Lesson 4: Three Phase Circuits

ET 332b
EEE 302: Electrical Circuit II

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Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:

 Identify circuit impedances, voltages and currents using the double subscript notation.
 Familiar with different three-phase configurations.
 Know the difference between balanced and unbalanced circuits.
 Perform calculations on wye and delta connected three-phase sources and loads.
 Learn about power in a balanced three-phase system.
 Know how to analyze unbalanced three-phase systems.

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Double Subscript Notation
Sources and voltage drops are defined by the terminal letter. Voltage drop
and polarity defined by order of subscripts

a b

+ +
Van Vbn
- -

n n

Voltages considered positive if first node subscript is higher

potential than second node subscript
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Double Subscript Notation

Identify current flow from point b to c

Vbc
+ - Vcb=-Vbc

Ibc

Vbc
I bc  Vbc = difference in potential between points b and c. If
Z bc voltage at point b is taken as the reference point, then the
polarity is reversed.
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Three Phase Power Systems

Fig. 4.1: Single phase systems two-wire type

Fig. 42: Single phase systems three-wire type.

Fig. 4.3: Two-phase three-wire system.

Fig. 4.4: Three-phase four-wire system.
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Three Phase Power Systems
 An AC generator designed to develop a single sinusoidal voltage for each rotation of the shaft (rotor) is referred
to as a single-phase AC generator. If the number of coils on the rotor is increased in a specified manner, the
result is a Polyphase AC generator, which develops more than one AC phase voltage per rotation of the rotor.

Fig. 4.6: Voltages having 120 phase

Fig. 4.5: A Three-phase Generator.
difference.

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Q01: Why three-phase systems are preferred over single-
phase systems for the transmission of power ?
Answer:
1. When one phase or two-phase inputs are required, they are taken from the three-phase system
rather than generated independently.
2. The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant (not pulsating). This result in
uniform power transmission and less vibration of three-phase machines.
3. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same voltage, which reduces
the amount of copper required (typically about 25% less).
4. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be less massive and
farther apart.
5. In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are essentially self-starting and do
not require a special design or additional starting circuitry.
Balanced three-phase voltage sources
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with each other by 120˚.

Characteristics: Three phasor voltages

Equal voltage magnitudes
Phase shift equally spaced 120 degrees apart

Time equations for balanced three-phase voltage sources

v an ( t )  Vp  sin( 2  f  t  0 )
v bn ( t )  Vp  sin( 2  f  t  120 )
v cn ( t )  Vp  sin( 2  f  t  240 )

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 Balanced three-phase voltage sources

Neutral Wire

Fig. 4.7: Wye Connected Source. Fig. 4.8: Positive or abc phase sequence.

Fig. 4.8: Delta Connected Source.

9 Fig. 4.9: Negative or acb phase sequence.
 Three-Phase Source Connections
 Phase voltages are: Wye – Connected, three-phase 3f sources In wye connection:
V an  V p 0 IL=Ip
Ic +
V bn  V p   120 Where:
+ Vcn Vca IL = line current
V cn  V p   240 c
- Van
Ip= phase current
The three conductors n a
n Vbc
connected from a, b and c - + Ia +
are called LINES. b + -
Vbn Vab
 The voltage from one line
to another is called a LINE Ib +
voltage
 Line voltages are: Vab, Vbc Determine the relationship between the magnitude and phase shift of
and Vca each source voltage and the current and voltage at the terminals of the
connection

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Wye Connected Sources
Voltage relationships Line-to-line voltage phasors In balanced systems V an  V bn  V cn

V ab  V an  V nb  V an  V bn
Vca -Vbn
 VP 0  VP   120 Vcn Vab
1 3
 VP (1 j )
2 2
 3VP 30 -Van Van

Similarly
V bc  V bn  V cn Vbn -Vcn

 3V p   90
Perform phasor subtraction
to find the values V ca  V cn  V an Vbc

 3V p   210 Fig. 4.10: Phasor diagram of Y-connected

source in abc sequence.

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Wye Connected Sources
Vca -Vbn
Wye connected line voltage magnitudes
Vcn Vab
V ab  3.V p  3  V an V ab  3VP 30
30°
-Van Van V bc  3  V bn V bc  3V p   90
-90° V ca  3  V cn V ca  3V p   210
Vbn -Vcn
Phase shifts
Line-to-line (line) voltages lead phase
Vbc voltages by 30 degrees for CCW rotation

Rotation Vab  Vab30 Vbc  Vbc   90 Vca  Vca  210

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 Delta Connected Sources
 Phase voltages are: Phase voltages are equal to line-to-
V ab  V p 0 line voltages in delta connections

V bc  V p   120 V LL  V ab  V P
Vp
V ca  V p   240 VLL Where: VLL = line-to-line voltage
The three conductors Vp = phase voltage
connected from a to A, b
to B and c to C are called So V ab  V bc  V ca
LINES. Ibc

 The voltage from one line To find relationship between phase

to another is called a LINE and line currents, perform KCL at
voltage every corner node
 Line voltages are: Vab, Vbc
and Vca
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 Delta Connected Sources
Current relationships between line and phase For node B Since, I ca  I ab   240
I bc  Iab  I b  0
I a  I ab  I ca
I bc  Iab  I b
 I ab (1  1  240)
For node A
 I ab (1  0.5  j 0.866)
I ab  I ca  I a  0
 I ab 3  30
I ab  I ca  I a
Phasor subtraction gives the
For node C
Ibc current magnitude
Ica  I bc  Ic  0 𝐼𝐿 = 3 𝐼𝑃
Ica  I bc  Ic Where:
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑎ҧ = 𝐼𝑏ҧ = 𝐼𝑐ҧ
ҧ = 𝐼𝑏𝑐
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝑃 = 𝐼𝑎𝑏 ҧ = 𝐼𝑐𝑎ҧ

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Delta Connected Sources
Phasor diagram of delta currents
Line current phasors lag phase
Iab  Ica  Ia currents by 30 degrees in balanced
delta connection
Rotation
I L  3  I p   30
-30°

Above hold for all phases with

Ip as reference phasor

Ica  I bc  Ic I bc  Iab  I b
Fig. 4.11: Phasor diagram of delt connected source in abc sequence.

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Q02: Determine the relationship between phase voltage and line voltage of a
balanced wye connected source. Also draw the phasor diagram. Assume that the
phase sequence is positive.
Answer: Follow the slide no. 11

Q02: For a positive phase sequence, determine the relationship between phase
current and line current of a balanced delta connected source. Also draw the
phasor diagram.
Answer: Follow the slide no. 14 & 15
 Balanced three-phase Loads
 A Balanced load has equal impedances on all the phases.

Y   Conversion   Y Conversion
Z Z  Z 2 Z 3  Z 3 Z1 Zb Zc
Za  1 2 Z1 
Z1 Z a  Zb  Zc
Z1Z 2  Z 2 Z 3  Z 3 Z1
Zb  Za Zc
Fig. 4.12: (a) Wye-connected load and (b) Delta-connected load Z2 Z2 
Z a  Zb  Zc
Z1Z 2  Z 2 Z 3  Z 3 Z1
 Balanced Impedance Conversion: Zc  Z a Zb
Z3 Z3 
Z a  Zb  Zc
1
Z   3Z Y ZY  Z 
3
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Three-phase Connections

We have 4 possible connection types.

• Y-Y connection (i.e. ,Y-connected source with a Y-connected load).
• Y-Δ connection.
• Δ-Δ connection.
• Δ-Y connection.
 Balanced Δ connected load is more common.
 Y connected sources are more common.

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Y-Y connection

Line current In add up to zero.

Neutral current is zero:
In= -(Ia+ Ib+ Ic)= 0

 Magnitude of line voltages is √3 times

the magnitude of phase voltages. VL= √3 Vp

Fig. 4.13: Y-connected source with Y-connected load.

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Y-Δ connection

 Three phase sources are usually Wye connected

and three phase loads are Delta connected.
 There is no neutral connection for the Y-∆ system.

V I a  I AB  I CA  I AB 3  30
I AB  AB
Z I b  I BC  I AB  I BC 3  30
VBC I c  I CA  I BC  I CA 3  30
I BC 
Z
VCA I L  I a  Ib  Ic Fig. 4.14: Y-connected source feeding a delta connected load.
I CA 
Z
I p  I AB  I BC  I CA
I L  3I p
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Y-Δ connection

Solution:

𝐼𝑎ҧ = 𝐼𝐴𝐵
ҧ − 𝐼𝐶𝐴
ҧ
= 19.36∠13.43° − 19.36∠133.43°
𝑉ത𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉ത𝑎𝑛 + 𝑉ത𝑛𝑏 = 𝑉ത𝑎𝑛 + 𝑉ത𝑏𝑛 = 35.53∠ − 16.57°𝑉
= 100∠10° − 100∠10° − 120° = 173.2∠40°𝑉
𝑉ത𝐴𝐵 = 173.2∠40°𝑉

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Δ-Δ connection
 Both the source and load are
Delta connected and balanced.

VAB V V
I AB  , I BC  BC , I CA  CA
Z Z Z

Fig. 4.15: Delta-connected source with a delta connected load.

I a  I AB  I CA , I b  I BC  I AB , I c  I CA  I BC
Δ-Y connection

Fig. 4.16: Delta-connected source with a Y-connected load.

 Trigonometric identity
1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
Power in a balanced system
2
cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

For a Y-connected load, let phase voltages are:

If 𝑍𝑌 = 𝑍∠𝜃, the phase currents lag behind

their corresponding phase voltages by 𝜃.Thus,

𝑝 = 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 cos 𝜃
Here, 𝑉𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑝 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 The important consequences of the instantenous power
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎g𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡. equation of a balanced three phase system are:
The total instantaneous power in the load,
The instantaneous power is not function of time.
The total power behaves similar to DC power.
This result is true whether the load is Y or ∆ connected.
The average power per phase is obtained as
𝑃
𝑃𝑝 = = 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 cos 𝜃
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Power in a balanced system
p  3V p I p cos  (Total Instantenous Power) Sp  Pp  jQp  Vp Ip Complex power for each phase
1 S=P  jQ  3Sp  3Vp Ip
Pp = p  V p I p cos  (Average Power per phase) Total Complex power for three phase
3
1 P  Pa  Pb  Pc  3Pp  3Vp I p cos   3VL I L cos 
Qp = p  V p I p sin  (Reactive Power per phase)
3 Q  Qa  Qb  Qc  3Qp  3Vp I p sin   3VL I L sin 
S p  Vp I p (Apparent Power per phase)
 3Vp 2
Sp  Pp  jQp  Vp I p Complex power for each phase S=3Sp  3Vp Ip  3I p 2 Z p  Total complex power

Zp
V p and I p refer to magnitude values whereas S  P  jQ  3VL I L  Total complex power using line values
Vp and Ip refer to phasor values (Both magnitude and phase) Vp , I p ,VL and I L are all rms values,  is the load impedance angle
Relationship between Phase and Line
 Notice the values of Vp, VL, Ip, IL for different load connections.

VL  3 Vp IL  I p VL Vp IL  3 I p

Ip
Ip Vp Vp Vp
VL VL
VL VL
Vp Vp Ip
Ip

Ip Ip
VL Vp
VL

Y connected load. Δ connected load.

Example 1: Text _ Fundamental of Electric Circuits (Sadiku)
Example 1: (Continued)
Example 1: (Continued)
Example 1: (Continued)
Example 2:
 End Lesson 4: Three Phase Circuits

EEE 203: Electrical Circuit II

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