First-Order, Second-Degree Differential Equations

Version 3.1

Jonathan Winston L. Salvacion

August 24, 2024

Outline

Learning Objectives

Mathematical Formulation

Strategies for Solving 1O2D ODE’s

Solvable for dy /dx
Solvable for y
Solvable for x
Clairaut’s Equation

Closure
Learning Objectives
After this lecture, the student should be able to
1. Identify first-order, higher-degree ordinary differential
equations
2. Solve first-order, higher-degree ordinary differential equations
using one of four strategies discussed in this lecture
3. Model physical systems using first-order, second-degree
ordinary differential equations
Mathematical Formulation
Mathematical Formulation

 
dy
F x, y , =0
dx
Mathematical Formulation

 
dy
F x, y , =0
dx
In this lecture, we will focus on cases where the derivative is raised
to a power, and, in particular, the second power.
Mathematical Formulation

 
dy
F x, y , =0
dx
Examples (second-degree):
 2
dy dy
+2 +1 = 0
dx dx
 2
dy dy
x + (3x 2 − 1) +1 = 0
dx dx
dy √
= sin x
dx
Strategies for Solving 1O2D
ODE’s
 dy
Equations solvable for dx

The equation is of the form

 2
dy dy
a +b +c =0
dx dx

where a, b, c are integers.

 dy
Equations solvable for dx

The equation is of the form

 2
dy dy
a +b +c =0
dx dx

where a, b, c are integers.

The basic strategy is to find the roots of the equation

a(y ′ )2 + by ′′ + c = 0
dy
where y ′ = dx .
 dy
Equations solvable for dx

The equation is of the form

 2
dy dy
a +b +c =0
dx dx

where a, b, c are integers.

The solutions come from

y1′ = C1
y2′ = C2

or the combination
y1 y2 = C
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 1

Solve the differential equation

 2
dy dy
+ −6=0
dx dx
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 1

Solve the differential equation

 2
dy dy
+ −6=0
dx dx

This is equivalent to
  
dy dy
+3 −2 =0
dx dx
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 1

  
dy dy
+3 −2 =0
dx dx
The solutions are, therefore, obtained from
dy
= −3
dx
dy
= 2
dx
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 1

The solutions are, therefore, obtained from

dy
= −3
dx
dy
= 2
dx
These solutions are:

y = −3x + C1
y = 2x + C2
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 1

The solutions are, therefore, obtained from

dy
= −3
dx
dy
= 2
dx
These solutions are:

y = −3x + C1
y = 2x + C2

These solutions may be combined:

(−3x + C1 )(2x + C2 ) = 0
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 2

Solve the differential equation

 2
dy dy
+5 +3=0
dx dx
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 2

Solve the differential equation

 2
dy dy
+5 +3=0
dx dx

The roots are found using the quadratic formula:

p √
dy −5 ± 52 − 4(1)(3) −5 ± 13
= =
dx 2(1) 2
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 2

p √
dy −5 ± 52 − 4(1)(3) −5 ± 13
= =
dx 2(1) 2
The solutions are, therefore, obtained from
√
dy −5 + 13
=
dx 2√
dy −5 − 13
=
dx 2
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 2

The solutions are, therefore, obtained from

√
dy −5 + 13
=
dx 2√
dy −5 − 13
=
dx 2
These solutions are:
√ !
−5 + 13
y = x + C1
2
√ !
5 + 13
y = − x + C2
2
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 2

These solutions are:

√ !
−5 + 13
y = x + C1
2
√ !
5 + 13
y = − x + C2
2

These solutions may be combined:

" √ ! #" √ ! #
−5 + 13 5+ 13
x + C1 − x + C2 = 0
2 2
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 3

Solve the differential equation

 2
dy dy
+ (2x 2 + 3x) + 6x 3 = 0
dx dx
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 3

Solve the differential equation

 2
dy dy
+ (2x 2 + 3x) + 6x 3 = 0
dx dx

We may factor this equation as follow:

  
dy 2 dy
+ 2x + 3x = 0
dx dx
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 3

  
dy dy
+ 2x 2 + 3x =0
dx dx
The solutions are, therefore, obtained from
dy
= −2x 2
dx
dy
= −3x
dx
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 3

The solutions are, therefore, obtained from

dy
= −2x 2
dx
dy
= −3x
dx
These solutions are:
2
y = − x 3 + C1
3
3
y = − x 2 + C2
2
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Example 3

These solutions are:

2
y = − x 3 + C1
3
3
y = − x 2 + C2
2
These solutions may be combined:
  
2 3
− x 3 + C1 − x 2 + C2 = 0
3 2
or
 dy
Equations solvable for dx : Exercises

Solve the following and submit at the end of the exercise through
Blackboard:
1.  2
dy dy
−7 + 12 = 0
dx dx
2.  2
dy dy
x − (3x 2 − 1) − 3x = 0
dx dx
Equations solvable for y

In this case, the general equation

 
dy
f x, y , =0
dx

can be solved for y to give:

 
dy
y = g x, (1)
dx
Equations solvable for y

 
dy
y = g x, (1)
dx
Differentiating with respect to x,

dy d 2 y
 
dy
= h x, , 2
dx dx dx
Equations solvable for y

 
dy
y = g x, (1)
dx
Differentiating with respect to x,

dy d 2 y
 
dy
= h x, , 2
dx dx dx

and setting dy /dx = p,

 
dp
p = f2 x, p, (2)
dx
Equations solvable for y

 
dy
y = g x, (1)
dx
 
dp
p = f2 x, p, (2)
dx
Integrating this equation,

F (x, p, c) = 0 (3)
Equations solvable for y

 
dy
y = g x, (1)
dx
 
dp
p = f2 x, p, (2)
dx
Integrating this equation,

F (x, p, c) = 0 (3)

Elimination of p between Eqn. 1 and this equation gives a relation

between x, y , c which is the required general solution
Equations solvable for y : Example 1

Solve the differential equation

 2
dy
x +y =0
dx
Equations solvable for y : Example 1

Solve the differential equation

 2
dy
x +y =0
dx

Solving for y and differentiating with respect to x,

2
d 2y
  
dy dy dy
= −2x −
dx dx dx 2 dx
Equations solvable for y : Example 1

Solving for y and differentiating with respect to x,

2
d 2y
  
dy dy dy
= −2x −
dx dx dx 2 dx

Setting p = dy /dx,
dp
p = −2xp − p2
dx
Equations solvable for y : Example 1

Setting p = dy /dx,
dp
p = −2xp − p2
dx
or
dp dx
=−
p+1 2x
Equations solvable for y : Example 1

dp dx
=−
p+1 2x
This is integrated to give

(2x)(p + 1) = C ′

or
C
p= −1
x
Equations solvable for y : Example 1

This is integrated to give

(2x)(p + 1) = C ′

or
C
p= −1
x
Eliminating p between this equation and the differential equation
 2
dy
x +y =0
dx

gives  
1
y =C 2− −x
x
Equations solvable for y : Exercises

Solve the following and submit at the end of the exercise through
Blackboard:
1.  2
dy dy
x + x = 2y
dx dx
2.  2
dy dy
y = 2x +x
dx dx
Equations solvable for x

In this case, the general equation

 
dy
f x, y , =0
dx

can be solved for y to give:

 
dy
x = g y,
dx
Equations solvable for x

Differentiate the resulting equation

 
dy
x = g y,
dx

with respect to y .
Equations solvable for x

Differentiate the resulting equation

 
dy
x = g y,
dx

with respect to y .

Then substitute dx/dy = 1/p to give:

 
1 dp
= h y , p,
p dy
Equations solvable for x

If the integral relation between p and y can be obtained, the

elimination of p between the integral and the equation
 
dy
x = g y,
dx

will give a solution in x and y .

Equations solvable for x: Example 1

Solve the differential equation

 3
dy dy
y = 2x + y2
dx dx
Equations solvable for x: Example 1

Solve the differential equation

 3
dy dy
y = 2x + y2
dx dx

Solving for x
y − y 2 (y ′ )3
x=
2y ′
where y ′ = dy /dx. Differentiating with respect to y ,
h i
2y ′ 1 − 2y (y ′ )3 − 3y 2 (y ′ )2 dy ′ − 2[y − y 2 (y ′ )3 ] dy ′
dx dy dy
= ′ 2
dy 4(y )
Equations solvable for x: Example 1

Solving for x
y − y 2 (y ′ )3
x=
2y ′
where y ′ = dy /dx. Differentiating with respect to y ,
h i
2y ′ 1 − 2y (y ′ )3 − 3y 2 (y ′ )2 dy ′ − 2[y − y 2 (y ′ )3 ] dy ′
dx dy dy
= ′ 2
dy 4(y )
′
 
Substituting 1/p = dx/dy and noting that dy dy = d dy
dy dx = dy
dp

h i
dp dp
1 p 1 − 2yp 3 − 3y 2 p 2 dy − [y − y 2 p 3 ] dy
=
p 2p 2
Equations solvable for x: Example 1
 
dy ′ d dy dp
Substituting 1/p = dx/dy and noting that dy = dy dx = dy
h i
dp dp
1 p 1 − 2yp 3 − 3y 2 p 2 dy − [y − y 2 p 3 ] dy
=
p 2p 2
or
dp dp
2p = p − 2yp 4 − 3y 2 p 3 − [y − y 2 p 3 ]
dy dy
Simplifying,
dp
p(1 + 2yp 3 ) = −[2yp 3 + 1]y
dy
and
dp
p = −y
dy
Equations solvable for x: Example 1

dp dp
2p = p − 2yp 4 − 3y 2 p 3 − [y − y 2 p 3 ]
dy dy
Simplifying,
dp
p(1 + 2yp 3 ) = −[2yp 3 + 1]y
dy
and
dp
p = −y
dy
This is integrated to give

ln p + ln y = C ′

or
py = C
Equations solvable for x: Example 1
This is integrated to give

ln p + ln y = C ′

or
py = C
Eliminating p between this equation and the original differential
equation
 3
dy 2 dy
y = 2x +y
dx dx
gives
 3
C C
y = 2x + y 2
y y
or
y 2 = 2Cx + C 3
Equations solvable for x: Exercises

Solve the following and submit at the end of the exercise through
Blackboard:
1.  2
dy dy
+ xy 2 + y3 = 0
dx dx
2.  2
dy dy
x +y = 3y 4
dx dx
Clairaut’s Equation

Consider Clairaut’s equation:

 
dy dy
y =x +f
dx dx
Clairaut’s Equation

Consider Clairaut’s equation:

 
dy dy
y =x +f
dx dx

To solve, differentiate both sides with respect to x:

d 2y
  2
dy dy ′ dy d y
= +x 2 +f
dx dx dx dx dx 2
Clairaut’s Equation

Consider Clairaut’s equation:

 
dy dy
y =x +f
dx dx

To solve, differentiate both sides with respect to x:

d 2y
  2
dy dy dy d y
= +x 2 +f′
dx dx dx dx dx 2

Simplify to get:
d 2y
  
′ dy
0= x +f
dx 2 dx
Clairaut’s Equation
Consider Clairaut’s equation:
 
dy dy
y =x +f
dx dx

After simplification

d 2y
  
′ dy
0= x +f
dx 2 dx

Two cases arise:

1. General solution
d 2y
 
d dy
2
= =0
dx dx dx

2. Singular solution  
′ dy
x +f =0
dx
Clairaut’s Equation: General Solution

d 2y
For the general solution, dx 2
= 0, so:

dy
=c (constant)
dx
Clairaut’s Equation: General Solution

d 2y
For the general solution, dx 2
= 0, so:

dy
=c (constant)
dx
Substituting back into the original equation:

y = cx + f (c)
Clairaut’s Equation: General Solution

d 2y
For the general solution, dx 2
= 0, so:

dy
=c (constant)
dx
Substituting back into the original equation:

y = cx + f (c)

The general solution is:

y = cx + f (c)
Clairaut’s Equation: Singular Solution

For the singular solution, dy /dx is eliminated from the equations:

 
′ dy
x +f =0
dx

and the Clairaut equation

 
dy dy
y =x +f
dx dx
Clairaut’s Equation: Singular Solution

For the singular solution, dy /dx is eliminated from the equations:

 
′ dy
x +f =0
dx

and the Clairaut equation

 
dy dy
y =x +f
dx dx

This gives a solution which does not contain arbitrary constants.

Clairaut’s Equation: Singular Solution

For the singular solution, dy /dx is eliminated from the equations:

 
′ dy
x +f =0
dx

and the Clairaut equation

 
dy dy
y =x +f
dx dx

This gives a solution which does not contain arbitrary constants.

This solution cannot be obtained from the general solution.

Clairaut’s Equation: Singular Solution

For the singular solution, dy /dx is eliminated from the equations:

 
′ dy
x +f =0
dx

and the Clairaut equation

 
dy dy
y =x +f
dx dx

This gives a solution which does not contain arbitrary constants.

This solution cannot be obtained from the general solution.

The solutiion is said to be “singular”.

Clairaut Equation: Example 1

Solve the equation

y = px + 2p
where
dy
p=
dx
Clairaut Equation: Example 1

Solve the equation

y = px + 2p
where
dy
p=
dx
Differentiating with respect to x,
dy dp dp
=p+x +2
dx dx dx
Clairaut Equation: Example 1

Solve the equation

y = px + 2p
where
dy
p=
dx
Differentiating with respect to x,
dy dp dp
=p+x +2
dx dx dx
which simplifies to
dp
(x + 2) =0
dx
Clairaut Equation: Example 1
Solve the equation
y = px + 2p
where
dy
p=
dx
dp
(x + 2) =0
dx
The general solution is obtained from
dp
=0
dx
which yields p = c and the original equation becomes

y = cx + 2c
Clairaut Equation: Example 1

Solve the equation

y = px + 2p
where
dy
p=
dx
General solution:
y = cx + 2c
This is a family of straight lines whose y -intercept is twice the
slope.
Clairaut Equation: Example 1

Solve the equation

y = px + 2p
where
dy
p=
dx
dp
(x + 2) =0
dx
The singular solution is obtained from

x +2=0

which is
x = −2
Clairaut Equation: Example 1
Solve the equation
y = px + 2p
where
dy
p=
dx
The singular solution is obtained from

x +2=0

which is
x = −2
If this is substituted into the original equation

y = p(−2) + 2p = 0
Clairaut Equation: Example 1
The singular solution is the point (−2, 0). This point is the
intersection of all the lines y = cx + 2c).

y = 2x + 4

x
(-2, 0)

y = −x − 2
Clairaut Equation: Example 2

Solve the equation

y = px + p 2
where
dy
p=
dx
Clairaut Equation: Example 2

Solve the equation

y = px + p 2
where
dy
p=
dx
Differentiating with respect to x,
dy dp dp
=p+x + 2p
dx dx dx
Clairaut Equation: Example 2

Solve the equation

y = px + p 2
where
dy
p=
dx
Differentiating with respect to x,
dy dp dp
=p+x + 2p
dx dx dx
which simplifies to
dp
(x + 2p) =0
dx
Clairaut Equation: Example 2
Solve the equation
y = px + p 2
where
dy
p=
dx
dp
(x + 2p) =0
dx
The general solution is obtained from
dp
=0
dx
which yields p = c and the original equation becomes

y = cx + 2c 2
Clairaut Equation: Example 2

Solve the equation

y = px + p 2
where
dy
p=
dx
General solution:
y = cx + 2c 2
This is a family of straight lines whose y -intercept is square of the
slope.
Clairaut Equation: Example 2

Solve the equation

y = px + p 2
where
dy
p=
dx
dp
(x + 2p) =0
dx
The singular solution is obtained from

x + 2p = 0

which is
x = −2p
Clairaut Equation: Example 2
Solve the equation
y = px + p 2
where
dy
p=
dx
The singular solution is obtained from

x + 2p = 0

which is
x = −2p
If this is substituted into the original equation

x2
y = p(−2p) + p 2 = −p 2 = −
4
Clairaut Equation: Example 2

y =x+1

y = −2x + 4 −x2
y= 4
Clairaut Equation: Exercises
Find the general solutions of the following and submit at the end
of the exercise through Blackboard:
1.
y = xp + p 3
2.
y = xp + e p
3.
yp 2 + x 3 p = x y
(Hint: Substitute x 2 = u and y 2 = v .)
4.
p = sin(y − xp)
where
dy
p=
dx
Thank you!