Critique of the Research Process in Health Care Practice
Research is defined as systematic investigation encompassing the discovery, interpretation or revision of
facts, events, behaviors or theories. With regard to research process in health care practice, this is an
essential step in the development of practices supported by proof aimed at the improvement of patient
care as well as health outcomes. This paper will present eight major stages of the research process,
examine the rationale for the attainment of each of the stages with examples, and discuss one of the key
components of the research, the literature review.
Major Steps in the Research Process
1. Identifying the Research Problem
Pretty much selecting a subject and brainstorming a question or proposing a hypothesis to study.
This can either be possible if you resolve the research problem first or have a good range
between studies.
2. Literature Review
Attempting to examine scholarly journals’ findings or theories concerning a subject topic and
justify why it is worth further exploration.
3. Research Design and Methodology
This stage contains picking one or several strategies like linear models or other methods such as
statistical surveys that help formulate relations inside the data and prepare for research or
collecting data.
4. Data Collection
Data gathering procedures involve use of certain ethical methods in obtaining the desired results
within the boundaries of legal and para-legal frameworks and models.
5. Data Analysis
After collecting the information, post-evaluation is performed through statistical and content
analyses in order to obtain trends, cycles and all other significant facts within the studies.
6. Interpretation of Results
They are active, but more in a combative way as they try and resolve present problems based on
the question and the angle of view presented by available work that is relevant.
7. Conclusion and Recommendations
Thereby establishing the best practical solution in light of experience, evidence and backing it
with appropriate literature explaining the outlook.
8. Dissemination of Findings
It brings together all that has been carried in the research and its findings, how the outcome or
part of the study touches on the wider world.
[Link] research process is the methodical inquiry process through which it is possible to collect, analyze
and interpret data. Each of these processes has some objective behind it and adds value to the overall
research in some way. Here is a step for step evaluation along with illustrations:
[Link] of the Research Problem
Purpose: The first step of the study is to state the problem or question in a form which is more relevant
to the researchers. After the statement of such problem, the drift of the study is determined.
Example: Suppose in New Zealand, a researcher would note the phenomenon of increase in prevalence
of mental health problems among the youth population. One of the possible research questions could
be: ‘What compounds the issues of mental illness amongst the youth population of New Zealand?’
[Link] of the Relevant Literature
Purpose: This involves defining the research problem in the second step. At this stage prospective
researchers shall determine those areas that have already been explored about and those that require
further research.
Example: Let us suppose a researcher was focused on issues of mental health in New Zealand. He or she
might consult articles about newzealand youth's mental health, such as those that were published in the
New Zealand Medical Journal in order to be familiar with the evidence and theories on the topic which
were earlier studied.
[Link] or Research Questions Development
Research Questions: Having reviewed the previous findings, the researchers state one or several
problems or research questions which the study will tackle.
Example: The researcher may pose a question such as “Is increased screen time associated with greater
anxiety levels among youths in New Zealand?”
[Link] Methodology Planning
Research Questions: This stage entails determination of the relevant research design, and methods for
effective data collection.
Example: The researcher might adopt a mixed methods strategy in which quantitative questionnaires
sent to several schools throughout New Zealand were supplemented with interviews of the mental
health professionals.
[Link] Collection
Research Questions: At this step, the researchers collect data according to the allowed methodology
from the previous step.
Example: The researcher could send questionnaires to one thousand high school students residing in
different areas of New Zealand and also have interviews with 20 mental healthcare practitioners.
[Link] Interpretation and Reporting.
Research Questions: In this context, the researchers process the data they have gathered to show
relations, associations, and other information relative to the initial research question.
Example: In this situation, the researcher could have used statistical packages to come up with a finding
that there is a relationship between screen time and anxiety levels of youths captured in the survey data.
[Link] results
Purpose: Explaining the results in the context of the research problem and existing studies is one of the
objectives that researchers hope to achieve as a result of the research.
Example: The investigator may suggest that the collected data reinforces the thesis responding for
instance within his or her research that increased screen time is an overarching factor affecting youth
anxiety and critically examines ramifications for mental health policy directed towards New Zealand.
[Link] and Presenting the Findings
Purpose: The last stage comprises those addressing the research questions by importing the findings to
various audiences, which includes researchers, decision-makers and the general populace.
Example: The scholar can present the study finding in a peer reviewed journal and during the conference
on youth mental health in New Zealand.
[Link] literature review is mandatory as it plays important roles to the research process. Here are a few
of the key points relevant to this theme:
1. Setting the Stage: A literature review contextualizes past theories and research relevant to the area
under investigation. It locates the current research within existing academic literature, so enabling
researchers to see where their work fits in (Boote & Beile, 2005).
2. To help Identify Gaps in Research: By critically looking at existing works related to a topic, researchers
can easily identify the gaps or inconsistency in literature. This enables us to objectify research questions
that are targeted at closing these gaps, which in turn gives new knowledge within its context (Webster &
Watson 2002)
[Link] of Duplication: Literature review also helps to ensure that one does not repeat studies
which have already been done. This not only saves time and resources, but also leads to unique
contributions in research (Fink, 2010).
[Link] Methodology: The literature review may help guiding the choice of research design and
methodology. By looking at how past work was completed, researchers can take strategies that were
productive and apply or alter them to the legitimacy and dependability of their own research (Creswell,
2014).
[Link] Theoretical Frameworks: A good literature review is known for building foundation under a
theoretical framework of the research. For researchers, it both assists in tying their work to extant
theory and models that clearly define the hypotheses pursued or analyses undertaken (Ravitch & Riggan
2016).
[Link] the Research: A well-conducted literature review helps a researcher to achieve state of art in
research and make his study credible. This indicates that the researcher has been reviewing relevant
literature and is seeking to progress from it in a conscientious manner (Machi & McEvoy, 2016).
Critique of Ethical Aspects of Healthcare Research in Aotearoa New Zealand
In Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), healthcare research is underpinned by ethical principles, which are
designed to protect people and maintain the integrity of clinical studies. Nevertheless, a number of
ethical concerns are highly problematic including the topics on IC and cultural
sensitivity/representation/marginalised groups. The following refers to the most essential points of these
ethical concerns with examples and references.
1. Informed Consent
The need for Informed Consent: In healthcare research, informed consent represents the most basic
ethical obligation which is ensuring that before agreeing to take part in a study participants should
understand what it involves i.e. nature of intervention or product – and potential risks -compared with
benefits-.
Problems in practice: In New Zealand, some cases have shown that informed consent processes are
lacking—especially for studies looking at Māori populations. Studies have also revealed that impressive
but often deeply opaque multi-age consent forms may not be culturally correct and can differ upon the
cultural responses of research subjects (Kāretu, 2018).
Example: A study on Māori health noted that even though most participants were advised by a research
nurse, they did not comprehend the informed consenting process properly increasing worry about
whether or not valid consent was obtained (Smith 2012).
2.. Recognizing the need for cultural sensitivity and greater respect to Māori rights.
Treaty of Waitangi : The Treaty of Waitangi is New Zealand's founding document that grants Māori equal
rights as the first people. Healthcare research society must be driven by Maori principles, a partnership
between iwi and researchers; protection to ensure enhancement for Maori health with the freedom of
suffering from exploitation or disadvantage effects in medical matters aroused without pakaitore
(vulnerable) informed consent.
Cultural Appropriateness: researchers do not always engage appropriately with Māori communities
leading to research outputs that are devoid of their needs or voices. Failure to be engaged results in
research that is not culture specific or appropriate according to Durie (2004).
An example: The Health Research Council of New Zealand has repeatedly asserted that research should
be undertaken in an equitably partnered with Māori, but nevertheless studies continue to progress
without genuine collaborative partnership which mislead both the physical integrity by not respecting
Indigenous rights (HRC 2010).
3. Portrayal of Communities that have been Left Behind
Under-representation in Research: Marginalized groups, such as Māori, Pacific peoples and low-income
communities are often underrepresented in healthcare research. This leads to a lack of comprehension
about their particular health requisites as well difference.
Ethical Implications: The finding of underrepresentation, both adds to concerns about the ability for
research findings to be generalized (not least in a global context), and raises issues around continued
health inequities [22]. The researchers need to include diversified subjects so that it is reflected an actual
health democratic [6] system of NZ (Cram et al., 2013).
Example: Health research in NZ – may focus on dominant cultural groups, whilst the unique health
challenges borne by Māori and Pacific are often excluded (Baker et al., 2016).
4. Data privacy and confidentiality
Protecting Private Data – Ethical healthcare research should deliver a complete assurance of the privacy
and confidentiality of participants. In the context of confidential health research in which participants
may discuss personal information, I can see how this could be especially useful.
Consequences in Practice: We have come to know of cases where the data protection regulations were
not adhered to faithfully and the confidence had been compromised. These violations have potentially
severe effects for those involved, such as being stigmatized or discriminated (Graham et al., 2019).
Illustrative example: A mental health research project in which participant data were not satisfactorily
anonymized was ultimately published (Jones et al, 2020) but it is doubtful whether adequate procedures
had been followed during the handling of sensitive information.
B.1. Because plagiarism, falsification and fabrication are considered serious ethical violations of the
research process with significant legal implications. These practices compromise the integrity of
research and can have a number of repercussions, for individuals or institutions. The legal
ramifications of these unethical behaviors are as follows:
1. Plagiarism
Definition and Consequences: Plagiarism refers to the practice of copying someone else's work, thought
or expression in another medium without proper attribution — presenting them as your own. This can
come in a large variety of formats, such as taking text/journals/images or factual material from published
work(s), without crediting the original source.
Legal Consequences:
Copyright Violation: The work of published authors is copyrighted; its owner may sue a plagiarist in the
court copyright infringement. People who copy large portions of a copyrighted work can be sued and
fined (Friedman, 2017).
Academic Consequences: The majority of institutions have tight rules on plagiarism leading to
suspension or expulsion. And under some circumstances, conviction will result in revocation of degree or
professional license (Purdu University 2021).
For instance: Jayson Blair — former reporter at The New York Times accused of widespread plagiarism
and fabricating quotes, incidents, stories. The fallout in the wake of this story included law suits and a
tarnishing to the newspaper's good name (Keller, 2003).
2. Falsification
Fabrication: Example and Outcome: Making up research data or results, and recording or reporting them
(e.g., fabricating occurrence of certain events in a clinical trial)
Legal Consequences:
Fraud Charges: If inappropriately found that it has been falsified there may be criminal fraud charges,
especially if the work is funded by government grants or related to public health concerns. Should
researchers fail to refer for prosecution, they can be fined — or jailed (National Institutes of Health,
2020).
Bottom of Form Loss of Funding: Institutions guilty that investigates found to have lied in their research
could be stripped off its funding either from governmental agencies or any private organizations, which
means they will pass the state authorities would suffer financially along with other institutions from
embarrassment (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2018).
Ex.: The Diederik Stapel case was a prime example of extensive data fabrication in many studies by Dutch
social psychologist. This quickly regressed to retracted papers, legal investigations, and dismissal (Van der
Linden 2013a).
3. Fabrication
Fabricating Data or Results is the act of making up data and records/recording/reporting them. This is
blatant research misconduct and it can have huge impacts
Legal Consequences:
Criminal Liability: Fabrication, like falsification she added can open the door to criminal charges in cases
that include grant money or public health research. Research academic that fail and create fraud may be
prosecuted criminally (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2018).
Civil Liability: Researchers or institutions may also be held civilly liable, meaning that other affected
parties such as researchers, institutions the relied on said fraudulent data (Graham et al., 2019)
EX. — a high-profile surgeon who fabricated the data from his experimental surgeries What ensued were
multiple investigations, lawsuits and huge career consequence for him.
B.2 Avoiding issues associated with research has adhered to the highest ethical standards, elevated
the research process and ensured that each and every research activity is done according to the law. In
the following section, we present some approaches which can be applied by researchers to minimize
legal threats, illustrated with excerpts from peer-reviewed publications:
1. Comprehensive grasp on ethical norms and legal frame.
• Significance: Ethical norms e.g. Belmont Report, and legal frames e.g Common Rule U.S. adopted by
researchers in various discipline must be appreciated by researchers. Awareness of laws related to
conduct of research involving human beings, protection of personal data and intellectual property rights
is paramount.
• Example: In the United States, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) process directs the researcher to
furnish study protocols along with required documents. This helps in addressing ethical issues during
research proposal phase effectively minimizing cases of legal violation on issues of informed consent and
subject’s rights (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2018).
2. Adoption of Solid Informed Consent Procedures
• Significance: Informed consent is both a legal and moral imperative of any study that involves human
subjects. Therefore, it is the burden of the researcher to ascertain that the subjects appreciate the
pertinent aspects of the study including its aims, risks, and their rights.
• example: According to Koocher and Keith-Spiegel (2016), ethical consent forms should be
straightforward, understandable, and not misleading. Researchers who use simplified language and
explaining to patients that it is ok to take time to think about the study are less likely to face legal
lawsuits concerning consent.
[Link] Data Privacy and Security
• Significance: Protecting the data of participants is important not only because it is against the law, but
also more importantly to promote faith. Fortunately, data privacy requires that Researchers put into
practice control over the use of such information.
• Example: Legislation in European Union sets severe restrictions on the manner data is handled by the
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Research done under the purview of the GDPR, such as
Shadbolt et al. (2018) study, shows how by using proper storage, security and anonymizing data, the
threat of legal action for damages from data leaks can be greatly reduced.
4. Engaging in Proper Attribution and Avoiding Plagiarism
• Importance: Correctly referencing one's work and not practicing plagiarism is important to uphold
academic honesty as well as to avoid issues of copyright violation.
• Example: The American Psychological Association (APA) has put together all-inclusive information on
how to cite different sources. Research conducted by Pecorari (2015) indicates that when researchers
make use of citation norms, their chances of engaging in legal battles over plagiarism allegations are
minimal.
5. Collaborating with Legal and Ethical Experts
Importance: Legal and ethical experts help to clarify the ambiguities that researchers may experience in
compliance, contracts, or even intellectual property.
Example:Institutions usually have legal counsel or ethics committees to assess research proposals and
offer assistance. For example, it is recommended by the UC system, that one seeks legal advice prior to
entering into any agreements regarding any research collaborations (University of California, 2019).
6. Organization of Periodic Training and Education
• Significance: The researchers are encouraged to undertake ongoing training which addresses ethical
conduct, legality of activities and cover policies of the institution, which would assist in averting
unintentional infractions.
• Example: There are many institutes of higher education that have established protocols that training in
ethical and compliance research practice is a prerogative for all researchers. R. S. McGowan et al. (2016)
conducted a study about ethics training and practices and found out that participants of such training
were more cognizant about the legalities and knew how to work around such issues.
3. The assessment of research practices and methodologies in health care situations is enhances by
examining the merits and demerits of qualitative, quantitative and mixed approaches. Each poses its
own set of interpretations and applications within healthcare research. The following is an account of
these methods providing on usage, benefits, and drawbacks.
1. Qualitative Research Methodology
Definition: Qualitative research looks to understand human activity, behavior and social interactions in
the form of words and not figures. This calls for techniques such as interviews, focus group discussions,
and observations.
Advantages:
• Depth of Understanding: Qualitative methods enables the researchers to understand difficult
issues fairly adequately due to the many faces that human experiences and emotions comprise. For
instance, qualitative studies delve into the experiences of patients who have long-term illnesses in order
to understand better the mechanisms which support or undermine such patient’s compliance with the
prescribed treatment regimens (Holloway & Wheeler, 2010).
• Flexibility: There is an element of flexibility in qualitative research that allows modifications to
the way a researcher approached a study as new findings emerged. This is important in studies that little
is known about the topic under study and where the research question itself may change.
Disadvantage:
• Subjectivity: Qualitative research is subjective in nature and therefore can cause bias in that the
output presented may be affected by the researchers themselves. This causes a problem in reliability and
validity of those results (Mays & Pope, 2000).
• Generalizability: Qualitative results are usually from a small substantiated study and hence are
not representative of other situations which makes it impossible to extrapolate the findings to other
wider situations. This is a drawback in the use of the findings in other broader health care fields.
2. Quantitative Research Methodology
Definition: Quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via
statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. It aims to identify patterns, test theories, and
predict outcomes. Surveys, experiments, and statistical techniques are the main methods employed.
Advantages:
•Objectivity and Reliability: Quantitative designs prioritize objectivity via the introduction of fixed
measures to minimize bias, which improves the reliability and accuracy of the results (Polit & Beck,
2017).
•Generalizability: Most of the quantitative research methods employ large and representative samples,
making it particularly useful in health research which aims to discover trends or prevalence (Creswell,
2014).
Disadvantages:
•Limited Contextual Understanding: Most qualitative research strategies tend to ignore individual
context enclosing the events, concentrating instead on measurement. This may mean that there is little
or no insight as to why some actions are taken in certain health care context (Green & Thorogood, 2018).
•Over-focusing: Quantitative research designs are often so rigid in nature and this can pose a serious
drawback when one wants to investigate additional aspects that may not have been part of the original
objectives, resulting in emerging issues.
3. Mixed Methodologies
Definition: Mixed methodologies are the combination of qualitative and quantitative modalities in input
to further illumination of the research problem. While employing this approach, researchers are enabled
to triangulate their data and confirm their assertions.
Advantages:
•Holistic Understanding: Persistent use of qualitative and quantitative data makes the mixed methods a
better option for such problems. A good example is a research study focused on patient satisfaction –
quantitative surveys aim at determining the level satisfaction while qualitative interviews aim at finding
out why that level of satisfaction is obtained (Creswell & Plano Clark, 20
• Triangulation: The integration of methods can improve the credibility of the results since different
sources of data may serve to support or dispute each other giving more depth on the problem of study.
Disadvantages:
• Difficulty and Resource Intensive: Research based on mixing two or more methods tend to be difficult
to design and carry out because of the complementary nature of qualitative and quantitative techniques.
This is a challenge that risks data integration and analysis (Fetters et al, 2013).
• Tedious: Mixed methods research may require more time than a single methodology strategy due to
the component of qualitative and quantitative data activity within the study.
3.1 In the field of healthcare practice, the following methods are said to be the most applicable.
1. Surveys and questionnaires
How effective are they?
• Widespread Data Collection: Surveys allow researchers to obtain qualitative and quantitative
information from very large populations index surveys where everyone in the population has a chance of
being interviewed. Such surveys tend to capture the age, attitude, behavior, and health outcomes trends
useful in the analysis of public health trends (Dillman, et al., 2014).
• Realization of Improved Cost Effectiveness: Most of these surveys tend to be less expensive and can
especially be done over the Internet or face to face, thus not excluding any section of the population.
Example: For instance, national surveys can help assess the extent of public support for or opposition to
vaccination, information that can be useful in developing public health campaigns on the vaccination.
2. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
How effective are they?
• Evidence Synthesis: Systematic review and meta-analysis is the process of combining the results of
different studies to address a specific question or topic. It aims to provide an informative picture of the
existing evidence on the effectiveness or otherwise of a particular intervention or problem. They serve
the purpose of determining the adequacy of evidence and the existences of a need for more research
(Higgins & Green, 2011).
• Guiding Clinical Practice: Based on these methods, it becomes possible to produce clinical
recommendations about the management of patients, as clinical decision-making is supported and the
best available evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of various treatments is included.
Example: A systematic review may compile the results of studies done in regards to telemedicine for
improving chronic diseases management and highlight the efficacy and the disadvantages of mat present
a range of evidence.
4. It is important to apply research methods and methodologies in evidence-based healthcare practice
in order to improve outcomes of patients and also to ensure efficiency and appropriateness of the
healthcare provided to the population. In New Zealand, for instance, some research methods are
tailored to solving specific healthcare problems, prevalent within the communities of its interacting
populations especially the Māori and Pasifika peoples and even to the population at large. The
following is an attempt to understand how and why particular research methods and methodologies
are utilized in evidence-based health care practice in the context of Aotearoa New Zealand.
1. Quantitative Research Methods
Application:
•Surveys and Epidemiological Studies: It is common to use quantitative methods, such as surveys or
cohort studies, to obtain information on health-related behaviours, the distribution of health states or
diseases in a population, and the efficacy of particular measures. For instance, the New Zealand Health
Survey gathers information about a population’s health and health-related practices, which is valuable
information for decision makers in the health care system (Ministry of Health, 2020).
Why:
•Generalizability: One of the advantages of quantitative research is the possibility of generalizing the
results to the larger population which is important in developing and implementing public health
strategies and any other health-related interventions.
•Statistical Analysis: These methods facilitate the application of statistical analysis in the detection of
patterns, correlations and other findings that support strategies that should be adopted throughout the
country.
[Link] Research Methods
Application:
• ICMs: In-depth interviews and focus groups are also qualitative methods that are usually employed to
understand patients’ experiences, views on health, and their accessibility to care. For example, in
examining the health of the Māori people, focus groups may be employed to examine the view of health
and wellbeing in the culture (Durie, 1998).
Why:
• Cultural Sensitivity: Being a cosmopolitan nation, especially in the case of New Zealand, qualitative
research is imperative in appreciating the different experiences and needs of various ethnicities mainly
the Māori and the Pasifika ethnicities. Such appreciation is critical in the provision of health services that
are of the patients’ cultures.
• Patient-Centered Care: Qualitative research is valuable for health care providers to learn about
patients’ values and preferences – a critical element of care that is centered on the patient.
3. Mixed Methods Research
Application:
• The Integration of the Quantitative and Qualitative Method: In New Zealand, mixed methods research
is becoming popular to address health issues than before. For instance, quantitative techniques may be
used to sample health outcomes by performing surveys while qualitative techniques will be utilized in
exploring the patients’ perspectives of a given treatment through in-depth interviews (Creswell & Plano
Clark, 2018).
Why:
• Broader scope: The integration of both qualitative and quantitative approaches to measurement
improves data collection and research on health problems especially those seeking to resolve the issues
of social determinants of health.
• Completeness: Using mixed methods, the results obtained from these studies can be cross-validat-ed
with other independent sources of data making the research findings more credible.
[Link] Studies and Evidence Mapping
Application:
• Aspects of Research evidence in Survey: Evidence mapping is the process of plotting the existing
evidence within a defined scope often in the form of a field map of a geographical region. Such maps of
the area under new zealand health quality aim at creating a country-wide effort to deploy quality health
care to the people of new zealand and their agencies (New Zealand Health Quality, 2011).
Why:
• Research Transfer to Clinical Practice: Functional healthcare practice relies on ensuring that all clinical
practices are informed by appropriate clinical guidelines supported by scientific evidence.
• Strategic Enabling Policy Development: Beyond that, the challenge of integrating health information
includes creating knowledge and access to evidence synthesis methodologies for health policymakers
and clinicians. These integrate systematic review methods and the development of clinical guidelines.
5. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) Application:
• Collaborative Research with Communities: Researchers have begun applying CBPR principles in New
Zealand for the involvement of the relevant population in the research work most especially for the
maori and pasifika peoples. The participatory approach is used by cognitive researchers focusing on
disparities in health and health care (Wallerstein & Duran, 2010).
Why
• Empowering for Purpose: CBPR helps in addressing the research purpose by incorporating the
communities in the study as the priorities and issues of the community will be dealt with in the research
and thus improve healthcare delivery in that community.
• Building Relationships: This is important, as many health initiatives, especially in the case of
communities that have suffered from long historical discrimination, particularly, a trust between
communities and researchers is very important.
conclusion
The research process in the context of healthcare practice can be defined as a framework for
development of evidence-based interventions directed towards better patient outcomes and overall
higher quality of care. This report has described and enumerated these eight steps that form up the
stages of research with the most stressing on each, to highlight its role in enabling the credibility of
research outcomes. Research activities such as identifying research problems, reviewing the existing
literature, developing research designs, and disseminating research findings are aimed at building a body
of knowledge, which according to some researchers, would guide interventionist practices those
concerns health care.
Given the fact that human activity is dynamic and constantly evolving, and social theories are subject to
change over time, the significance of conducting a literature review cannot be overstated. New research
is placed within a framework that existing research has explored, it outlines what already exists within
the subject and what does not, and helps in selecting the appropriate method of approach. Well-
designed literature reviews contribute to the overall quality of research by preventing unnecessary
research which would not be beneficial to the viewer as it has already been done previously.
Healthcare and medical practices depend on research methods, and the ethical considerations involved
in the implementation of such sources matter in the improvement of the status of evidence-based
practice. Researchers help in breaking the mold by inspiring teamwork that leads to such a health system
as will be able to serve the diverse needs of the people in Aotearoa New Zealand and other countries.
Due to the dynamic nature of healthcare, it will always remain a research-sensitive field concerned with
meeting new threats, enhancing care standards as well as ensuring that every community attains optimal
health care.
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