Design of 3m High Gabion Wall (Static Case)

Height ( h ) = 5.5 m
Base Width (b) = 2 m
Surcharge (q) = 21.5 kN/m2

Input data :-
Rock Fill Degrees Radians
Angle of Internal Friction (f) = 32 0.559
Max. Dry Density = 17 kN/m3
Cohesion ( c ) = 0 kN/m2

Foundation Soil Degrees Radians

Angle of Internal Friction (f) = 32 0.559
Max. Dry Density = 18 kN/m3
Cohesion ( c ) = 0 kN/m2

Retained soil Degrees Radians

Angle of Internal Friction (f) = 29 0.506
Max. Dry Density = 18 kN/m3
Cohesion ( c ) = 0 kN/m2

Gabion Fill Degrees Radians

(f) = 35 0.611
Max. Dry Density = 17 kN/m3
Cohesion ( c ) = 0 kN/m2

Batter Angle (a1) = 0 0.000

Inclination angle of terrain surface (b) = 0 0.000
Pressure at rest on front face of the structure :

Kr = (1-Sin f)
Kr = 0.470
g.z sz =
14.4 sz = kPa
Pressure (Pa) = [Link]
Pressure (Pa) = 6.77 kPa
Horizontal component of Pressure (Pa)H = [Link](a1)
Horizontal component of Pressure (Pa)H = 6.77 kPa
Vertical component of Pressure (Pa)V = [Link](a1)
Vertical component of Pressure (Pa)v = 0 kPa

Active pressure behind the structure :

Degrees Radians
Angle of friction between structure and soil (d) = 19 0.332 For without wedged portion
= 29 0.506 For wedged portion
(For without wedged portion d will be less than or equal to two third of f)

Inclination of wedge from the vertical face of wall (a) = 0 0 For without wedged portion
31.5 0.55 For wedged portion

2
cos ( φ−α )
K a=

[ √ ]
2 (Analytical expression of Ka for Coloumb Wedge Method)
sin(φ+ δ). sin(φ−β )
cos 2 α . cos ( α +δ ). 1+
cos(α +δ ). cos ( α −δ )

Coefficient of active earth pressure (Ka) = 0.309 For without wedged portion
Coefficient of active earth pressure (Ka) = 0.705 For wedged portion

Distribution of active pressure behind the structure (without surcharge) :

LAYER 1

Depth of layer 1 (Z1) = 0.67 m

g.z1 sz1 =
12.06 sz1 =
kPa
Pressure (Pa1) = Ka.Z1
Pressure (Pa1) = 3.73 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa1)H = [Link](a+d)
Hor. Component (Pa1)H = 3.53 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa1)V = [Link](a+d)
Ver. Component (Pa1)V = 1.21 kPa
Hor. Comp. of force (F1)H = 0.5*Z1*(Pa1)H
Hor. Comp. of force (F1)H = 1.18 kN
Ver. Comp. of force (F1)V = 0.5*Z1*(Pa1)V
Ver. Comp. of force (F1)V = 0.41 kN
LAYER 2

Depth of layer 2 (Z2) = 0.33 m

sz1+g.z2 sz2 =
18 sz2 =
kPa
Pressure (Pa2)t = Ka2.sz1
Pressure (Pa2)t = 8.50 kPa
Pressure (Pa2)b = Ka2.sz2
Pressure (Pa2)b = 12.68 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa2)Ht = (Pa2)t .Cos (a+d)
Hor. Component (Pa2)Ht = 4.18 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa2)Hb = (Pa2)b .Cos (a+d)
Hor. Component (Pa2)Hb = 6.24 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa2)Vt = (Pa2)t .Sin (a+d)
Ver. Component (Pa2)Vt = 7.40 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa2)Vb = (Pa2)b .Sin (a+d)
Ver. Component (Pa2)Vb = 11.04 kPa
Hor. Comp. of force (F2)H = 0.5*[(Pa2)Ht+(Pa2)Hb]*Z2 (Same formulae are valid for rest of the layers also)
Hor. Comp. of force (F2)H = 1.72 kN
Ver. Comp. of force (F2)V = 0.5*[(Pa2)Vt+(Pa2)Vb]*Z2
Ver. Comp. of force (F2)V = 3.04 kN
LAYER 3

Depth of layer 3 (Z3) = 0.67 m

30.06 sz3 =
kPa
Pressure (Pa3)t = 5.57 kPa
Pressure (Pa3)b = 9.29 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa3)Ht = 5.26 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa3)Hb = 8.79 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa3)Vt = 1.81 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa3)Vb = 3.03 kPa
Hor. Comp. of force (F3)H = 4.71 kN
Ver. Comp. of force (F3)V = 1.62 kN

LAYER 4

Depth of layer 4 (Z4) = 0.33 m

36.00 sz4 =
kPa
Pressure (Pa4)t = 21.18 kPa
Pressure (Pa4)b = 25.36 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa4)Ht = 10.42 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa4)Hb = 12.48 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa4)Vt = 18.44 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa4)Vb = 22.08 kPa
Hor. Comp. of force (F4)H = 3.78 kN
Ver. Comp. of force (F4)V = 6.69 kN

LAYER 5
Depth of layer 5 (Z5) = 1 m
54.00 sz5 =
kPa
Pressure (Pa5)t = 11.13 kPa
Pressure (Pa5)b = 16.70 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa5)Ht = 10.52 kPa
Hor. Component (Pa5)Hb = 15.78 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa5)Vt = 3.63 kPa
Ver. Component (Pa5)Vb = 5.44 kPa

Hor. Comp. of force (F5)H = 13.15 kN

Ver. Comp. of force (F5)V = 4.53 kN

Results in tabulated form for active pressure (without surcharge) :

Start (m) Horizontal Vertical

Pressure
Layer No. sz (kPa) Component Component
(kPa)
End (m) (kPa) (kPa)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1
0.67 12.06 3.73 3.53 1.21
0.67 12.06 8.50 4.18 7.40
2
1.00 18.00 12.68 6.24 11.04
1.00 18.00 5.57 5.26 1.81
3
1.67 30.06 9.29 8.79 3.03
 1.67 30.06 21.18 10.42 18.44
4
2.00 36.00 25.36 12.48 22.08
2.00 36.00 11.13 10.52 3.63
5
3.00 54.00 16.70 15.78 5.44

Pressure distribution due to surcharge :

Surcharge (s) = 24 kPa

Press. due to surcharge (PS) = Ka.q
Press. due to surcharge (PS) = 7.42 kPa For without wedged portion 66.78068633876
= 16.91 kPa For wedged portion 63.14237942457
LAYER 1
Depth of layer 1 (Z1) = 0.67 m
Pressure (PS1) = 7.42 kPa
Hor. Component (PS1)H = (PaS1) * Cos(a+d)
Hor. Component (PS1)H = 7.02 kPa (same for top & bottom)
Ver. Component (PS1)V = (PaS1) * Sin(a+d)
Ver. Component (PS1)V = 2.42 kPa (same for top & bottom)

Hor. Comp. of force (FS1)H = Z1*(PaS1)H

Hor. Comp. of force (FS1)H = 4.70 kN
Ver. Comp. of force (FS1)V = Z1*(PaS1)V
Ver. Comp. of force (FS1)V = 1.62 kN

LAYER 2

Depth of layer 2 (Z2) = 0.33 m

Pressure (PS2) = 16.91 kPa
Hor. Component (PS2)H = 8.32 kPa (same for top & bottom)
Ver. Component (PS2)V = 14.72 kPa (same for top & bottom)

Hor. Comp. of force (FS2)H = Z1* (PaS1)H

Hor. Comp. of force (FS2)H = 2.75 kN (Same formulae are valid for rest of the layers also)
Ver. Comp. of force (FS2)V = Z1* (PaS1)V
Ver. Comp. of force (FS2)V = 4.86 kN

LAYER 3

Depth of layer 3 (Z3) = 0.67 m

Pressure (PS3) = 7.42 kPa
Hor. Component (PS3)H = 7.02 kPa (same for top & bottom)
Ver. Component (PS3)V = 2.42 kPa (same for top & bottom)

Hor. Comp. of force (FS3)H = 4.70 kN

Ver. Comp. of force (FS3)V = 1.62 kN

LAYER 4

Depth of layer 4 (Z4) = 0.33 m

Pressure (PS4) = 16.91 kPa
Hor. Component (PS4)H = 8.32 kPa (same for top & bottom)
Ver. Component (PS4)V = 14.72 kPa (same for top & bottom)

Hor. Comp. of force (FS4)H = 2.75 kN

Ver. Comp. of force (FS4)V = 4.86 kN

LAYER 5

Depth of layer 5 (Z5) = 1.00 m

 Pressure (PS5) = 7.42 kPa
Hor. Component (PS5)H = 7.02 kPa (same for top & bottom)
Ver. Component (PS5)V = 2.42 kPa (same for top & bottom)

Hor. Comp. of force (FS5)H = 7.02 kN

Ver. Comp. of force (FS5)V = 2.42 kN

Results in tabulated form for pressure with surcharge :

Horizontal Vertical
Layer No. Depth (m) Pressure (kPa) Component Component
(kPa) (kPa)
0.00 7.42 7.02 2.42
1
0.67 7.42 7.02 2.42
0.67 16.91 8.32 14.72
2
1.00 16.91 8.32 14.72
1.00 7.42 7.02 2.42
3
1.67 7.42 7.02 2.42
1.67 16.91 8.32 14.72
4
2.00 16.91 8.32 14.72
2.00 7.42 7.02 2.42
5
3.00 7.18 7.02 2.42

Forces acting on the construction :

(i) Due to weight of the wall:

Self weight of the gabion box = b.g

Self weight of the 1st gabion = 17.00 kN/m
Self weight of the 2nd gabion = 25.5 kN/m
Self weight of the 3rd gabion = 34.00 kN/m
Self weight of gabion wall (W) = 76.5 kN/m
w1 . x 1 + w2 . x 2 +w 3 . x3 w1 . z 1 + w2 . z 2 +w 3 . z 3
( X )= ( Z )=
w1 + w2 + w3 w1 + w2 +w3
Point of application (X) = 1.04 m (origin is assumed at the leftmost bottom corner)
Point of application (Z) = -1.28 m

(ii) Due to Pressure at rest:

Embenment Depth (h) = 0.8 m

Force (Fr) = (0.5).Kr.g.(h) 2

Force (Fr) = 2.71 kN/m

Hor. Component of Force (Fr)H = Fr . Cos(a1)
Hor. Component of Force (Fr)H = 2.71 kN/m (this force is negative, because it is in the opposite direction)
Ver. Component of Force (Fr)V = Fr . Sin(a1)
Ver. Component of Force (Fr)V = 0.00 kN/m
Point of application (Z) = -0.27 m

(iii) Due to weight of earth wedges :

For wedge 1
Weight (W1) = 0.50
Point of application (X) = 1.67 m
Point of application (Z) = -2.11 m

For wedge 2

Weight (W2) = 0.50

Point of application (X) = 1.87 m
Point of application (Z) = -1.11 m
(iv) Due to active pressure :

Total horizontal force (Fa)H = Total area of distribution of horizontal forces

Total horizontal force (Fa)H = 24.54 kN/m
Total vertical force (Fa)V = Total area of distribution of verticall forces
Total vertical force (Fa)V = 16.29 kN/m
Point of application (X) = 1.88 m
Point of application (Z) = -1.02 m Distribution of horizontal forces Distribution of vertical forces

(v) Due to surcharge :

Total horizontal force (Fs)H = 21.91 kN/m

Total vertical force (Fs)V = 15.37 kN/m
Point of application (X) = 1.81 m
Point of application (Z) = -1.51 m

Forces acting on the construction in tabulated form : Distribution of horizontal forces Distribution of vertical forces

Horizontal
Vertical Force (FV) Lever Arm Lever Arm (Z)
Name of the force Force (FH)
(kN/m) (X) (m) (m) (-ve)
(kN/m)
Weight of the wall 76.50 0.00 1.04 1.28
Front Face Resistance 0.00 -2.71 0.00 0.27
Weight of earth wedge (I) 0.50 0.00 1.67 2.11
Weight of earth wedge (II) 0.50 0.00 1.87 1.11
Active Pressure 16.29 24.54 1.88 1.02
Surcharge 15.37 21.91 1.81 1.51
 Total Normal Force (N) = (Total Vertical Forces)
Total Normal Force (N) = 109.15 kN/m

Check for overturning stability :

Resisting Moment (Mres.) = (76.05*1.04+0.5*1.67+0.5*1.87+13.80*1.88+13.89*1.81)

Resisting Moment (Mres.) = 138.84 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Movr.) = (-2.64*0.27+22.34*1.02+21.30*1.51)
Overturning Moment (Movr.) = 57.39 kN-m/m
Safety factor for overturning = (Resisting moment / Overturning moment)
Safety factor for overturning = 2.42 > 2.00 Safe

Check for slip :

Resisting Horizontal Force (Fres.) = (76.05+0.5+0.5+13.80+13.89) * tan (f)

Resisting Horizontal Force (Fres.) = 68.24 kN/m
Actual Horizontal Force (Fact.) = (-2.64+22.34+21.30)
Actual Horizontal Force (Fact.) = 43.74 kN/m
Safety factor for Slip = 1.56 < 1.5 Unsafe

Check for eccentricity :

Resisting moment at the center of wall (Mres.) = (76.05*(1.04-1)+0.5*(1.67-1)+0.5*(1.87-1)+13.80*(1.88-1)+13.89*(1.81-1))

Resisting moment at the center of wall (Mres.) = 30.52 kN/m
Overturning moment at the center of wall (Movr.) = (-2.64*0.27+22.34*1.02+21.30*1.51)
Overturning moment at the center of wall (Movr.) = 57.39 kN/m
Overall moment (Mo) = (Movr. - Mres.)
Overall moment (Mo) = 26.87 kN/m
Maximum eccentricity (e) = (Mo / N)
Maximum eccentricity (e) = 0.25 m
Maximum allowable eccentricity (eallow) = (b / 3)
Maximum allowable eccentricity (eallow) = 0.67 m
e < eallow Safe
Check for bearing capacity :

Bearing Capacity of the foundation Soil (Rd) = 0.5* (CNC+0.5gBNg) (Safer Side) For f = 27,
= 130.23 kPa NC = 23.94
= 200 kPa (Taken) Ng = 14.47
N
σ max =
( d−2 e )
Maximum stress at the footing bottom (smax.) = 72.40 kPa

smax. < Rd Safe

 Total Height ( h ) = 5.5 m
Base Width (b) = 3.5 m
Surcharge (q) = 24 kN/m2

Input data :-
Rock Fill Degrees
Angle of Internal Friction (f) = 32 0.559 Radians
Max. Dry Density = 17 kN/m3
Cohesion ( c ) = 0 kN/m2

Foundation Soil Degrees

Angle of Internal Friction (f) = 32 0.559 Radians
Max. Dry Density = 18 kN/m3 on+1
Saturated unite weight = 19 kN/m3
Cohesion ( c ) = 0 kN/m2
dn
v

Retained soil Degrees D

Angle of Internal Friction (f) = 29 0.506 Radians
Max. Dry Density = 18 kN/m3
Saturated unite weight = 19 kN/m3
Cohesion ( c ) = 0 kN/m2

Gabion Fill Degrees

Angle of internal friction (f) = 35 0.611 Radians
Max. Dry Density = 17 kN/m3
Cohesion ( c ) = 0 kN/m2

Degrees
Batter Angle (a1) = 0 0.000 Radians
Inclination angle of terrain surface (b) = 0 0.000 Radians

Geometry

Layer from bottom, n Width, Ln Thickness, tn Offset, On depth from top

1 3.5 0.5 0 4.5 3.5
2 3.5 1 0 4 3.5 2.5
3 3 1 0 3 3
4 2.5 1 0 2 2.5
5 2 1 0.5 1 2
6 1.5 1 0.5 0 1.5

Embedment depth, D = 1m
Angle of friction between the wall and the back fill, δ = 19 deg
Angle of friction between the wall and the foundation soil, δ = 20 deg
Height of water level behind the wall above the ground level, H w = 1.29 m

Dist. From toe, Resisting

Width, Ln Thickness, tn Offset, On Weight, Wn
Layer from bottom, n dn Moment
m m m kN/m
m kN.m/ m
1 3.5 0.5 0 29.75 1.75 52.0625
2 3.5 1 0 59.5 1.75 104.125
 3 3 1 0 51 1.5 76.5
4 2.5 1 0 42.5 1.25 53.125
5 2 1 0.5 34 1.5 51
6 1.5 1 0.5 25.5 1.75 44.625

Clear Height of the wall= 4.5 m

Self weight of the wall = 242.25 kN/m
Resisting Moment due to the self weight = 381.4375 kN.m/m
Hw
Hydraulic gradiesnt, i=
2 D+H w
= 0.392

Modified effective unit weight of retaining soil below water level, γ = 12.921 kN/m3

Modified effective unit weight of soil in front of the wall, γ = 5.079 kN/m3

Pressure at rest on front face of the structure :

Kr = (1-Sin f)
Kr = 0.470
g.z sz =
5.079 sz = kPa
Pressure (Pa) = [Link]
 Pressure (Pa) = 2.39 kPa
Horizontal component of Pressure (Pa)H = [Link](a1)
Horizontal component of Pressure (Pa)H = 2.39 kPa
Vertical component of Pressure (Pa)V = [Link](a1)
Vertical component of Pressure (Pa)v = 0 kPa

Active pressure behind the structure :

Degrees Radians
Angle of friction between structure and backfill soil (d) = 19 0.332 For without wedged portion
= 29 0.506 For wedged portion

Angle of friction between structure and foundation soil (d) = 20 0.349 For without wedged portion
= 32 0.559 For wedged portion

Inclination of wedge from the vertical face of wall (a) = 0 0 For without wedged portion
30.5 0.53 For wedged portion

2
cos ( φ−α )
K a=

[ √ ]
2 (Analytical expression of Ka for Coloumb Wedge Method)
sin(φ+ δ). sin(φ−β )
cos 2 α . cos ( α +δ ). 1+
cos(α +δ ). cos ( α −δ )

Coefficient of active earth pressure for retaining soil (K a) = 0.309 For without wedged portion
Coefficient of active earth pressure for retaining soil (K a) = 0.684 For wedged portion

Coefficient of active earth pressure for foundation soil (K a) = 0.275 For without wedged portion
Coefficient of active earth pressure for foundation soil (K a) = 0.665 For wedged portion
Distribution of active pressure behind the structure (without surcharge) :

Depth from top (z) α φ γ δ

[Link] Ka σz
m deg deg kN/m3 deg

0.00 0 29 18 19 0.309 0
1
1.00 0 29 18 19 0.309 18
1.00 0 29 18 19 0.309 18
2
2.00 0 29 18 19 0.309 36
2.00 0 29 18 19 0.309 36
3
2.15 0 29 18 19 0.309 38.7
2.15 30.5 29 18 29 0.684 38.7
4
3.00 30.5 29 18 29 0.684 54
3.00 0 29 18 19 0.309 54
5
3.15 0 29 18 19 0.309 56.7
3.15 30.5 29 18 29 0.684 56.7
6
3.21 30.5 29 18 29 0.684 57.78
3.21 30.5 29 12.921 29 0.684 57.78
7
4.00 30.5 29 12.921 29 0.684 67.98759
4.00 0 32 12.921 19 0.309 67.98759
8
4.50 0 32 12.921 19 0.309 74.44809
4.50 0 32 12.921 20 0.275398435631 74.44809
9
5.00 0 32 12.921 20 0.275398435631 80.90859
5.00 0 32 12.921 20 0.275398435631 80.90859
10
5.50 0 32 12.921 20 0.275398435631 87.36909
Results in tabulated form for active pressure (without surcharge) :

Depth from top (z) α δ Horizontal Vertical

[Link] Ka Ka q
m deg deg Component Component

0.00 0.00 19.00 0.31 7.42 7.01 2.41

1
1.00 0.00 19.00 0.31 7.42 7.01 2.41
1.00 0 19 0.309 7.42 7.01 2.41
2
2.00 0 19 0.309 7.42 7.01 2.41

2.00 0 19 0.309 7.42 7.01 2.41

3
2.15 0 19 0.309 7.42 7.01 2.41
2.15 30.5 29 0.684 16.42 8.33 14.14
4
3.00 30.5 29 0.684 16.42 8.33 14.14
3.00 0 19 0.309 7.42 7.01 2.41
5
3.15 0 19 0.309 7.42 7.01 2.41
3.15 30.5 29 0.684 16.42 8.33 14.14
6
3.21 30.5 29 0.684 16.42 8.33 14.14
3.21 30.5 29 0.684 16.42 8.33 14.14
7
4.00 30.5 29 0.684 16.42 8.33 14.14
4.00 0 19 0.309 7.42 7.01 2.41
8
 8
4.50 0 19 0.309 7.42 7.01 2.41

4.50 0 20 0.275 6.61 6.21 2.26

9
5.00 0 20 0.275 6.61 6.21 2.26

5.00 0 20 0.275 6.61 6.21 2.26

10
5.50 0 20 0.275 6.61 6.21 2.26

Results in tabulated form for pressure with surcharge :

Forces acting on the construction :

(i) Due to weight of the wall:

Self weight of the gabion box = b.g

Self weight of the 1st gabion = 17.00 kN/m
Self weight of the 2nd gabion = 25.5 kN/m
Self weight of the 3rd gabion = 34.00 kN/m
Self weight of gabion wall (W) = 76.5 kN/m
w1 . x 1 + w2 . x 2 +w 3 . x3 w1 . z 1 + w2 . z 2 +w 3 . z 3
( X )= ( Z )=
w1 + w2 + w3 w1 + w2 +w3
Point of application (X) = 1.04 m (origin is assumed at the leftmost bottom corner)
Point of application (Z) = -1.28 m

(ii) Due to Pressure at rest:

Embenment Depth (h) = 1 m

Force (Fr) = (0.5).Kr.g.(h) 2

Force (Fr) = 1.19 kN/m

Hor. Component of Force (Fr)H = Fr . Cos(a1)
Hor. Component of Force (Fr)H = 1.19 kN/m (this force is negative, because it is in the opposite direction)
Ver. Component of Force (Fr)V = Fr . Sin(a1)
Ver. Component of Force (Fr)V = 0.00 kN/m
Point of application (Z) = -0.27 m
(iii) Due to weight of earth wedges :

For wedge 1
Weight (W1) = 0.50
Point of application (X) = 1.67 m
Point of application (Z) = -2.11 m

For wedge 2

Weight (W2) = 0.50

Point of application (X) = 1.87 m
Point of application (Z) = -1.11 m

(iv) Due to active pressure :

Total horizontal force (Fa)H = Total area of distribution of horizontal forces

Total horizontal force (Fa)H = #REF! kN/m
Total vertical force (Fa)V = Total area of distribution of verticall forces
Total vertical force (Fa)V = #REF! kN/m
Point of application (X) = 1.88 m
Point of application (Z) = -1.02 m Distribution of horizontal
Distribution of vertical forces
forces

(v) Due to surcharge :

Total horizontal force (Fs)H = #REF! kN/m

Total vertical force (Fs)V = #REF! kN/m
Point of application (X) = 1.81 m
Point of application (Z) = -1.51 m
Forces acting on the construction in tabulated form : Distribution of horizontal
Distribution of vertical forces
forces
Horizontal Lever Arm
Vertical Force (FV) Lever Arm
Name of the force Force (FH) (Z) (m) (-
(kN/m) (X) (m)
(kN/m) ve)
Weight of the wall 76.50 0.00 1.04 1.28
Front Face Resistance 0.00 -1.19 0.00 0.27
Weight of earth wedge (I) 0.50 0.00 1.67 2.11
Weight of earth wedge (II) 0.50 0.00 1.87 1.11
Active Pressure #REF! #REF! 1.88 1.02
Surcharge #REF! #REF! 1.81 1.51

Total Normal Force (N) = (Total Vertical Forces)

Total Normal Force (N) = #REF! kN/m

Check for overturning stability :

Resisting Moment (Mres.) = (76.05*1.04+0.5*1.67+0.5*1.87+13.80*1.88+13.89*1.81)

Resisting Moment (Mres.) = #REF! kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Movr.) = (-2.64*0.27+22.34*1.02+21.30*1.51)
Overturning Moment (Movr.) = #REF! kN-m/m
Safety factor for overturning = (Resisting moment / Overturning moment)
Safety factor for overturning = #REF! > 2.00 Safe

Check for slip :

Resisting Horizontal Force (Fres.) = (76.05+0.5+0.5+13.80+13.89) * tan (f)

Resisting Horizontal Force (Fres.) = #REF! kN/m
Actual Horizontal Force (Fact.) = (-2.64+22.34+21.30)
Actual Horizontal Force (Fact.) = #REF! kN/m
Safety factor for Slip = #REF! < 1.5 Unsafe

Check for eccentricity :

Resisting moment at the center of wall (Mres.) = (76.05*(1.04-1)+0.5*(1.67-1)+0.5*(1.87-1)+13.80*(1.88-1)+13.89*(1.81-1))
Resisting moment at the center of wall (Mres.) = #REF! kN/m
Overturning moment at the center of wall (Movr.) = (-2.64*0.27+22.34*1.02+21.30*1.51)
Overturning moment at the center of wall (Movr.) = #REF! kN/m
Overall moment (Mo) = (Movr. - Mres.)
Overall moment (Mo) = #REF! kN/m
Maximum eccentricity (e) = (Mo / N)
Maximum eccentricity (e) = #REF! m
Maximum allowable eccentricity (eallow) = (b / 3)
Maximum allowable eccentricity (eallow) = 1.17 m
e < eallow Safe

Check for bearing capacity :

Bearing Capacity of the foundation Soil (Rd) = 0.5* (CNC+0.5gBNg) (Safer Side) For f = 27,
= 227.90 kPa NC = 23.94
= 200 kPa (Taken) Ng = 14.47
N
σ max =
( d−2 e )
Maximum stress at the footing bottom (smax.) = #REF! kPa

smax. < Rd Safe

 Design of Gabion Retaining

Inputs
1. Gabion Fill
density = 17 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction = 35 deg
Cohesion = 0 kPa
Mesh strenght of gabion = 35 kN/m
Joint bearing capacity = 35 kN/m

2. Retaining Soil Properties

Unit weight = 18 kN/m3
Saturated unit weight = 19 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction, ϕ = 29 deg
Cohesion = 0 kPa

2. Foundation Soil Properties

Unit weight = 18 kN/m3
Saturated unit weight = 19 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction = 32 deg
Cohesion = 0 kPa
Safe bearing capacity = 150 kPa

3. Surcharge,σ = 24 kPa

4. Geometry

Layer from
bottom, n Width, Ln Thickness, tn Offset, On
1 3.5 0.5 0
2 3.5 1 0
3 3 1 0
4 2.5 1 0
5 2 1 0.5
6 1.5 1 0.5
7 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
9 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
11 0 0 0

Embedment depth, D = 1m
Batter, α = 0 deg
Angle of friction between the wall and the back fill, δ = 19 deg
Back fill slope angle, β= 0 deg

5. Water Condition

Height of water level behind the wall above the ground level, H w = 1.29 m

Analysis

Dist. From Resisting

Layer from Width, Ln Thickness, tn Offset, On Weight, Wn
toe, dn Moment
bottom, n m m m kN/m
m kN.m/ m

1 3.5 0.5 0 29.75 1.75 52.0625

2 3.5 1 0 59.5 1.75 104.125
3 3 1 0 51 1.5 76.5
4 2.5 1 0 42.5 1.25 53.125
5 2 1 0.5 34 1.5 51
6 1.5 1 0.5 25.5 1.75 44.625
7 0 0 0 0 1 0
8 0 0 0 0 1 0
9 0 0 0 0 1 0
10 0 0 0 0 1 0
11 0 0 0 0 1 0

Clear Height of the wall= 4.5 m

Self weight of the wall = 242.25 kN/m

Resisting Moment due to the self weight = 381.4375 kN.m/m

Hydraulic gradiesnt, i=
Hw
2 D+H w
= 0.392097264438

Modified effective unit weight of retaining soil below water level, γ = 12.920973 kN/m3

Modified effective unit weight of soil in front of the wall, γ = 5.0790274 kN/m3
2
Active earth pressure coefficient of retaining soil, cos ( ϕ−α )
K a=

( √ )
2
2 sin( ϕ+ δ ). sin( ϕ− β )
cos α . cos ( α +δ ) 1+
cos ( α + δ ) . cos( α −β )
 = 0.3093101
Coefficient of earth pressure at rest, K 0 =1−sin ϕ
= 0.4700807357668
Force due to active earth pressure
1. On retaining side
i. Above water level = 28.684461 kN/m
Stabilising component= 9.3387471 kN/m
Lever arm = 3.5 m
Stabilising Moment = 32.685615 kNm/m

Destabilising component= 27.121691 kN/m

Lever arm = 3.36 m
Stabilising Moment = 91.128882 kNm/m

ii. Below water level = 10.479252 kN/m

Stabilising component= 3.4117109 kN/m
Lever arm = 3.5 m
Stabilising Moment = 11.940988 kNm/m

Destabilising component= 9.9083278 kN/m

Lever arm = 0.7633333 m
Stabilising Moment = 7.5633569 kNm/m

Total force due to earth pressure, F a = 37.030019 kN/m

Point of acting above the toe , La = 2.8187659 m

2. On sea side, Fr = 1.1937765 kN/m

Point of acting above the toe, Lr = 0.3333333 m

Force due to surcharge , Fs= 40.828935 kN/m

Stabilising component= 13.292601 kN/m
Lever arm = 3.5 m
Stabilising Moment = 46.524104 kNm/m

Destabilising component= 38.604517 kN/m

Lever arm = 2.75 m
Stabilising Moment = 106.16242 kNm/m
Force due to water pressure, Fw = 14.7705 kN/m
Point of acting above the toe, Lw = 1.0966667 m

Net sliding Force on the wall, F = 89.211259 kN/m

Sliding resistance, R = 94.611724

Depth from top α φ γ δ

[Link] m deg deg kN/m3 deg
Design of Gabion Retaining Wall
σ = 24 kN/m2

on+1 Hw

dn
v
D tn
Wn
Ln

14.7705

242.25
88.17179
 v

1.645
0.36397 16.45
88.17179 225.8

)
2
n( ϕ+ δ ). sin( ϕ− β )
os ( α + δ ) . cos( α −β )
Ka
Hw
v