Name:____________________________________Grade/Section:_________________________________Score:________
Science 9
Fourth Quarter
Learning Activity Sheets 5
SY 2023-2024
MELC: perform activities to demonstrate conservation of mechanical energy (S9FE-IVd-40).
Objectives:
1. trace and explain the energy transformations in various activities;
2. perform activities to demonstrate conservation of mechanical energy;
3. ascertain that the total mechanical energy remains the same during any process.
What’s In
Energy can either be potential or kinetic energy. Potential energy refers to stored energy while kinetic energy is energy in
motion. Let us answer the activity given below.
Activity 1: Potential versus Kinetic Energy
Objective: Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy.
Activity 2: Forms of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy.
Objective: Define and enumerate the forms of potential and kinetic energy.
Direction: Match column A with the correct answer on column B, write only the letter of answer on the blank provided at the
right side of each number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
______ 1. Chemical A. Energy of moving particle
______ 2. Gravitational B. Form of energy we can hear
______ 3. Elastic C. Energy of particles moving through a wire
______ 4. Nuclear D. Energy stored in food, fuel
______ 5. Electrical E. Energy stored in objects that are stretched
______ 6. Radiant F. Energy stored in an object when it is above the earth’s surface
______ 7. Thermal G. Energy of moving objects
______ 8. Wave H. The transport and capture of energy by ocean surface waves
______ 9. Motion I. Energy of electromagnetic waves
______ 10. Sound J. Energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom
Activity 3: Energy Transformation
Objective: Identify forms of energy transformation.
Direction: Name the energy transformations of each illustration. Select your answer in the box.
WORD BANK
Chemical Electrical Light
Potential Sound Mechanical
Thermal Kinetic Solar
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1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________
__
4. __________________ 5. __________________ 6. __________________
7. __________________
8. __________________ 9. __________________
What is it
Mechanical Energy Rules! (Of forms and transformations…)
Energy is the name of the game. Everything exists or cease to exist because of its presence or absence. It is stored in different
forms and can transform and/or transfer. It can be transformed without being transferred, or it can be transformed during transfers. It
can be transferred without being transformed.
In general, mechanical energy is the energy acquired by objects upon which work is done. Mechanical energy can be either
kinetic energy known as energy of motion or potential energy known as stored energy of position. There are two categories of
mechanical energy namely:
Mechanical Potential and Kinetic Energy Equations
POTENTIAL ENERGY
where
PEgrav = gravitational potential energy
PEgrav = mgh m = mass of object g = acceleration due to gravity h = height or elevation difference
where
PEelas = 𝟏𝟐kx2 PEelas = elastic potential energy
k = spring constant
x = compression or extension length
KINETIC ENERGY
where
KE = kinetic energy
mv v = velocity of the object
PEelas = 𝟏𝟐2 m = mass of the object
Energy Transformations
We can see evidences and a variety of uses of the different energy forms in the environment. Its flow causes change through
heat and work.
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Be it energy moving through the food chain or an electric power plant, energy can never be created from nothing nor can it
be destroyed into nothing. Energy is simply transformed from one form to another or transferred from one system to another. It flows
from one source (serving as input system) into an output system during transfers and/or transformations.
[Link]
Figure 1. Energy transformation in a lit electric lamp
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[Link] Figure 3. During photosynthesis, the Figure 2. In a plugged television, electrical sun’s radiant energy is
converted to energy is converted into sound energies. radiant, heat and chemical energy.
Study the examples of energy transformations that are shown in Figures 1-3. Use your understanding of the labeled
illustrations as guide for doing the next activity.
What’s More Activity 4: Little Shop of Toys
(visit [Link] to better understand the activity)
Objective: Identify the energy forms present in the operation of simple toys, and describe the energy transformations in the toys.
Materials friction toy car flashlight with battery
Procedure
1. Operate each toy and observe closely what causes it to start and stop moving.
2. For each toy, identify all forms of energy involved in the process.
3. Trace the energy transformations by sketching and labeling the toy while in motion. Write your answer based on the
given example below.
Example: Cellphone
Chemical + electricity light, sound, heat & chemical energy
a. Friction toy car (5 points)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________.
b. Flashlight with battery (5 points)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________.
Guide Questions:
1. What does the toy car or object do? (5 points)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________.
2. What energy changes take place as this toy or object operates? (5 points)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________.
To sum up, when you made each object operate in the activity and set the object to move. Therefore, the physics behind the
objects caused transformations of mechanical energies from potential to kinetic or from kinetic to potential.
Now, observe the energy transformation shown in figure 4.
[Link] KineticEnergy +Kinetic Energy + Sound Energy
1
Sound Energy
[Link]
Gravitational
Potential Energy
Chemical energy Work and Heat
[Link]
1 Energy Out
Energy in
Figure 4. Energy transformations in the Filipino traditional game “sipa”.
You have just identified the different energy forms and their changes in simple objects. Indeed, when these energies got transferred or
transformed, work and heat plus other energy forms were produced like sound or light. Some of these energies can also be stored in
other forms.
Now ponder on these questions. What can be the similarities of the mechanical energy forms present in a stretched bowstring
and an elevated volume of water? What is mechanical work done by the transformations of these mechanical energies?
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Figure 6. Comparison of mechanical energy in a stretched bow and a waterfalls.
There are two main types of potential energy, namely gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Gravitational
potential energy is energy in an object that is held in a vertical position and is due to the force of gravity working to pull it down. Elastic
potential energy is energy stored in objects that can be stretched or compressed, like trampolines, rubber bands, and bungee cords.
What I Have Learner
Activity 5: The Energy that I Know
Let us check what you have learned about mechanical energy through completing the checklist below.
Direction: Check (✓) the appropriate column which refers to the forms of potential and kinetic energy.
SITUATION POTENTIAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY
1. I was hammering the nail.
2. The Bowling ball hits the bowling pins.
3. Compressed spring of a dart gun.
4. He is riding a bicycle.
5. I am listening to music.
6. I was sharpening a pencil.
7. I am typing on a keyboard.
8. I am using kitchen appliances.
9. I am turning a doorknob.
10. Exercising.
You did it! Keep up the good work. This would help you understand mechanical energy. There's more that you can do.
Mechanical Energy Conservation
In a typical actual Hydroelectric Power (HEP) plant, the turbines are fixed, and so the tailwater level is constant. Only the
headwater level from the reservoir varies depending on the water that got stored. The water that flows out of the reservoir at height h
from the base loses gravitational potential energy that is equal to the product of the weight of the water above the exit level (mg) and
the head of flow H = hw – ht.
In equation,
PE = Pet – Pew = mg(-H).
Neglecting friction and external forces, this loss in potential energy is
gained as kinetic energy of the spurting water
KE = KEt – Kew = 1/2 mv2.
In equation,
-mgh = ½mv2
- ΔPE = ΔKE or
0 = ΔKE + ΔPE
Figure 7. Illustration set -up for HEP water
reservoir model quantitative analysis This is the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy.
A typical Hydroelectric Power Plant has three main parts as
shown below:
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Three main parts of a typical Hydroelectric Power Plant
1. The water reservoir – it is where the water is stored
2. The dam – Opens and closes to control the flow of the water
3. The power plant – where the electricity is generated
Just like the stretched bowstring and elevated waterfalls, the stored water in the reservoir has potential energy. When water is
made to flow down the penstock, the potential energy changes into kinetic energy.
The power of the rushing water spins the turbine, which in turn spins the coils of wire inside a ring of magnets: thus, generating
electricity.
On the other hand, a faster flow carries greater power, exerting a greater force in rotating the turbine.
How would you compare the total energy of the biker locations T, O, and P?
Figure 9. Biker’s mechanical energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Let us now examine what happens to the mechanical energy of a roller coaster from Figure 9 below if the cart moves
from positions H to O, the potential energy decrease since its height decreases. On the other hand, its speed increases as it
moves down; thus, its kinetic energy increases. From point O to P, it gains back its potential energy since it is moving up at higher
elevation. In contrast, its kinetic energy decreases as it moves up because it slows down. This exchange of potential and kinetic
energy is known as mechanical energy.
Figure 10. Conservation of Mechanical Energy in a Roller Coaster
Well, at the top of the hill, the car is stationary, so as the car begins to move down the hill, the potential energy begins to be
converted to kinetic energy. The car gathers speed until it reaches back on top of the other side of the hill and converts the
gained kinetic energy back to potential energy. Ignoring frictional force, the total mechanical energy, which is the sum of its
kinetic and potential energies, remains constant at all points of the track. In equation for
MET1 = MET2 = MET3 = …
PE1 + KE1 = PE2 +KE2 = PE3 +KE3 = …
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To confirm further the transformation between potential energy and kinetic energy, analyze the given problem below:
Consider a 1 kg stone dropped on top of a hill and reached the ground after 3s. From your concept of free fall, the height of
the hill can be computed using the formula h= ½ agt2 and vf = agt since vi = 0
Now let us determine what happens to the free-falling object's kinetic energy and potential energy
Figure 11. A dropped stone. At t=0 s, the object is 44.1 m from the ground. Using
the equations for Potential Energy, we have
PE =mgh
=(1kg) (9.8 m/s2) (44.1 m)
= 432.19 J
The Kinetic Energy at t = 0 s is,
KE = ½ mv2
KE = ½ (1kg) (0)2
KE = 0
The Total Mechanical Energy of the free falling object at t = 0s is
MET = PE + KE
= 432.18 J + 0
= 432.18 J
At t = 1 s, the Potential Energy is,
PE =mgh
PE = (1kg) (9.8 m/s2) (44.1 m – 4.9m)
PE = (9.8 kg m/s2) (39.2 m)
PE = 384.16 J
The Kinetic Energy at t = 1 s is,
KE = ½ mv2
KE= ½ (1kg) (9.8m/s2)
KE = 48.02 J The Total Mechanical Energy is:
MET = PE + KE
MET = 384.16 J + 48.02 J
MET = 432.18 J
Following the steps in getting the Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy for t= 0 s and t = 1 s, answer the next activity below.
What I Can Do
Activity 6: Mechanical Energy of a Free Falling Body
Objective: At the end of the activity the students should be able to calculate for the time (t), height (h), velocity (v) in
relation to potential energy (PE), kinetic energy (KE) and total mechanical energy (TME).
Direction: Complete the table below.
Summary of the Mechanical Energy of a Free Falling Body
Total
Potential Kinetic Mechanical
Velocity, v
Time, t (s) Height h (m) Energy, PE Energy, KE Energy
(m/s)
(J) (J) MET =PE +KE
(J)
0 44.1 0 832.18 0 432.18
1 39.2 9.8 384.16 48.02 432.18
2 1.) 2.) 3.)
__________ __________ __________ 4.) __________ 5.) __________
3 6.) 7.) 8.) 9.) __________ 10.) __________
__________ __________ __________
Asessment
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space before the number.
___1. Which event does NOT describe potential energy being changed into kinetic energy?
A. A box sliding down a ramp.
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B. A mango falling from a crate.
C. A pen spring being compressed.
D. A stretched rubber band got loosened.
___2. Which among the forms of energy is considered a potential energy?
A. Chemical energy
B. Radiant energy
C. Sound energy
D. Thermal energy
___3. What is the energy of a motorcycle moving slowly at the top of a hill?
A. Entirely gravitational
B. Entirely kinetic
C. Entirely potential
D. Both kinetic and potential
___4. Which of the following happens to a coconut that falls freely?
A. Loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy
B. Loses both potential energy and kinetic energy
C. Gains potential energy and loses kinetic energy
D. Gains both potential energy and kinetic energy
___5. A picture frame falls off the wall. Considering the presence of air, how does the kinetic energy (KE) just before striking the
floor compare to the potential energy (PE) at its hanging point?
A. KE is equal to PE.
B. KE is greater than PE.
C. KE is less than PE
D. It is impossible to tell.
___6. What type of energy is contained in a tank of gasoline?
A. Chemical
B. Electrical
C. Mechanical
D. Thermal
___7. What is the energy transformation that occurs in a ceiling fan?
A. Electrical to chemical
B. Mechanical to electrical
C. Electrical to mechanical
D. Mechanical to thermal
___8. The wind-up toy that is fully wound and at rest possesses __________.
A. Kinetic but no potential energy
B. Potential but no kinetic energy
C. Both potential and kinetic energy in equal amounts
D. Neither potential nor kinetic energy
E.
___9. Stored energy is
A. Friction
B. Gravitational energy
C. Kinetic energy
D. Potential energy
___10. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential energy to kinetic energy?
A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow,
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.
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