
Schwartz, 2011).
The increasing incidence of suicide in
the Philippines raises serious public
health concerns. However, only a few
studies have addressed suicide, and even
fewer have addressed LG suicide. Manalastas
(2013) found that young gay and bisexual
Filipinos were more at risk for suicidal
ideation than were their heterosexual
peers.
Homosexuality is treated differently in
different cultures; and although some
cultures may be more accepting towards
homosexuality, many still see it as
unacceptable (Mireshgi & Matsumoto, 2008),
and it is evident that many people in the
Philippines refuse to accept LG persons
as equals.
A high number of homosexuals also
report having negative parental
relationships, most especially after
disclosure (Alanko, Santtila, Witting,
Varjonen, Jern, Johansson, et al., 2009).
Indeed, a large body of research attests to
the impact of overall parental acceptance
or rejection on the mental health
functioning of adolescents. Because the
parent’s attitude greatly affects
development, it is important that positive
attitudes are portrayed by the parents.
Lack of parental acceptance and support are
related to a wide range of psychological
problems such as lack of self-esteem,
depression, and suicidal behavior (Ackard,
Sztainer, Story, & Perry, 2006; Dukes &
Lorch, 1989; Maris, 1981; Sands & Dixon,
1986). Adolescents who perceive parental
disapproval are more likely to develop
views of themselves as bad, shameful, or
unlovable (Rohner, 2004). Parental support
is even more crucial for young LG people
(Mayock, Bryan, Carr, & Kitching, 2009).
Parental acceptance of LG adolescents is
associated with positive young adult mental
health while parental rejection is
associated with poor mental health.
Furthermore, a study by Ryan, Huebner,
Diaz, and Sanchez (2009) found that
parental acceptance predicts greater self-
esteem, social support, and general health
status, and that it also protects against
depression, substance abuse, and suicidal
ideation and behaviors among LG
adolescents. Based on the extant literature
we predicted that amount of parental
support for LG teenagers would be
significantly correlated with suicidal
ideation.

Stigma Burden as a Predictor of Suicidal

Behavior among Lesbians and Gays in the
Philippines

In the study of (Marc Eric S. Reyes R.

D., 2017)Suicide is a serious concern
worldwide. Understanding the dynamics of
suicidal behavior may help prevent it.
Meyer’s minority stress model (2003) holds
that minority groups, such as the lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)
community, experience group-specific
stressors, collectively termed “stigma.” In
the current study, stigma was divided into
two portions, perceived stigma and self-
stigma. Perceived stigma regards negative
opinions about a minority group experienced
from the majority culture. Self-stigma
results when such negative opinions are
internalized to become negative opinions of
the self. The present study found that
among 61 Filipino lesbians and 124 Filipino
gays, suicidal behavior increased as a
function of both internalized and self-
stigma, with each making an independent to
suicidal behavior. Nearly 25% of suicidal
behavior could be predicted by this total
stigma burden. Further, Filipino gays and
lesbians differ in their suicidal behaviors
with lesbians being more at risk. These
findings raise awareness about the impact
of stigma, prejudice, and discrimination,
which in turn, may reduce suicidal behavior
among the Filipino lesbian and gay
community.
FOREIGN STUDIES
Minority Stress and LGBQ College Students'
Depression: Roles of Peer Group and
Involvement
According to the study of (Bissonette,
2018)In this study, we examined the
relations between LGBQ micro-aggressions
and internalized heterosexism and
depression among 568 LGBQ college students
who completed an online survey. We also
considered the moderating/buffering roles
of positive peer group relations and
involvement in LGBQ campus activities in
these links. Results showed that LGBQ
microaggressions and internalized
heterosexism were positively related to
depression at the bivariate level.
Hierarchical multiple regression analysis
showed that positive peer group relations
moderated the relation between internalized
heterosexism and depression. Internalized
heterosexism predicted depression for
students with low levels of positive peer
group relations, but not for those with
moderate or high levels. We also found a
conditional direct effect, where LGBTQ
micro-aggressions predicted depression and
this effect was stronger for those with
high involvement in LGBQ campus activities.
Our findings underscore the importance of
attending to experiences of minority stress
when working with LGBQ clients presenting
with depression and helping them increase
positive peer group relations and consider
the potential costs and benefits involved
in participating in LGBQ campus activities.

Minority Stress and Mental Health among

LGBT Populations: An Update on the Evidence
 According to the study of (MONGELLI,
2018) In the past five years, researchers
have increasingly turned to the study of
mental health outcomes in LGBT populations.
The present paper summarizes recent
literature on the relationship between
minority stress experienced by sexual
minorities and mental health.
EVIDENCEACQUISITION: PsycINFO, PubMed,
and the EBSCO Psychology and Behavioral
Science Collection were searched for papers
concerning minority stress and mental
health disparities in LGBT populations,
published between 1 January 2014 and 30
June 2018. All collected papers were
screened using the following criteria:
study involving >50 individuals; written in
English; focusing on clinical outcomes of
depression, suicidality, and substance use
in relation to experienced minority stress.
EVIDENCESYNTHESIS: Sixty-two papers
were included in this review. Findings are
reported under three main headings: studies
primarily focused on depression, studies
concerning suicidality and suicide
attempts, and papers analyzing the
correlation between substance use and
minority stress in LGBT populations. The
included studies supported the minority
stress model as a framework to better
explain disparities in mental health
outcomes in sexual minority populations.
Higher rates of depression, suicidality,
and substance use are reported in LGBT
populations, as are the related minority
stressors analyzed.
CONCLUSIONS: Sexual minorities still
face numerous mental health disparities.
Research indicates that the levels of
minority stressors positively predict
mental health outcomes. Specific policies
designed to support the civil rights of
sexual minorities may help to overcome such
inequalities.

Stigma-Related Stressors, Coping Self-

Efficacy, and Physical Health in Lesbian,
Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
According to (F. Nicholas Denton, 2014)
Understanding and intervening to address
health disparities are part of the
expanding role of psychologists (Johnson,
2013). We drew on Hatzenbuehler’s (2009)
psychological mediation framework and Lick,
Durso, and Johnson’s (2013) conceptual
pathways to lesbian, gay, and bisexual
(LGB) physical health disparities to test a
serial mediation model in which 2 types of
cognitive appraisals (proximal minority
stressors and coping self-efficacy)
partially account for the association
between perceived discrimination and
prejudice (distal minority stressor) and
self-reported physical health symptoms in a
nationally recruited sample of 564 LGB
individuals (270 women, 294 men) who
participated in a web-based survey. Results
indicated that perceived experiences of
discrimination and prejudice were
associated with expectations of rejection
and internalized homonegativity. These 2
proximal stressors were associated with
lower coping self-efficacy, and the
combined cognitive appraisal pathways were
associated with higher levels of self-
reported physical symptom severity. The
pathway through emotion-focused coping
self-efficacy was particularly salient in
accounting for the overall mediation.
Interventions to address distal and
proximal minority stressors and improve
emotion-focused coping self-efficacy may be
particularly helpful in reducing the
negative effects of stigma on physical
health.
STIGMA AND MINORITY STRESS AS RISK
INDICATORS FOR ADVERSE HEALTH
OUTCOMES AMONG LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND
TRANSGENDER YOUTH
INDIVIDUAL
Anent to the study of (Mark L.
Hatzenbuehler, 2016) Individual forms of
stigma refer to individuals’ cognitive,
affective, and behavioral responses to
stigma. In this section, we focus on 3
individual-level stigma processes that have
received the most empirical attention with
LGBT populations: internalized
homophobia/transphobia, rejection
sensitivity, and concealment. Internalized
homophobia/transphobia refers to the
internalization of negative societal
attitudes about one’s sexual orientation or
gender identity. Such negative self-regard
has been associated with poor health
outcomes among LGBT individuals.
For example, sexual minority adults’
experiences with internalized homophobia
are positively associated with alcohol and
drug use, HIV risk behaviors, and bulimic
behavior. Internalized homophobia among
sexual minority male youth is associated
prospectively with sexual risk behavior. In
addition, internalized transphobia is
associated with increased risk of lifetime
suicide attempts among transgender adults.
Thus, experiences with internalized
homophobia and transphobia can arouse
negative feelings about one’s own social
group, which have been linked to unhealthy
behaviors that put LGBT individuals at risk
for health problems. Experiences with
stigma and minority stress also make
targets sensitive to rejection. Stigma-
based rejection sensitivity describes the
psychological process through which some
individuals learn to anxiously anticipate
rejection because of previous experiences
with prejudice and discrimination toward
their group membership. Sensitivity to
possible rejection becomes particularly
salient during adolescence, and rejection
during this time predicts mental health
problems across the lifespan. Adolescents
who become aware of a stigmatized personal
status during this developmental period

Figure 1 shows the Stigma as a multilevel construct

and who are particularly sensitive to

rejection of their stigma may be
particularly likely to develop unhealthy
coping strategies to fend off expected
rejection in potentially threatening
contexts. Most studies on rejection
sensitivity among LGBT populations have
been conducted with adult samples, but
recent studies have shown that young gay
and bisexual men high in rejection
sensitivity use condoms less often, which
is mediated by their diminished condom use
self-efficacy.
Although rejection sensitivity should
also affect the health of LGBT youth, this
has not yet been documented empirically.
Experiences with sexual orientation-related
stigma can lead sexual and gender minority
individuals to engage in concealment
behavior, which refers to hiding their
identity to avoid future victimization.
Although this can serve as a positive
coping strategy in the short term by
helping sexual minorities to avoid
victimization, it is associated with a host
of psychological consequences in the long
term, including depressive symptoms,
negative affect and anxiety, poor self-
esteem and elevated psychiatric symptoms,
and psychological strain.
Concealment can also harm sexual
minority physical health by affecting the
care they receive from medical
professionals. For example, sexual minority
adults have special medical needs that
likely go unmet if they conceal their
sexual orientation from health care
workers.
Transgender individuals who cannot or
choose not to access gender affirmation
procedures, and those who transition later
in life after already having developed
secondary sex characteristics, may be at
increased risk of stigma given their
visible gender nonconformity. In fact, the
degree to which others can tell whether an
individual is transgender has been linked
to discrimination and poor mental and
physical health outcomes.
Delaying the transition process while
concealing one’s transgender identity may
contribute to psychological distress in
adolescents and adults. Concealment by
those who have not transitioned can
restrict access to transition related
medical services, whereas concealment by
those who have transitioned can lead to
inappropriate medical care for relevant
anatomy.

INTERPERSONAL

Interpersonal forms of stigma refer to

prejudice and discrimination as expressed
by one person toward another—that is, to
interactional processes that occur between
the stigmatized and the non-stigmatized.
Interpersonal stigma not only includes
intentional, overt actions, such as bias-
based hate crimes, but also unintentional,
covert actions, like micro-aggressions.
Research on interpersonal forms of stigma
among LGBT youth has tended to focus on 2
forms: peer victimization and bullying and
parental abuse and rejection are covered in
greater detail in other articles in this
issue, we will not discuss them here.

STRUCTURAL
Structural forms of stigma refer to
stigma processes that occur above the
individual and interpersonal levels of
analyses and are defined as “societal-level
conditions, cultural norms, and
institutional policies that constrain the
opportunities, resources, and wellbeing of
the stigmatized.” Compared with research on
individual and interpersonal forms of
stigma, there has been less empirical work
on stigma at the structural level.
Nevertheless, an emerging body of
evidence highlights the role that
structural stigma plays in the production
of LGBT health inequalities.

Mental Distress, Well-Being, and Stress-

Related Growth following an Anti-LGBQ Hate
Crime among LGBQ Young Adults in Israel:
The Effect of Familiarity with the Victims
and the Mediating Role of Emotional Support

According to the study of (Nadav

Antebi-Gruszka, 2019) Using data from 696
Israeli LGBQ individuals aged 13–30, this
study explored the negative (mental
distress) and positive nchanges (well-being
and stress-related growth) following the
deadliest anti-LGBQ hate crime in Israel to
date (the Bar-Noar Massacre), while
examining differences in these outcomes
between those who did and did not know hate
crime victims. Furthermore, the mediating
role of emotional support in facilitating
better mental health and stress-related
growth was tested. Results suggested that
compared to those who did not know any
victims, those who personally knew the
victims sought emotional support from more
sources, had higher scores of mental
distress, but also of well-being and
stress-related growth. Emotional support
indeed mediated the relationship between
familiarity with hate crime victims and
better mental health and higher levels of
growth. Increasing access to emotional
support may be particularly helpful in
addressing the needs of LGBQ young adults
following an anti-LGBQ hate crime.

The Impact of Stigma and Discrimination

against LGBT People in Texas
According to the study of (Christy
Mallory, 2017)Texas is home to over 770,000
LGBT adults and 158,500 LGBT youth. LGBT
people in Texas lack important legal
protections and face a less supportive
social climate than LGBT people in many
other states. For example, statewide laws
in Texas offer no protections from
discrimination based on sexual orientation
or gender identity in areas such as
employment, housing, and public
accommodations. Texas also has an anti-LGB
curriculum law, requiring that teachers
provide anti-LGB instruction during sex
education lessons, and state law fails to
adequately protect LGBT students from
bullying. In terms of social climate, Texas
ranks 39th in the nation on public support
for LGBT rights and acceptance of LGBT
people. However, a growing number of
businesses in Texas have adopted LGBT-
inclusive non-discrimination policies, and
social attitudes toward LGBT people are
becoming more positive over time.
 The legal landscape and social climate
for LGBT people in Texas likely contributes
to an environment in which LGBT people
experience stigma and discrimination.
Stigma and discrimination can take many
forms, including discrimination and
harassment in employment and other
settings; bullying and family rejection of
LGBT youth; overrepresentation in the
criminal justice system; and violence.
Research has linked stigma and
discrimination against LGBT people to
negative effects on individuals,
businesses, and the economy.
In this study, we provide data and
research documenting the prevalence of
several forms of stigma and discrimination
against LGBT adults and youth in Texas,
including discrimination and harassment in
employment, housing, and public
accommodations; bullying and harassment in
schools; and family rejection of LGBT
youth. We discuss the implications of such
stigma and discrimination on LGBT
individuals, in terms of health and
economic security; on employers, in terms
of employee productivity, recruitment, and
retention; and on the economy, in terms of
health care costs and reduced productivity.
To the extent that Texas were able to
move toward creating more supportive
environment for LGBT people, it would
likely reduce economic instability and
health disparities experienced by LGBT
individuals, which, in turn, would benefit
the state, employers, and the economy.

The Role of Stigma Visibility on Stigma-

Related Stress, Coping, and Health: An
Exploration among Gay Men and Lesbians

According to the study of (Doane, 2017)

Members of stigmatized groups experience
compromised mental and physical health as a
result of their disadvantaged social
status. While a large body of literature
addresses the health consequences of
belonging to conspicuous or visible
stigmatized groups (e.g., race, gender),
researchers know relatively less about the
consequences of belonging to stigmatized
groups with concealable or “hidden”
identities (e.g., mental illness, HIV-
positive status). The visible nature of a
stigmatized identity might play an
important role in shaping processes related
to stress, coping, and ultimately health.
To address this gap in the current
literature, a series of four studies sought
to directly examine the role of stigma
visibility in shaping (1) stigma-related
experiences (e.g., discrimination), (2)
psychosocial coping resources (e.g., in-
group identification), and (3) mental and
physical health. These studies integrated
models of stress, coping, and health, and
used diverse research methods (i.e., cross-
sectional and longitudinal) to explore how
living with a more or less visible identity
may explain health disparities among
members of stigmatized groups. The studies
included in this dissertation research
focus on the experiences of gay men and
lesbians. While sexual orientation is
primarily defined as a concealable
stigmatized identity, there is evidence
suggesting that the gendered-nature of
physical characteristics and behaviors
leave some gay men and lesbians more or
less identifiable as such (e.g., effeminate
gay men, masculine lesbians).
Pilot Study Wave 1 (N = 151 gay men; N
= 186 lesbians) found stigma visibility to
be empirically distinct from openness of
sexual orientation. This study also
provided initial evidence that stigma
visibility is associated with more frequent
experiences of discrimination among gay men
and lesbians. Stigma visibility was
associated with several other key
variables, including lower sense of control
and greater depressive symptomatology.
Pilot Study Wave 2 (N = 68 gay men; N = 83
lesbians), a follow-up to Wave 1, found
stigma visibility to be a relatively stable
construct over three months. The factor
structure of the stigma visibility measure
held together over time, and visibility was
again empirically distinct from openness of
sexual orientation.
Study 1 (N = 1,627 gay men; N = 848
lesbians) involved participants recruited
from LGBT organizations and online
resources (e.g., Facebook). These
participants completed an online survey
assessing the main stress, coping, and
health model integrated from several
theoretical perspectives. Among the various
findings, stigma visibility was associated
with more frequent experiences of
discrimination. Stigma visibility primarily
operated through experiences of
discrimination to affect mental and
physical health, though in both positive
and negative ways. For example, experiences
of discrimination predicted increases in
the internalization of stigma and lowered
sense of control, harming health and well-
being. Experiences of discrimination also
increased social identification with
similarly stigmatized others, which
improved health outcomes.
Study 2 (N = 67 gay men; N = 47
lesbians) was a daily diary survey
distributed to a subset of participants
from Study 1 who scored either high or low
on the stigma visibility measure.
Participants completed one survey per day
for a total of 10 days. Results corroborate
the key finding from Study 1: stigma
visibility is indirectly associated with
compromised mental and physical health via
experiences of discrimination. That is, gay
men and lesbians who are more visible
experience relatively more discrimination
on a day-to-day basis. Experiences of
discrimination reduce health, thereby
linking stigma visibility with various
health-related outcomes (e.g., depression,
anxiety, and physical illness).
Results of this dissertation research
inform how the visibility of stigmatized
identities may be related to stigma-related
stressors, psychosocial coping resources,
and ultimately both mental and physical
health. The empirically-tested model
suggests reasons why some stigmatized group
members report poor health while other
members remain relatively healthy and
resilient in the face of their social
disadvantage. While these studies focus on
gay men and lesbians, the results may apply
to members of other stigmatized groups that
differ in the degree to which they are more
or less visible. Research identifying
factors that put certain minority group
members at risk for worse health outcomes
relative to other members is vital to
address health disparities; the visibility
of minority identities appears to be one
such risk factor.

Stigma, Mental Health, and Dyadic Coping

for Sexual Minority Persons in the United
States
According to the study of (Marsack,
2018) There is increasing evidence that
sexual minority individuals experience high
levels of stigma associated with their
sexuality, and this stigma is detrimental
to the health of sexual and gender minority
persons. However, the majority of this
research has involved indivudals in urban
settings. The overall aim of this work is
to examine these knowledge gaps for these
dyads and rural individuals, understudied
subpopulations about whom there has been a
paucity of research.
This dissertation included three
separate but highly related studies, each
with its own specific aim. The first study
examined the association between self-
reported sexuality-based stigma and self-
reported depression among a nationally
representative online sample of 771 rural
sexual minority persons. Using multiple and
binary regression modeling, significant
associations were demonstrated between
three types of stigma (internalized,
enacted, and anticipated) and clinically
significant depression for this population.
The second study used a multilevel modeling
technique known as actor partner
interdependence modeling (APIM) to examine
aspects of dyadic functioning that
contribute to the maintenance of health
behaviors that prevent new HIV infection.
Among a sample of 270 partnerships,
hypothesized associations between stigma
and adverse outcomes were not demonstrated.
However, relationship satisfaction was
significantly associated with three
communal coping outcome scales (planning
and decision-making, communication, and
joint effort) as antecedents to the
maintenance of health-enhancing behaviors.
The third study also involved male couples,
but utilized qualitative thematic analysis
to explore how individuals in 30 same-sex
male partnerships describe their
experiences of coping with sexuality-based
stigma, as well as the meaning they ascribe
to those experiences. This was accomplished
by analyzing transcribed interviews of male
couples discussing stigmatizing events
during their relationships and coping
strategies used to manage those events.
Results from this study indicated same-sex
male couples utilize a number of both
adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanisms,
though adaptive strategies were more
commonly reported. Couples placed
particular emphasis on the importance of
social support, as well as specific stigma
management strategies such as avoidance,
concealment, anticipating stigma, and
purposefully living as openly gay men.
Results indicated the need to tailor
existing theory to address this population.

Despite recent gains made in human rights

and social justice for sexual minority
persons, what has already been done is not
enough. LGBT persons still endure an unfair
distribution of decreased benefits and
increased burdens in both healthcare and
research. This dissertation work aims to
establish equity for this disadvantaged
population by increasing their
representation in research. These results
address gaps in knowledge and inform
recommendations for future research,
interventions, laws, policies, and clinical
practice to address these health
disparities and protect the health of this
vulnerable population. Future research and
interventions that are evidence-based,
theoretically driven, and formed with the
help of the community they serve will have
the greatest capacity for improving the
health of LGBT persons, both for
individuals and for couples. National
policy changes must be made to prohibit
stigma and discrimination in all domains
that might impact social determinants of
health, including housing, employment, and
healthcare to create comprehensive
protections.
 With changes made informed by this
research, the social benefit of this work
lies in potential disparity reduction,
establishing equity for this dis-advantaged
population.

MINORITY STRESS, POSITIVE IDENTITY

DEVELOPMENT, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS:
IMPLICATIONS FOR RESILIENCE AMONG SEXUAL
MINORITY MALE YOUTH
According to the study of (Bruce, PhD,
MSW, Gary W. Harper, PhD, MPH, and Jose A.
Bauermeister, MPH,PhD, 2015) Minority
stress processes have been shown to have
significant associations with negative
mental health outcomes among sexual
minority populations. Given that adversity
may be experienced growing up as a sexual
minority in heteronormative, if not
heterosexist, environments, our research on
resilience among sexual minority male youth
proposes that positive identity development
may buffer the effects of a range of
minority stress processes.
Methods— An ethnically diverse sample
of 200 sexual minority males ages 16–24
(mean age, 20.9 years) was recruited using
mixed recruitment methods. We developed and
tested two new measures: concealment stress
during adolescence and sexual minority-
related positive identity development. We
then tested a path model that assessed the
effects of minority stressors, positive
identity development, and social support on
major depressive symptoms.
Results— Experience of stigma was
associated with internalized homophobia
(β=.138, p<.05) and major depressive
symptoms (β=1.076, OR=2.933, p<.001), and
internalized homophobia partially mediated
experience’s effects on major depression
(β=.773, OR=2.167, p<.001). Concealment
stress was associated with positive
identity development (β=.155, p<.05) and
internalized homophobia (β=.418, p<.001),
and positive identity development partially
mediated concealment stress’s effects on
internalized homophobia (β=−.527, p<.001).
Concealment stress demonstrated a direct
effect on major depression (β=1.400,
OR=4.056, p<.001), and indirect paths to
social support through positive identity
development.
Conclusions— With these results, we
offer an exploratory model that empirically
identifies significant paths among minority
stress dimensions, positive identity
development, and major depressive symptoms.
This study helps further our understanding
of minority stress, identity development,
and resources of resilience among sexual
minority male youth.

Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

and Transgender (LGBT) Youth
According to the study of (Stephen T.
Russell and Jessica N. Fish, 2016)Today’s
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) youth come out at younger ages, and
public support for LGBT issues has
dramatically increased, so why do LGBT
youth continue to be at high risk for
compromised mental health? We provide an
overview of the contemporary context for
LGBT youth, followed by a review of current
science on LGBT youth mental health.
Research in the past decade has identified
risk and protective factors for mental
health, which point to promising directions
for prevention, intervention, and
treatment. Legal and policy successes have
set the stage for advances in programs and
practices that may foster LGBT youth mental
health. Implications for clinical care are
discussed, and important areas for new
research and practice are identified.
Outness, Stigma, and Primary Health Care
Utilization among Rural LGBT Populations
In the study of (Whitehead J, 2016)
Prior studies have noted significant health
disadvantages experienced by LGBT (lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgender) populations
in the US. While several studies have
identified that fears or experiences of
stigma and disclosure of sexual orientation
and/or gender identity to health care
providers are significant barriers to
health care utilization for LGBT people,
these studies have concentrated almost
exclusively on urban samples. Little is
known about the impact of stigma
specifically for rural LGBT populations,
who may have less access to quality, LGBT-
sensitive care than LGBT people in urban
centers.
Methodology; LBGT individuals residing
in rural areas of the United States were
recruited online to participate in a survey
examining the relationship between stigma,
disclosure and “outness,” and utilization
of primary care services. Data were
collected and analyzed regarding LGBT
individuals’ demographics, health care
access, health risk factors, health status,
outness to social contacts and primary care
provider, and anticipated, internalized,
and enacted stigmas. Results; Higher scores
on stigma scales were associated with lower
utilization of health services for the
transgender & non-binary group, while
higher levels of disclosure of sexual
orientation were associated with greater
utilization of health services for
cisgender men.
Conclusions;The results demonstrate the
role of stigma in shaping access to primary
health care among rural LGBT people and
point to the need for interventions focused
towards decreasing
stigma in health care settings or
increasing patients’ disclosure of
orientation or gender identity to
providers. Such interventions have the
potential to increase utilization of
primary and preventive health care services
by LGBT people in rural areas.

Exploring Protective Factors among

Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: A Framework
for Psychological Well-Being and Relative
Influence
According to the study of (LaDuke,
2016)Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals
must regularly navigate stigma, or social
situations in which they are devalued
because of their sexual orientation. The
research has well established minority
stress processes which link situations of
stigma to reports of poor psychological
wellbeing.
However, protective factors leading to
healthy psychological well-being are
relatively understudied. This dissertation
is a review of protective factors that have
already emerged in the research and an
assessment of these protective factors
simultaneously to better understand how
they influence psychological well-being. I
recruited adult sexual minority
participants using a
comprehensive social media approach. I then
tested mastery, problem-solving coping,
cognitive flexibility, structural factors,
social support, self-compassion, hope,
community connectedness, meaning making,
and emotional openness on both measurements
of positive and negative psychological
well-being. Boosted regression analyses
were used to assess the relative influence
of the protective factors and while
accounting for multi-collinearity among the
many protective factors. This was followed
by OLS regression for cross-validation.
Results of the boosted regression trees
indicate that hope, mastery, self-
compassion, and social support are the most
influential protective factors. This was
supported by the OLS regressions. These
results point to individual and social
factors that affect psychological well-
being of sexual minorities. Ultimately this
dissertation provides a focused target for
future research on intervention using these
top protective factors. Additionally, this
dissertation expands protective factors
previously only examined in lesbian, gay,
and bisexual individuals to a broader
sexual minority population.

ONLINE SOURCES
Minority Stress and Health: Implications
for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender,
and Questioning (LGBTQ) Young People
According to the study of (Kelleher,
2009) Historically, the pathologisation of
LGBTQ orientations shaped research and
professional practice, while the impact of
stigma was not considered. Within a
minority stress conceptualisation however,
stigma-related prejudice and discrimination
experienced by LGBTQ people constitute
chronically stressful events that can lead
to negative health outcomes. Minority
stress has been linked to psychological
distress among gay men and lesbians and may
contribute to elevated rates of distress
frequently observed among LGBTQ youth.
This study explored the impact of
minority stress on psychological distress
among LGBTQ youth in Ireland. Measures
assessing three components of minority
stress (sexual identity distress, stigma
consciousness, and heterosexist
experiences) were administered online to
LGBTQ youth aged 16-24 years (N=301). Each
minority stressor had a significant
independent association with distress.
Stepwise regression analyses identified the
linear combination of minority stressors as
significantly predictive of distress
[F(3,201)=30.80, P=<.001]. Results suggest
that the oppressive social environment
created through sexual/transgender
identity-related stigma negatively impacts
on the well-being of LGBTQ youth. Findings
have implications for health professionals
and policy makers interested in the
concerns of LGBTQ youth experiencing
difficulties related to minority status and
will facilitate the development and
tailoring of interventions aimed at
reaching those most at risk.
[Link]

Stigma-Related Stressors, Coping Self-

Efficacy, and Physical Health in Lesbian,
Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
According to the study of (F. Nicholas
Denton, 2014) Understanding and intervening
to address health disparities is part of
the expanding role of psychologists
(Johnson, 2013). We drew on Hatzenbuehler’s
(2009) psychological mediation framework
and Lick, Durso, and Johnson’s (2013)
conceptual pathways to lesbian, gay, and
bisexual (LGB) physical health disparities
to test a serial mediation model in which 2
types of cognitive appraisals (proximal
minority stressors and coping self-
efficacy) partially account for the
association between perceived
discrimination and prejudice (distal
minority stressor) and self-reported
physical health symptoms in a nationally
recruited sample of 564 LGB individuals
(270 women, 294 men) who participated in a
web-based survey. Results indicated that
perceived experiences of discrimination and
prejudice were associated with expectations
of rejection and internalized homo-
negativity.
These 2 proximal stressors were
associated with lower coping self-efficacy,
and the combined cognitive appraisal
pathways were associated with higher levels
of self-reported physical symptom severity.
The pathway through emotion-focused coping
self-efficacy was particularly salient in
accounting for the overall mediation.
Interventions to address distal and
proximal minority stressors and improve
emotion-focused coping self-efficacy may be
particularly helpful in reducing the
negative effects of stigma on physical
health. [Link]

Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

and Transgender (LGBT) Youth
In the study of (Fish, 2016) Today’s
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) youth come out at younger ages, and
public support for LGBT issues has
dramatically increased, so why do LGBT
youth continue to be at high risk for
compromised mental health? We provide an
overview of the contemporary context for
LGBT youth, followed by a review of current
science on LGBT youth mental health.
Research in the past decade has identified
risk and protective factors for mental
health, which point to promising directions
for prevention, intervention, and
treatment. Legal and policy successes have
set the stage for advances in programs and
practices that may foster LGBT youth mental
health. Implications for clinical care are
discussed, and important areas for new
research and practice are identified.
[Link]

Minority stress and physical health among

sexual minority Individuals
In the study of (David M. Frost, 2013)
This study examined the effects of minority
stress on the physical health of lesbians,
gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs). Participants
(N = 396) completed baseline and one year
follow-up interviews. Exposure to stress
and health outcomes were assessed with two
methods: a subjective self-appraisal method
and a method whereby two independent judges
externally rated event narratives using
standardized criteria. The odds of
experiencing a physical health problem at
follow-up were significantly higher among
LGBs who experienced an externally rated
prejudice event during the follow-up period
compared to those who did not. This
association persisted after adjusting for
experiences of general stressful life
events that were not related to prejudice.
Self-appraised minority stress exposures
were not associated with poorer physical
health at 1-year follow-up. Prejudice-
related stressful life events have a unique
deleterious impact on health that persists
above and beyond the effect of stressful
life events unrelated to prejudice.
[Link]

STIGMA AND MINORITY STRESS AS RISK

INDICATORS FOR ADVERSE HEALTH
OUTCOMES AMONG LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND
TRANSGENDER YOUTH
INDIVIDUAL
Anent to the study of (Mark L.
Hatzenbuehler, 2016) Individual forms of
stigma refer to individuals’ cognitive,
affective, and behavioral responses to
stigma. In this section, we focus on 3
individual-level stigma processes that have
received the most empirical attention with
LGBT populations: internalized
homophobia/transphobia, rejection
sensitivity, and concealment. Internalized
homophobia/transphobia refers to the
internalization of negative societal
attitudes about one’s sexual orientation or
gender identity. Such negative self-regard
has been associated with poor health
outcomes among LGBT individuals.
For example, sexual minority adults’
experiences with internalized homophobia
are positively associated with alcohol and
drug use, HIV risk behaviors, and bulimic
behavior. Internalized homophobia among
sexual minority male youth is associated
prospectively with sexual risk behavior. In
addition, internalized transphobia is
associated with increased risk of lifetime
suicide attempts among transgender adults.
Thus, experiences with internalized
homophobia and transphobia can arouse
negative feelings about one’s own social
group, which have been linked to unhealthy
behaviors that put LGBT individuals at risk
for health problems. Experiences with
stigma and minority stress also make
targets sensitive to rejection. Stigma-
based rejection sensitivity describes the
psychological process through which some
individuals learn to anxiously anticipate
rejection because of previous experiences
with prejudice and discrimination toward
their group membership. Sensitivity to
possible rejection becomes particularly
salient during adolescence, and rejection
during this time predicts mental health
problems across the lifespan. Adolescents
who become aware of a stigmatized personal
status during this developmental period

Figure 1 shows the Stigma as a multilevel construct

and who are particularly sensitive to

rejection of their stigma may be
particularly likely to develop unhealthy
coping strategies to fend off expected
rejection in potentially threatening
contexts. Most studies on rejection
sensitivity among LGBT populations have
been conducted with adult samples, but
recent studies have shown that young gay
and bisexual men high in rejection
sensitivity use condoms less often, which
is mediated by their diminished condom use
self-efficacy.
Although rejection sensitivity should
also affect the health of LGBT youth, this
has not yet been documented empirically.
Experiences with sexual orientation-related
stigma can lead sexual and gender minority
individuals to engage in concealment
behavior, which refers to hiding their
identity to avoid future victimization.
Although this can serve as a positive
coping strategy in the short term by
helping sexual minorities to avoid
victimization, it is associated with a host
of psychological consequences in the long
term, including depressive symptoms,
negative affect and anxiety, poor self-
esteem and elevated psychiatric symptoms,
and psychological strain.
Concealment can also harm sexual
minority physical health by affecting the
care they receive from medical
professionals. For example, sexual minority
adults have special medical needs that
likely go unmet if they conceal their
sexual orientation from health care
workers.
Transgender individuals who cannot or
choose not to access gender affirmation
procedures, and those who transition later
in life after already having developed
secondary sex characteristics, may be at
increased risk of stigma given their
visible gender nonconformity. In fact, the
degree to which others can tell whether an
individual is transgender has been linked
to discrimination and poor mental and
physical health outcomes.
Delaying the transition process while
concealing one’s transgender identity may
contribute to psychological distress in
adolescents and adults. Concealment by
those who have not transitioned can
restrict access to transition related
medical services, whereas concealment by
those who have transitioned can lead to
inappropriate medical care for relevant
anatomy.

INTERPERSONAL

Interpersonal forms of stigma refer to

prejudice and discrimination as expressed
by one person toward another—that is, to
interactional processes that occur between
the stigmatized and the non-stigmatized.
Interpersonal stigma not only includes
intentional, overt actions, such as bias-
based hate crimes, but also unintentional,
covert actions, like micro-aggressions.
Research on interpersonal forms of stigma
among LGBT youth has tended to focus on 2
forms: peer victimization and bullying and
parental abuse and rejection are covered in
greater detail in other articles in this
issue, we will not discuss them here.

STRUCTURAL
Structural forms of stigma refer to
stigma processes that occur above the
individual and interpersonal levels of
analyses and are defined as “societal-level
conditions, cultural norms, and
institutional policies that constrain the
opportunities, resources, and wellbeing of
the stigmatized.” Compared with research on
individual and interpersonal forms of
stigma, there has been less empirical work
on stigma at the structural level.
Nevertheless, an emerging body of
evidence highlights the role that
structural stigma plays in the production
of LGBT health inequalities.
[Link]

Exploring Protective Factors among

Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals: A Framework
for Psychological Well-Being and Relative
Influence
According to the study of (LaDuke,
2016)Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals
must regularly navigate stigma, or social
situations in which they are devalued
because of their sexual orientation. The
research has well established minority
stress processes which link situations of
stigma to reports of poor psychological
wellbeing.
However, protective factors leading to
healthy psychological well-being are
relatively understudied. This dissertation
is a review of protective factors that have
already emerged in the research and an
assessment of these protective factors
simultaneously to better understand how
they influence psychological well-being. I
recruited adult sexual minority
participants using a
comprehensive social media approach. I then
tested mastery, problem-solving coping,
cognitive flexibility, structural factors,
social support, self-compassion, hope,
community connectedness, meaning making,
and emotional openness on both measurements
of positive and negative psychological
well-being. Boosted regression analyses
were used to assess the relative influence
of the protective factors and while
accounting for multi-collinearity among the
many protective factors. This was followed
by OLS regression for cross-validation.
Results of the boosted regression trees
indicate that hope, mastery, self-
compassion, and social support are the most
influential protective factors. This was
supported by the OLS regressions. These
results point to individual and social
factors that affect psychological well-
being of sexual minorities. Ultimately this
dissertation provides a focused target for
future research on intervention using these
top protective factors. Additionally, this
dissertation expands protective factors
previously only examined in lesbian, gay,
and bisexual individuals to a broader
sexual minority population. [Link]
Conceptual Framework
A research paradigm was charted by the
researchers with the intention of attaining
the purpose of the study by following a set
of procedures. The research paradigm
includes the input used in conducting the
study, the process or method applied, and
the expected output.

ININPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Profile of
the
Respondents
Administerin Stigma-
a. age g of Related
Questionnair Stressors
b. sex es

c. gender
identity

d. grade Feedback
level
Figure 1.0 This shows the relationship of
the input, process, and output of the
study.

Statement of the Problems

The study of Stigma-Related Stressors
of LGB students’ of Western Cagayan School
Arts and Trades;
A. Demographic Paradigm
1. What is the profile of the
respondents?
 a. age
b. sex
C. gender identity
d. grade level
2. What are the stigma related stressors
among LGB Students?
3. What are the coping mechanisms of LGB
Students?
4. What is the level of coping mechanisms
of LGB students?

Hypothesis
Ho1. There is no significant
relationship between the demographic
profiles of the respondents on Stigma-
related stressors when grouped according to
profile variables.
Ho2. There is no significant difference
between demographic profiles of the
respondents on Stigma-related stressors
when grouped according to profile
variables.

Limitations
The study is linear towards the Stigma
Related Stressors. Duration of the study
will commenced at the month of December and
finished at the month of March. Locale of
study would be done in Western Cagayan
School of Arts and Trades. Data Gathering
is conducted at Senior High School
Department and Junior High School
Department. Tabulation of Data is otherwise
conducted at Rodillas Residence, #115, Zone
03 Lasam, Cagayan. The study is limited to
the respondents; Western Cagayan School of
Arts and Trades LGBT students. Study design
used is Descriptive-Correlational.
Statistical tool, the researchers utilized
Descriptive Statistics such as Frequency
counts, Percentage, Mean, Pearson Rank,
Correlation, Scatterplot and two-way ANOVA
(Analysis of Variance) in interpreting and
discussing the results of the data that
will be obtained. The quantitative data
were analysed using STATISTICA version
10.0. The study approaches gender of LGB
students on the standardized
questionnaires.

Definition of Terms
Coping Mechanism- are the strategies people
often use in the face of stress and or
trauma to help manage painful or difficult
emotions.
Bisexual- sexually attracted not
exclusively to people of one particular
gender; attracted to both men and women.
Discrimination- is when someone treats you
in a negative way because of your mental
illness.
Gay- a man who identify himself as a woman,
that is attracted to someone who is in the
same sex.
Hetero-sexism- the discrimination or
prejudice by heterosexuals against
homosexuals.
Homosexual- based on or showing a sexual
attraction to people of the same sex.
Lesbian- woman who is sexually attracted to
female and identify herself as a man within
his gender spectrum.
Peer- one belonging to the same societal
group especially based on age, grade, or
status.
Prejudice- damage resulting from judgement
or action of another in disregard of one’s
rights.
Stigma Related Stressor- the perception
that a certain attribute makes a person
unacceptably different from others, leading
to prejudice and discrimination against
them.

Significance of the Study

To the Administration: The study is
important to the administration to
recalibrate program specified only to the
heterosexual individual and to redirect the
rules and regulation to be more
encompassing.

To the Teachers, The study is important

to the Teachers of Western Cagayan School
of Arts Trades to have an awareness
concerning the Stigma Related Stressors of
the students for them to able to assess
boundaries between social and personal
holistic well-being of the LGBT students.

To the Learners, The study is important

to the learners Western Cagayan School of
Arts Trades to help them assess and discern
the stigma related stressors of LGBT
Students.

To the future researchers, the study

will serve as their basis if they are
interested in conducting further study on
the Stigma Related Stressors of Western
Cagayan School of Arts Trades.

To the Local Government Units, the

result of this study will help them
implement extension programs and public
activities in order to increase the
knowledge, awareness and practices of the
community people regarding to Stigma
Related Stressor of LGBT member.

To the Department of Education, the

results of this study will help them to
promote awareness in Stigma related and
discrimination on LGBT student.

CHAPTER II
Research Methodologies

This chapter describes and discusses

how the researchers gathered the necessary
data and information that was used in the
entire study. It describes who were the
respondents and focus of the research. This
also shows the procedure of data collection
and instruments use, this chapter also
discuss the research method, and the
research locale where the study was
conducted.

Research Design
The study used Descriptive-
Correlational research design and
standardized questionnaires in data
gathering. The researchers conducted a
study on the Stigma Related Stressors of
LGB students.

Research Instrumentation
The main instrument used in gathering
the data needed in the study is Purposive
sampling under non-probability sampling who
have met the inclusion criteria and
questionnaire-survey. The first part of the
questionnaire is titled Gay and Lesbian
Stressor Scale where in it analyzed the
Frequency of Stress of the respondents. The
second part was the Coping Mechanisms where
it measures the level of their coping
mechanism with the scale of (1- Never, 2-
Sometimes, 3- Often, 4-Always.)in given
statements that are based on the
standardized questionnaire of Lewis et al,
2001 entitled Gay and Lesbian Stressor
Scale and Coping Mechanisms.

Respondents of the Study

The study is linear towards Stigma-
related stressors of LGBT students. The LGB
students of Western Cagayan School Arts and
Trades are the focused to be the
respondents that are highly available
within the locale of the study.

Sample and Sampling Technique

Using the [Link] an online
sampling calculator that can give the
actual sample of respondents that is valid
and reliable number of respondents. Using
the margin error of 5%, Confidence Level of
95%, a Population Size of 115 and response
distribution of 50% where in the results is
89 sample size.

Figure 1.1 Illustration of the Population Size and Sample Size

Data Analysis
To determine the Stigma Related Stressors and Coping
Mechanisms primary cause the researchers used a Likert scale
that has of 4-point scale.
POINT SCALE INTERPRETATION
4 3.26-4 ALWAYS
3 2.51-3.25 OFTEN
2 1.76-2.5 SOMETIMES
1 1.0-1.75 NEVER

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers presented the

results to the respondents, to the
Figure 2.0 Research Flow Chart
Principal of the School,
Teachers Staff and Panellist of
the Study.
CHAPTER III
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter shows the different tables

regarding the profiles of the respondents
including their respective frequencies and
percentage, as well as the analyses,
interpretations, and correlations of the
data with regards to the respondents’.

Table 1 Frequency count of respondents when

grouped according to AGE.
VARIABLES F P
12-13 11 12
14-15 15 17
16-17 41 46
18-19 22 25
Total 89 100

Table 1 shows the distribution of

population of the respondents in terms of
AGE. Most (46%) belongs to the age bracket
of 16-17, 25% belongs to the age bracket of
18-19-, 17% belongs to the age bracket 14-
15, and lastly 12% belongs to the age
bracket of 12-13. The age bracket 16 to 17
got the highest number of frequency as it
correlates with most of the respondents
which are females and it is consistent with
the results on the Sex of the respondents
in which (64%)is female.

Table 1.1 Frequency count of respondents

when grouped according to SEX.
VARIABLES F P
Male 32 36
Female 57 64
Total 89 100

Table 1.1 shows the distribution of

population of the residents on SEX. Most
(64%) are females and 36% are males. This
implies that majority of respondents are
Female because they are the prevalent and
participative respondents within the locale
of the study in comparison to male
respondents.
Table 1.2 Frequency count of respondents
when grouped according to GENDER IDENTITY.
VARIABLES F P
Gay 20 22
Lesbian 23 26
Bisexual Men 11 12
Bisexual Women 35 39
Total 89 100

Table 1.2 shows the distribution of

population of the respondents in terms of
GENDER IDENTITY. Most (39%) belongs to the
sexual orientation of Bisexual Women, 26%
belongs to the sexual orientation of
Lesbian, 22% belongs to the sexual
orientation of Gay, and lastly 12% belongs
to the sexual orientation of Bisexual Men.
The sexual orientation of Bisexual Women
got the highest number of frequency as it
correlates with most of the respondents
which are females and it is consistent with
the results on the Sex of the respondents
in which (64%)is female.

Table 1.3 Frequency count of respondents

when grouped according to GRADE LEVEL.
VARIABLES F P
Grade 7 7 8
Grade 8 8 9
Grade 9 6 7
Grade 10 15 17
Grade 11 19 21
Grade 12 34 38
Total 89 100

Table 1.3 shows the distribution of

population of the respondents in terms of
GRADE LEVEL. Most (38%) belongs to the 12 th

Grade, 21% belongs to the 11 Grade, 17% th

belongs to the 10 Grade, 9% belongs to the

th

8 Grade, 8% belongs to the 7 Grade and

th th

lastly 7% belong to the 9 Grade. The GRADE

th

LEVEL OF 12 Grade got the highest number

th

of frequency as it correlates with most of

the respondents which are older it is
consistent with the results on the AGE of
the respondents in which (46%)belongs to
the age bracket of 16-17.

Table 2 STIGMA RELATED STRESSORS

STATEMENTS MEAN RANK
1. Rejection by my family members due to 1.516854 39
my sexual orientation.
2. Lack of understanding by my family 1.561798 34
about my sexual orientation.
3. Distance between me and my family due 1.438202 48
to my sexual orientation.
4. Lack of support from my family members 1.617978 27
due to my sexual orientation.
5. An overzealous interest in my sexual 1.505618 40
orientation by my family.
6. Rejection by my brothers and sisters. 1.483146 42
7. A feeling that my family tolerates 1.640449 22
rather than accepts my sexual orientation.
8. The fact that my family ignores my 1.640449 22
sexual orientation.
9. Talking with some of my relatives about 1.898876 12
my sexual orientation.
10. Introducing a new partner to my 1.674157 21
family.
11. Having my lover and family in the same 1.876404 13
place at the same time.
12. An unwillingness of my family to 1.573034 32
accept my partner.
13. Keeping my orientation secret from 1.842697 16
family and friends.

14. Expectation from friends and family 1.640449 22

who do not know that I am
gay/lesbian/bisexual for me to date and
marry someone of the opposite sex
15. Hiding my sexual orientation from 1.741573 19
others.

16. Rejection when I tell about my sexual 1.595506 29

orientation.

17. Telling straight friends about my 2.146067 4

sexual orientation.
18. Loss of friends due to my sexual 1.41573 49
orientation.
19. Having straight friends know about 2.41573 1
my sexual orientation
20. Dating someone who is openly gay. 1.539326 37
21. Having people at work find out I'm 1.988764 8
gay/lesbian/bisexual
22. Rumors about me at work due to my 1.966292 10
sexual orientation.
23. Being in public with groups of 2.168539 3
gay/lesbian/bisexual people (e.g., bar,
church, rally).
24. Being "exposed" as a 2.325843 2
gay/lesbian/bisexual person.
25. Image of homosexuals created by 1.853933 15
some visible, vocal gays and lesbians.
26. Threat of violence due to my sexual 1.58427 31
orientation. .
27. Physical assault due to my sexual 1.460674 45
orientation.
28. A need to be careful to avoid 1.865169 14
having anti-homosexual violence
directed at me.
29. Fear that I will be attacked due to 1.640449 22
my sexual orientation.
30. Possibility there will be violence 1.741573 19
when I am out with a group of gay/
Lesbian/bisexual people.
31. Harassment due to my sexual 1.539326 37
orientation.
32. Being called names due to my sexual 1.775281 18
orientation.
33. Some people's ignorance about 2 7
gay/lesbian/bisexual people
34. Lack of acceptance of 2.022472 5
gay/lesbian/bisexual people in society
35. Lack of constitutional guarantee of 1.820225 17
rights due to my sexual orientation
36. Potential job loss due to sexual 1.483146 42
orientation.
37. Loss of job due to sexual 1.573034 32
orientation

38. Working in a homophobic environment

2.595506 29
39. Harassment at work due to my sexual 1.47191 44
orientation
40. Lack of security at work because I 1.561798 34
am gay/lesbian/bisexual
41. Inability to get some jobs due to 1.460674 45
my sexual orientation.
42. A feeling that I must always prove 1.922584 11
myself at work because of my sexual
orientation.
43. Mental health discrimination due to 1.449438 47
my sexual orientation.
44. Housing discrimination due to my 1.505618 40
sexual orientation.
45. Discrimination in social services 1.606742 28
due to my orientation.
46. Difficulty finding someone to love. 1.977528 9
47. Shame and guilt because I am 1.561798 34
gay/lesbian/bisexual.
48. Difficulty accepting my sexual 1.629213 26
orientation.

49. Mixed feelings about my sexual 2.022472 5

orientation

Table 2 shows the complete table of

Stigma Related Stressors causes towards the
respondents on the different types of
stigmata and stereotypes towards Lesbian,
Gay and Bisexuals. This is because they are
not aware that such stigmata and
stereotypes occur in their environment and
they only think of it as an ordinary
witticism. Thus, they don’t really have a
grasp on the figurative criticism they have
had encountered. The top 10 most prevalent
mean were identified. Refer on the table
above.

Table 3 Summary table of LEVEL STIGMA

RELATED STRESSORS.
VARIABLES F P
Never 24 27
Sometimes 28 31
Often 10 11
Always 27 30
Total 89 100

Table 3 shows the highest frequency of

the Stigma Related stressors of the
respondents. Most (31%) belongs to the
Sometimes, 30% belongs to Always, 27%
belongs to the Never, lastly 11% belongs to
the Often. This implies that the perceived
stigma related stressors of the Lesbian,
Gay, and Bisexual is Sometime or little of
the time they felt the discernment and it
is consistent on the study of (Heffler,
2017) Gay or lesbian adolescents may fear
disclosure or family rejection, which are
additional stressors because they are part
of a marginalized community.

Table 4 COPING MECHANISMS

STATEMENTS MEAN RANK

1. I felt more comfortable with who I 1

was.
2.9438

2. I thought there were people I could

talk to about my experiences. 2.5955 4

3. I wanted to disprove stereotypes

about gay men. 7
2.1461

4. My friends told me that being gay was

acceptable. 2.809 3

5. I got to know people who had similar

experiences to me. 2.573 5
6. I got to know people who were
supportive of me.
2.8764 2
7. How often did you feel like you had to
hide your attraction to other guys?
2.191 6
8. How often did you feel like you
couldn’t be yourself?
1.9101 10
9. How often did you feel uncomfortable
in your own body?
1.7753 13
10. How often did you feel isolated?
1.6854 14
11. How often did you think you could not
act on your feelings?
1.8652 11
12. How often did you question yourself
based on what other people said about
you? 2.0674 8
13. How often did you fear judgment from
your family about your feelings toward
other men?
1.8652 11
14. How often did you fear judgment from
friends about your feelings toward other
men.
1.9438 9

Table 4 shows the complete statement on

Coping Mechanism of the respondents on the
different types of stigmata and stereotypes
towards Lesbian, Gay and Bisexuals. Where
in the most Coping Mechanism of the
respondents are the coping strategy of ”I
felt more comfortable with who I was” in
this result, it is consistent with the
study of (Kristie L. Seelman, 2017) Given
the lesbians, gay, and bisexual(LGB)older
adults face notable health disparities
compared to their heterosexual
counterparts, there is a need for
understanding how LGB adults cope with
health challenges in late life. The Coping
strategies related to health promotion
behaviours, shifting perspectives of health
and body. This simply implies as it
correlates with the Age of the respondents
with the bracket age of 16-17 and the Sex
where in most are female.

Table 5 Summary table of the LEVEL COPING

MECHANISM.
VARIABLES F P
Never 35 39
Sometimes 29 33
Often 18 20
Always 7 9
 Total 89 100

Table 5 shows the highest frequency of

the Coping Mechanisms of the respondents.
Most (39%) belongs to the Never, 33%
belongs Sometimes, 20% belongs to the Often
and lastly 9% belong to the Always. This
implies that the perceived Rarely or none
of the time coping mechanism of the
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual is they are
rarely cope to the discernment of their
environment and it is consistent on the
study of (Bryce McDavitt, 2017) Although
the pervasiveness of hetero-sexism in the
lives of gay and bisexual youth is well
established, little is known about the
strategies these youth use to cope with the
stigma and discrimination based on their
sexual minority status.

Table 6 Correlation of STIGMA RELATED

STRESSORS on the demographic profile of the
respondents.
VARIABLES STIGMA RELATED STRESSORS
p-value Descriptive value
AGE 0.3991776 Not significant
SEX 0.869817 Not significant
GENDER IDENTITY 0.291772 Not significant
GRADE LEVEL 0.434194 Not significant
*at significance level of 0.05
Table 6 There is no significant
relationship on at least two mean on the
stigma related stressors scores across the
AGE. It indicates here that whether your
age is in the minimum age bracket of 12-13
or in the maximum age bracket of 18-19
there is no significant relationship. In
addition to that, generations nowadays are
most likely to get involved in social media
which is a vital tool in acquiring relevant
information regarding stigmata,
stereotyping and discrimination.
There is no significant relationship on
at least two mean on the stigma related
stressors scores across the SEX. Even the
person is a male or female, it doesn’t
affect the person towards stigma related
stressors. Since the respondents is some or
little of the time experienced the stigmas,
it follows that they do know to what to do
on how they will get themselves cope and
they have no idea on what preventive
measures to carry out.
There is no significant relationship on
at least two mean on the stigma related
stressors scores across GENDER IDENTITY.
According to the result of the data shown
in the Gender Identity profile, most of the
respondents are Bisexual Women, meaning
they have experienced the highest frequency
on the stigma related stressors which is
the “Having straight friend know about my
sexual orientation” since they are most
prevalent respondents on the study.
There is no significant relationship on
at least two mean on the stigma related
stressors scores across GRADE LEVEL. The
lower the Grade level of a respondent, the
lower the stigma related stressors they
experienced. They don’t fully understand
what are stereotypes and stigmata.

Table 7. Correlation of COPING MECHANISMS

on the demographic profile of the
respondents.
VARIABLES STIGMA RELATED STRESSORS
p-value Descriptive value
AGE 0.594185 Not significant
SEX 0.780616 Not significant
GENDER IDENTITY 0.984946 Not significant
GRADE LEVEL 0.133537 Not significant
*at significance level of 0.05
Table 6 There is no significant
relationship on at least two mean on the
coping mechanisms scores across the AGE. It
indicates here that whether your age is in
the minimum age bracket of 12-13 or in the
maximum age bracket of 18-19 there is no
significant relationship. In addition to
that, generations nowadays are most likely
to get involved in social media which is a
vital tool in acquiring relevant
information regarding stigmata,
stereotyping and discrimination.
There is no significant relationship on
at least two mean on the coping mechanisms
scores across the SEX. Even the person is a
male or female, it doesn’t affect the
person towards stigma related stressors.
Since the respondents is some or little of
the time experienced the stigmas, it
follows that they do know to what to do on
how they will get themselves cope and they
have no idea on what preventive measures to
carry out.
There is no significant relationship on
at least two mean on the coping mechanisms
scores across GENDER IDENTITY. According to
the result of the data shown in the Sexual
Orientation profile, most of the
respondents are Bisexual Women, meaning
they have experienced the highest frequency
on the stigma related stressors which is
the “Having straight friends know about my
sexual orientation” since they are most
prevalent respondents on the study.
There is no significant relationship on
at least two mean on the coping mechanisms
scores across GRADE LEVEL. The lower the
Grade level of a respondent, the lower the
stigma related stressors they experienced.
They don’t fully understand what is
stereotypes and stigmata.

Table 8. DIFFERENCE of STIGMA RELATED

STRESSORS on the demographic profile of the
respondents.
VARIABLES STIGMA RELATED STRESSORS
p-value Descriptive value
AGE 0.091505 Not significant
SEX 0.869817 Not significant
GENDER IDENTITY 0.506260 Not significant
GRADE LEVEL 0.054292 Significant
*at significance level of 0.05
Table 7 There is no significant
difference on at least two mean on the
coping mechanisms scores across the AGE. It
indicates here that whether your age is in
the minimum age bracket of 12-13 or in the
maximum age bracket of 18-19 there is no
significant relationship. In addition to
that, generations nowadays are most likely
to get involved in social media which is a
vital tool in acquiring relevant
information regarding stigmata,
stereotyping and discrimination.
There is no significant difference on
at least two mean on the coping mechanisms
scores across the SEX. Even the person is a
male or female, it doesn’t affect the
person towards stigma related stressors.
Since the respondents is some or little of
the time experienced the stigmas, it
follows that they do know to what to do on
how they will get themselves cope and they
have no idea on what preventive measures to
carry out.
There is no significant difference on
at least two mean on the coping mechanisms
scores across GENDER IDENTITY. According to
the result of the data shown in the Sexual
Orientation profile, most of the
respondents are Bisexual Women, meaning
they have experienced the highest frequency
on the stigma related stressors which is
the “Having straight friend know about my
sexual orientation” since they are most
prevalent respondents on the study.
 Scatterplot of coping against Grade Level
PROFILE in CODING FOR RESEARCH 10v*89c
coping = 1.9289+0.0674*x
4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0
coping

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Grade Level

There is a significant difference on at

least two mean on the coping mechanisms
scores across GRADE LEVEL. The lower the
Grade level of a respondent, the lower the
stigma related stressors they experienced.
They don’t fully understand what is
stereotypes and stigmata. Thus, it implies
that there is difference on the coping
mechanism of the respondents in terms of
where GRADE LEVEL they belong to.

CHAPTER IV
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation
Summary
Stress have had proliferated as case of
physical and emotional health in students
especially the lesbian, gay, and bisexual
of the Senior High School and Junior High
School of Western Cagayan School of Arts
and Trades. Stress Management and the
Symptoms of stress are the focused in this
research to determine their foremost coping
skill in overcoming their stress.
This study is descriptive-correlational
in nature which was designed to determine
the Stigma Related Stressors of the
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual men and women at
Western Cagayan School of Arts and Trades.
Looking to the objective of the present
research where in the findings was
positively significant to the stated
problem. The total sample of this study
comprised of 89 participants was
distributed according to age, sex, sexual
orientation and grade level. The
researchers used the Raosoft sampling
calculator to simply determine the
population mean, As well as administer of
survey-questionnaire to gather data.
Hence, this study that was conducted by
the researchers to assess the Stigma
Related Stressors of and Coping Mechanisms
of the LGB students of Western Cagayan
School of Arts and Trades Cagayan. In
addition to that, the researchers prompted
to find out the awareness of the prospect
respondents, most of which are Bisexual
Women and Gay individuals who belong to the
12 Grade. Considering the diversity of the
th

population that is well represented and

also a manageable site for conducting a
survey, the researchers will be choosing
Barangay Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan Western
Cagayan School of Arts and Trades because
of its accessibility for researchers in
gathering data and information needed in
the study. Thus, null hypothesis is
accepted.

Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the
researchers concluded that the Stigma
Related Stressors of the Lesbian, Gay,
Bisexual Men and Women students of Western
Cagayan School of Arts and Trades is
“SOMETIMES” which means even how
discriminatory the stigmata and stereotypes
they experience, they have the ability to
manage it effectively. Furthermore, the
researchers found out that the GRADE LEVEL
has a significant association to Coping
Mechanism of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Men
and Women students, wherein the higher the
grade level where you belong, the higher
the capability to cope on the stressor.

Recommendation
The following recommendations are
deemed necessary as a result of the study:

1. The researcher would like to suggest an

implementation of Anti-Discrimination
clause to be put on the student manual as
inclined on the Policies and Guidelines of
the school.

2. A study on Stigma Related Stressors and

Coping Mechanisms shall be conducted to
extract more body of knowledge to use for
Stress Management with the purpose of
managing stress effectively.

3. The results of study can be used as a

basis for the Department of Education to
have a follow-up research on the “Relation
of Stress the Coping Strategies toward
students.”
4. The result of the study should be
presented in Stress Management seminars and
forums for LGBTQIA+ Community.

5. The result of the study can be used for

experimental-psychological research.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE RESPONDENTS

Dear Respondent,

Greetings!
Attached here is the questionnaire to
gather data or information with regards to
our research entitled. “STIGMA RELATED
STRESSORS OF LESBIANS, GAY, BISEXUAL/LGB
STUDENTS”.

In this connection, may we solicit

your kind indulgence and consideration by
answering every question included in the
questionnaire. Rest assured that any
information will be gathered will remain
confidential.
Respectfully yours,

Mark Jellicoe P. Rodillas

Norjanah M. Sarip

King Charl R. Saguilla

John Paul C. Ramos

Kevin A. Fieror

Noted by:

Mr. DJ Mark T. Garcia, LPT, Mst-English

Teacher, Practical Research

APPENDIX B
LET
TER
TO
THE
PRI
NCI
PAL

APPENDIX C
RESPONDENTS’ QUESTIONNAIRE
PART I
DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRE
Check ( / )the following parenthesis below
that best corresponds to your profile.
Answer it honestly and accurately.
1. Age?
( ) 12-13
( ) 14-15
( ) 16-17
( ) 18-19
( ) 20 above specify:

2. What is your biological sex?

 ( ) Male
( ) Female

3. Which of the following best describes

your gender identity?
( ) Gay
( ) Lesbian
( ) Bisexual
Other (please specify):

4. What is your section/strand? (

)

5. Which of the following Grade Level you

belong to?
( ) Grade 7/Freshman
( ) Grade 8/Sophomore
( ) Grade 9/Junior
( ) Grade 10/Senior
( ) Grade 11
( ) Grade 12

PART II
Gay and Lesbian Stressor Scale
(Lewis et al., 2016)
Please use the scale below to respond to
each statement based on how often you have
felt
this way in the last week. CHECK one number
for each statement.

NEVER SOMETIMES OFTEN ALWAYS

 1 2 3 4

STATEMENTS NEVER SOMETIMES OFTEN ALWAYS

1 2 3 4

1. Rejection by my family
members due to my sexual
orientation.
2. Lack of understanding
by my family about my
sexual orientation.
3. Distance between me and
my family due to my sexual
orientation.
4. Lack of support from my
family members due to my
sexual orientation.
5. An overzealous interest
in my sexual orientation
by my family.
6. Rejection by my
brothers and sisters.
7. A feeling that my
family tolerates rather
than accepts my sexual
orientation.
8. The fact that my family
ignores my sexual
orientation.
9. Talking with some of my
relatives about my sexual
orientation.
10. Introducing a new
partner to my family.
11. Having my lover and
family in the same place
at the same time.
12. An unwillingness of my
family to accept my
partner.
13. Keeping my orientation
secret from family and
friends.

14. Expectation from

friends and family who do
not know that I am
gay/lesbian/bisexual for
me to date and marry
someone of the opposite
sex
15. Hiding my sexual
orientation from others.

16. Rejection when I tell

about my sexual
orientation.

17. Telling straight

friends about my sexual
orientation.
18. Loss of friends due to
my sexual orientation.
19. Having straight
friends know about my
sexual orientation
20. Dating someone who is
openly gay.
21. Having people at work
find out I'm
gay/lesbian/bisexual
22. Rumors about me at
work due to my sexual
orientation.
23. Being in public with
groups of
gay/lesbian/bisexual
people (e.g., bar,
church, rally).
24. Being "exposed" as a
gay/lesbian/bisexual
person.
25. Image of homosexuals
created by some visible,
vocal gays and lesbians.
26. Threat of violence due
to my sexual orientation.
.
27. Physical assault due
to my sexual orientation.
28. A need to be careful
to avoid having anti-
homosexual violence
directed at me.
29. Fear that I will be
attacked due to my sexual
orientation.
30. Possibility there will
be violence when I am out
with a group of gay/
Lesbian/bisexual people.
31. Harassment due to my
sexual orientation.
32. Being called names due
to my sexual orientation.
33. Some people's
ignorance about
gay/lesbian/bisexual
people
34. Lack of acceptance of
gay/lesbian/bisexual
people in society
35. Lack of constitutional
guarantee of rights due to
my sexual orientation
36. Potential job loss due
to sexual orientation.
37. Loss of job due to
sexual orientation
38. Working in a
homophobic environment
39. Harassment at work due
to my sexual orientation
40. Lack of security at
work because I am
gay/lesbian/bisexual
41. Inability to get some
jobs due to my sexual
orientation.
42. A feeling that I must
always prove myself at
work because of my sexual
orientation.
43. Mental health
discrimination due to my
sexual orientation.
44. Housing discrimination
due to my sexual
orientation.
45. Discrimination in
social services due to my
orientation.
46. Difficulty finding
someone to love.
47. Shame and guilt
because I am
gay/lesbian/bisexual.
48. Difficulty accepting
my sexual orientation.

49. Mixed feelings about

my sexual orientation

PART III
COPING MECHANISM
NEVER SOMETIMES OFTEN ALWAYS
1 2 3 4
STATEMENTS
1. I felt more
comfortable with who I
was
2. I thought there were
people I could talk to
about my experiences.

3. I wanted to disprove
stereotypes about gay
men.

4. My friends told me
that being gay was
acceptable.

5. I got to know people

who had similar
experiences to me.

6. I got to know people

who were supportive of
me.

7. How often did you feel

like you had to hide your
attraction to other guys?

8. How often did you feel

like you couldn’t be
yourself?

9. How often did you feel

uncomfortable in your own
body?

10. How often did you

feel isolated?

11. How often did you

think you could not act
on your feelings?

12. How often did you

question yourself based
on what other people said
about you?

13. How often did you

fear judgment from your
family about your
feelings toward other
men?

14. How often did you

fear judgment from
friends about your
feelings toward other
men.

APPENDIX D
SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTED FROM THE
QUESTIONNAIRE
I. Respondents’ Profile
Respondents Age Sex Gender Grade Level
Identity
1 3 1 1 6
2 3 1 1 6
3 4 1 1 6
4 4 2 4 6
5 3 1 3 6
6 4 1 3 6
7 3 1 3 6
8 4 1 3 6
9 4 1 1 6
10 4 1 3 6
11 4 2 4 6
12 4 1 3 6
13 4 1 3 6
14 4 2 4 6
15 4 2 2 6
16 4 2 2 6
17 3 2 2 6
18 4 2 2 6
19 4 2 2 6
20 3 2 2 6
21 3 2 4 6
22 4 2 2 6
23 4 2 4 6
24 4 2 2 6
25 3 2 4 6
6 3 2 4 6
27 3 2 4 6
28 3 1 1 6
29 4 1 1 6
30 3 1 3 6
31 3 2 2 6
32 4 1 3 6
33 3 2 2 6
34 3 1 2 6
35 3 2 2 4
36 2 2 2 4
37 3 2 2 4
38 2 2 4 4
39 3 2 4 4
40 2 2 4 4
41 3 2 4 4
42 3 2 4 4
43 3 2 4 4
44 3 2 4 4
45 3 2 2 4
46 2 1 3 4
47 2 2 4 4
48 2 2 2 4
49 3 1 1 4
50 3 2 2 5
51 4 1 1 5
52 3 2 4 5
53 3 2 2 5
54 4 2 2 5
55 3 2 4 5
56 3 1 1 5
57 3 1 1 5
58 3 2 2 5
59 3 2 4 5
60 3 2 4 5
61 3 2 4 5
62 3 1 1 5
63 4 1 1 5
64 3 1 1 5
65 3 2 4 5
66 3 2 1 5
67 3 2 2 5
68 2 2 4 5
69 2 1 1 3
70 2 2 4 3
71 2 2 2 3
72 2 1 1 3
73 2 2 4 3
74 2 2 4 3
75 3 1 3 2
76 2 1 1 2
77 1 2 2 2
78 1 2 4 2
79 1 1 1 2
80 1 2 4 2
81 3 1 1 2
82 1 2 4 2
 83 2 1 1 1
84 1 1 4 1

85 1 2 4 1
86 1 2 4 1
87 1 2 4 1
88 1 2 4 1
89 1 2 4 1

* Age
1 12-13 y/o
2 14-15 y/o
3 16-17 y/o
4 18-19 y/o

* Sex
1 Male
2 Female

*GENDER IDENTITY
1 Gay
2 Lesbian
3 Bisexual Men
4 Bisexual Women

*GRADE LEVEL
1 Grade 7
2 Grade 8
3 Grade 9
4 Grade 10
5 Grade 11
6 Grade 12

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
NAME: MARK JELLICOE PASCUAL RODILLAS
NICKNAME: Jellicoe
AGE: 17
DATE OF BIRTH: September 4, 2002
PLACE OF BIRTH: Magsaysay, Lasam, Cagayan
 CIVIL STATUS: Single
ADDRESS: Magsaysay, Lasam, Cagayan

Family Background
NAME OF PARENTS:
FATHER: Esmael Tipon Rodillas
MOTHER: Arlyn Pascual Rodillas

Educational Background
ELEMENTARY: Magsaysay Elementary School
2013-2014
SECONDARY (JHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2017-2018
SECONDARY (SHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2019-2020

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
NAME: NORJANAH MAGLANIGT SARIP
NICKNAME: Norj
AGE: 18
DATE OF BIRTH: May 07, 2001
PLACE OF BIRTH: Kolambugan District Hospital
CIVIL STATUS: Single
ADDRESS: Centro 02, Lasam, Cagayan

Family Background
NAME OF PARENTS:
FATHER: Allan Macondara Sarip
MOTHER: Guvy Anunas Maglangit

Educational Background
ELEMENTARY:

2012-2013
SECONDARY (JHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
 Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2017-2018
SECONDARY (SHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2019-2020

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data
NAME: KING CHARL RABANAL SAGUILLA
NICKNAME: KC
AGE: 17
DATE OF BIRTH: June 13, 2002
PLACE OF BIRTH: Aparri, Cagayan
CIVIL STATUS: Single
ADDRESS: Centro01, Lasam, Cagayan

Family Background
NAME OF PARENTS:
FATHER: Charlie Udarbe Saguilla
MOTHER: Maripris Rabanal Saguilla

Educational Background
ELEMENTARY: Lasam Central School
Centro 02, Lasam, Cagayan
2013-2014
SECONDARY (JHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2017-2018
SECONDARY (SHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2019-2020

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
NAME: JOHN PAUL MARIANO RAMOS
NICKNAME: Paul
AGE: 18
 DATE OF BIRTH: April 16, 2001
PLACE OF BIRTH: Alannay, Lasam, Cagayan
CIVIL STATUS: Single
ADDRESS: Alannay, Lasam, Cagayan

Family Background
NAME OF PARENTS:
FATHER: Nestor Lagua Ramos
MOTHER: Perlita Mariano Ramos

Educational Background
ELEMENTARY: Lasam Central
School Centro 02,
Lasam, Cagayan
2013-2014
SECONDARY (JHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2017-2018
SECONDARY (SHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2019-2020

CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
NAME: KEVIN AGUSTIN FIEROR
NICKNAME: Kevin
AGE: 18
DATE OF BIRTH:
PLACE OF BIRTH: Sicalao, Lasam, Cagayan
CIVIL STATUS: Single
ADDRESS: Sicalao, Lasam, Cagayan

Family Background
NAME OF PARENTS:
FATHER: Jerry Anguloan Fieror
MOTHER: Lilybeth Agustin Fieror

Educational Background
ELEMENTARY: Sicalao Integrated School
Sicalao, Lasam, Cagayan
2013-2014
SECONDARY (JHS): Sicalao Integrated School
Sicalao, Lasam, Cagayan
2017-2018
SECONDARY (SHS): Western Cagayan School of Arts and
Trades
Centro 03, Lasam, Cagayan
2019-2020

SENIOR
HIGHSCHOOL
Western Cagayan School of Arts and Trades