PHYSICAL SCIENCE Diurnal Notion

- daily revolution of the celestial spheres

Earth around celestial poles
- refers to a shape that looks like ball
- it is rotating and revolving Annual Motion
- it was tilted for about 23.5 degree - yearly movement of the stars around
celestial spheres.
Important Concepts of Earth
Precession
1. Celestial Sphere - occur every 26,000 years
- hollow sphere - it will eventually point to another stars
- where the earth, star, sun, and other - from Polaris to vega
heavenly bodies were embedded.
MODELS OF UNIVERSE
2. Ecliptic Plane
- path that the sun appears to take round Ancient Greeks
the celestial sphere. -​ Believed that earth’s shape is a
plane of disk.
3. Solstice
- two points on the ecliptic plane with the Phytagoras (500 B.C)
greatest distance from the celestial equator. -​ Proposed that the earth was round,
not flat.
1. Summer Solstice
Anaxagoras (500 - 400 B.C)
- found on northeast position
-​ First who observes the shape of
- longer days, shorter nights lunar eclipse
- June 20-22 -​ Proposed that the earth was circular.

2. Winter Solstice Aristotle (340 B.C)

- found on southernmost position -​ Proposed that the earth was
- shorter days, longer nights spherical.
- December 21-22
Position of the North Stars
-​ Was believed to be a fixed position
4. Equinox in the sky.
- derived from the two Latin words aequus -​ Greeks traveled to places near the
means night and nox means night. equator, like Egypt. They noticed
that the north star is closer in the
Vernal and Autumnal Equinox horizon.
- the sun is exactly above the equator
Disappearing Ships
- day and night are equal -​ Greeks observed that the ships
- march 20-21: vernal became smaller then its hull
- september 21: autumnal disappeared first before it sailed.
THE SIZE OF THE SPHERICAL EARTH with the planets moving in epicyclic
orbits within surrounding concentric
Eratosthenes spheres.
-​ He attempted to measure the
circumference of the Earth.
-​ Measures earth using stadia/stadium Nicolaus Copernicus
-​ Approximately 250,000 stadia -​ proposed a model that is similar to
the model proposed by Aristarchus,
Plato's “Saving the Appearances” with the Sun placed at the center.
-​ Fit the observation by data
-​ The theory of planetary motion
-​ The apparent motion ARISTOTELIAN VS GALILEAN
-​ He means to understand our
perceptions of reality by somehow
transforming into what we know to Motion
be true without violating any known -​ Is the action of changing location or
principles. positions.

Two Models of the Universe Force

-​ Strength or energy as an attribute
Geocentric action or movement.
-​ Geo means earth
-​ Earth is the center of the universe Projectile
-​ is any object thrown into space upon
Heliocentric which the only acting force is gravity.
-​ Helio means sun
-​ Sun is the center of the universe ARISTOTLE

Exodus of Cnidus Horizontal Motion (Violent Motion)

-​ proposed a model of the universe to -​ Requires force
explain the apparent opposite -​ Imposed motion
motion of some planets
-​ called retrograde motion. Vertical Motion (Natural Motion)
-​ Object will move and will return.
Aristotle -​ Objects seek their natural state.
-​ Believed that everything outside the
earth was perfect Projectile Motion
-​ According to him earth is the center -​ Parallel to the ground
of universe -​ Impetus is kept until is removed
-​ The “prime mover”, the largest
sphere, kept the stars moving in GALILEO
constant motion.
Horizontal Motion
Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) -​ Conducted an inclined plane
-​ Proposed another model where the experiment and concluded that no
whole universe moved about a fixed, force is applied to keep the object
stationary Earth. moving with constant velocity.
Vertical Motion
Ptolemaic System -​ Provided detailed analysis of the
-​ The theory that the earth is the way falling bodies gain speed.
stationary center of the universe, -​ All objects fall at the same rate
 regardless of their weight. 2. Law of Acceleration
-​ Second law of motion
Projectile Motion -​ Is directly proportional to the force
-​ shot from a cannonball is influenced exerted on the object and inversely
by two- motion that acts vertically proportional to the mass of the
and horizontally at the same time. object.
-​ The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the force
ACCELERATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE applied on the object.

3. Law of Action and Reaction

Velocity -​ Third law of motion
-​ Rate at which an object changes in -​ When an object is directly
position. proportional to the force applied on
-​ Indicates how fast an object the object.
changes in velocity.

Magnitude ​ THE DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT

-​ Amount or size of a quantity.
-​ Distance over time
Light
-​ Refers to the electromagnetic
LAW OF MOTION BY ISAAC NEWTON radiation that can be detected by the
human eye.
1. Law of Inertia -​ Dual nature meaning light behaves
-​ First law of motion like a particle and a wave.
-​ Existing state of matter, whether at -​ C = 3.0 x 10 = 300,000,00 m/s
rest or in uniform motion in a straight -​ 299,792,458 m/s
line.
-​ Unless a net force is applied to Electromagnetic Spectrum
change its state.
-​ The tendency of an object to resist 1. Radio Waves 4. Ultrawaves
changes in its state of motion. 2. Microwaves 5. X-rays
-​ “An object at rest or in motion will 3. Infrared 6. Gamma rays
stay at rest or in motion with
constant velocity unless acted upon
by a net external force” Electromagnetic
-​ Are waves that are made of electric
Net Force and magnetic field components.
-​ The sum of all the forces acting on -​ They do not need a medium to
the object is equal to zero thus, it is propagate, hence, they can travel
at rest or there is no change in its through space.
speed.
Louis de Broglie
Inertia and Mass -​ Louise postulated that if light with a
-​ Inertia depend on its mass wave phenomenon acts like a
-​ Implies that heavier objects are particle, then a particle may also
harder to move or when it is already have a wavelike behavior. (1994).
moving, it's hard to stop. -​ The wavelength of a particle is
related to Planck’s constant and
inversely proportional to its
 momentum.
2. Diffraction
Reflection -​ Spreading of light
-​ Is the bouncing of light -​ Smaller opening, greater diffraction
-​ The law of reflection states that the -​ Larger opening, lesser diffraction
angle of incidence, the angle of 3. Interference
reflection. -​ Combination of two or more waves
into one wave.
Refraction
-​ Is the bending of light
-​ Low refractive index to a medium SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY AND
with a higher refractive index, it ITS CONSEQUENCES
slows down and refracts closer to
the normal line. ●​ The theory of special relativity
-​ High refractive index to a medium explains the concepts of how space
with a lower refractive index, it and time are connected for objects
speeds up and refracts away to the that are moving at a constant speed
normal line. in a straight line.
●​ Includes objects moving at the
Transmission speed of light.
-​ Is the passing of light through a
material without being absorbed, Space
such as light passing through a -​ Vacuum
glass as transmitted light. -​ No matter
-​ Nothingness

Types of Transmission
Newtonian Mechanics
1.​ Transparent: clear -​ Newton’s first and second laws are
2.​ Translucent: blur of special concern with relativity.
3.​ Opaque: light can’t pass through -​ First Law: Law of Inertia and Second
Law: Law of Acceleration
-​ Newton also defined space and
time, taking both to be absolutes that
WAVE BEHAVIORS OF LIGHT are unaffected by anything external.
-​ Time, he wrote, “flows equably,”
while space “remains always similar
Dispersion and immovable.”
-​ Separation of white light into its
seven color components (ROYGBIV)
-​ Refraction or bending of light Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory
-​ Twice bending of light -​ The electromagnetic field moves
through space at a fixed speed.
1. Light Scattering -​ Scientists supposed that the light
-​ Absorbing light and scatter in all had to be transmitted through some
direction medium, which they called the ether.
-​ Small: short wavelength (orange, -​ At the present day, we all know that
red, yellow) no transmission medium is needed,
-​ Large: longer wavelength (blue,
and that light in space moves in a
indigo, violet)
vacuum.
Motion is Relative

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