Triangles
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Introduction
A polygon created by the intersection of three lines is known as a
triangle. The term "triangle" is derived from the prefix 'tri-'
meaning 'three.' A triangle is characterized by having three sides,
three angles, and three vertices.
Congruence of Triangles
Two triangles are said to be congruent when all three sides of one
triangle are equal in length to the corresponding sides of the
other triangle, and all three angles in one triangle are equal in
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measure to the corresponding angles in the other triangle
∆ ∆
C
A In the FDE and ABC,
D
FD↔ AB, DE ↔ BC and EF ↔ CA and F ↔ A, D
↔ B and E ↔ C
B ∆
So, FDE ≅∆ ABC
F
To show that two triangles are congruent, it's important to match up
their corners correctly when writing it down.
Note: In congruent triangles, the corresponding parts are
equal and are written as CPCT (Corresponding part of the
congruent triangle).
Criteria for Congruence of Triangles
(SAS congruence rule) Two triangles are congruent if two sides
and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the two sides
and the included angle of the other triangle
(ASA congruence rule) Two triangles are congruent if two angles
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and the included side of one triangle are equal to two
angles and the included side of other triangle
(AAS congruence rule) Two triangles are congruent if any
two pairs of angles and one pair of corresponding sides
are equal.
(SSS congruence rule) If three sides of one triangle are equal
tothe three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent.
(RHS congruence rule) If in two right triangles the
hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are equal to the
hypotenuse and one side of the other triangle, then the
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two triangles are congruent.
["RHS" stands for Right angle - Hypotenuse - Side]
Example: Line-segment AB is parallel to another line-segment CD. O is the
mid-point of AD (see Fig. 7.15). Show that (i) ∆AOB ≅ ∆DOC (ii)
O is also the mid-point of BC.
Solution: (i) Consider ∆ AOB and ∆ DOC.
∠ ABO =∠ DCO
(Alternate angles as AB || CD and
BC is the transversal)
∠ ∠
AOB = DOC (Vertically opposite angles)
∆
OA =OD (Given) Therefore, AOB ≅∆ DOC (AAS rule)
(ii) OB =OC (CPCT)
So, O is the mid-point of BC
Isosceles Triangle PROPERTY
A triangle in which two sides are equal is called an isosceles
triangle.
Theorem Angles opposite to equal sides of
an isosceles triangle are equal.
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Proof: We are given an isosceles triangle ABC in which AB = AC. We
need to prove that B = ∠ ∠ C.
Let us draw the bisector of∠ A and let D be the point of
∠
intersection of this bisector of A and BC (see Fig. above).
In ∆ BAD and ∆CAD,
AB =AC (Given)
∠
BAD = CAD ∠ (By
construction)
AD =AD (Common)
So, ∆
BAD CAD ≅∆ (By SAS
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rule)
So,∠ ∠
ABD = ACD, since they are corresponding angles of
congruent triangles.
So,∠ ∠
Theorem B = The
C sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
Har angle ek equilateral triangle mein 60° ka hota hai.
Example: In ∆ ABC, the bisector AD of ∠ A is perpendicular to side BC (see
Fig.) Show that AB = AC and ∆ ABC is isosceles.
Solution: In ∆ABD and ∆ACD, Note: Ek triangle ke interior
∠ BAD =∠ CAD (Given) angle ki measures hamesha 180
degree hota hai.
AD =AD (Common)
∠ ADB =∠ ADC = 90° (Given)
So, ∆ ABD ≅ ∆ ACD (ASA rule) So, AB =AC (CPCT) or,∆ ABC is an
isosceles triangle
Exemplar Problems
Question In triangles ABC and PQR, AB = PQ and AC = PR. State the
additional information needed to prove that triangles ABC and
PQR are congruent.
Solution: To prove triangles ABC and PQR are congruent by Side-Side-Side
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(SSS) axiom, we need to show one more corresponding side is
∠ ∠
equal. This could be either BC = QR or A = P.
Question The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4. Find all the
angles of the triangle.
Solution: The sum of angles in a triangle is always 180 degrees. Let the
angles be 2x, 3x, and 4x degrees.
Form the equation: 2x + 3x + 4x = 180° Combine like terms: 9x =
180° Solve for x: x = 20°
Now, find each angle by substituting x back into the expressions:
Angle A = 2x = 2 * 20° = 40°
Angle B = 3x = 3 * 20° = 60°
Angle C = 4x = 4 * 20° = 80°
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Question Construct an angle of 60° using ruler and compass.
Solution: Draw a line segment AB.
With center A and any convenient radius, draw a circle
intersecting AB at point C and D.
Again, with center C as the new center and the same radius
used earlier, draw another circle intersecting the first circle
at point E.
Join A and E with a straight line. Angle BAC is now 60°. (This
relies on the property of an equilateral triangle's angles
being all 60 degrees).
Question In triangle ABC, ∠B = 90° and BC = 5 cm. If the ratio of AC to
AB is 3:4, find the lengths of AC and AB.
Solution: Identify the relevant information: We are given that the
∠
triangle is right-angled ( B = 90°) and one leg (BC) has a
length of 5 cm. We are also given the ratio of the other two
sides (AC:AB = 3:4).
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Utilize the ratio: Since the ratio of AC to AB is 3:4, we can
represent their lengths as 3x and 4x respectively, where x is
an unknown variable.
Relate sides using Pythagoras Theorem: Since triangle ABC is
right-angled at B, we can apply the Pythagoras theorem: AB²
= AC² + BC²
Substitute the expressions we found for AC and BC:
(4x)² = (3x)² + 5²
4x² = 9x² + 25 (Expand the squares)
5 = 5x² (Combine like terms)
1 = x² (Solve for x)
x = 1 (Take the positive square root; negative side lengths aren't
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geometrically relevant)
Find the actual lengths:
Now that we know x = 1, we can find the actual lengths of AC
and AB:
AC = 3x = 3 * 1 = 3 cm
AB = 4x = 4 * 1 = 4 cm
Therefore, the length of AC is 3 cm and the length of AB is 4 cm.
NOTE : Worksheet [Important Questions Of All typology with
Answers) is provided as Seperate PDF on website [Link]