Electromagnetic Induction 1

S N

Magnetic Flux.
The total number of magnetic lines of force passing normally through an area placed in a
magnetic field is equal to the magnetic flux linked with that area. ^
dA 
  B
For elementary area dA of a surface flux linked d   B dA cos  or d   B  d A 
 

So, Net flux through the surface   B  d A  BA cos θ

For N-turns coil  = NBA cos

(1) Unit and Dimension
Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity it’s S.I. unit is weber (wb), CGS unit is Maxwell or Gauss ×
N  m Joule Volt  Coulomb
cm2; 1 wb  10 8 Maxwell . Other units : Tesla × m2     Volt  sec = Ohm ×
Amp Amp Amp
Coulomb = Henry × Amp. It’s dimensional formula [] = [ML2T–2A–1]
(2) Maximum and Zero flux
If  = 0o, i.e. plane is held perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field then flux from
the surface is maximum and if   90 o i.e. plane is held parallel to the direction of magnetic
field then flux linked with the surface is zero.

B ^
dA 
B
^
dA

 max  BA  0

 = 0o  = 90o

Note :  In case of a body present in a field, either uniform or non-uniform, outward flux is
taken to be positive while inward negative and Net flux linked with a closed
 

surface is zero i.e.   B  ds  0
B
^
dA ^
dA
2
 in  R B
 out  R
2
B
Total = 0

Specific example

Let at a place B  B0ˆi (with usual notations). Then flux for the following cases
y y y

x x x

z z z
2 Electromagnetic Induction
  
A  A kˆ A  Aˆi A  Aˆj
     
  B  A  (B0ˆi )  Akˆ  0   B  A  (B0ˆi )  Aˆi  B0 A   B  A  (B0ˆi )  Aˆj  0

(3) Variation of magnetic flux

We know that magnetic flux linked with an area A is  = BA cos i.e.  will change if either B, A
or  will change
Flux changes Flux not changes

v v
v
S N B S N
A B
A

x x
Flux changes as B
   changes
   

      

l A v S N B
      

      

Flux changes as area (swept by rod) x

changes

     

     
 A v
B
     


A      

Flux changes as  In all these three cases flux  will not change
changes
because B, A and  doesn’t change with time

Faraday’s Experiment and Laws.

(1) First experiment
A coil is arranged to link some of the magnetic flux from a source S. If relative motion
occurs between coil and source S such that flux linked with the coil changes, a current is
induced in it.
v v
Source Source

S N S N

Flux Flux
increasing decreasing

(2) Second experiment

Two coils are arranged so that a steady current flows in one and some of its magnetic flux
links with the other. If the current in the first coil changes a current is induced in the second.
 Electromagnetic Induction 3

Main Induced
current current
increasi
ng
I II
coil coil

(3) Faradays first law

Whenever the number of magnetic lines of force (magnetic flux) passing through a circuit
changes (or a moving conductor cuts the magnetic flux) an emf is produced in the circuit (or
emf induces across the ends of the conductor) called induced emf. The induced emf persists only
as long as there is change or cutting of flux.
(4) Faradays second law
d
The induced emf is given by rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit i.e. e   .
dt
N d
For N turns e   ; Negative sign indicates that induced emf (e) opposes the change of flux.
dt
(i) Other forms : We know that  = BA cos ; Hence  will change if either, B, A or  will
change
d N ( 2  1 ) NA(B 2  B1 ) cos  NBA (cos  2  cos  1 )
So e   N   
dt t t t

Note :  Term B 2  B1  rate of change of magnetic field, it’s unit is Tesla/sec

t
e N d
(ii) Induced current : If circuit is closed, then induced current is given by i    . ;
R R dt
where R is the resistance of circuit
dq
(iii) Induced charge : If dq charge flows due to induction in time dt then i  ;
dt
N
dq  i dt    d i.e. the charge induced does not depend on the time interval in which flux
R
through the circuit changes. It simply depends on the net change in flux and resistance of the
circuit.
(iv) Induced power : It exists when the circuit is open or closed
N 2  d 
2
e2
P  ei   i2 R    .
R R  dt 
It depends on time and resistance
(5) Induced electric field
It is non-conservative and non-electrostatic in nature. Its field lines are concentric circular
dB
closed curves. A time varying magnetic field always produced induced electric field in all
dt
 
space surrounding it. Induced electric field is directly proportional to induced emf so e  Ein  d l


here Ein  induced electric field ……(i)
d
Also Induced emf from Faraday laws of EMI e   ……(ii)
dt
4 Electromagnetic Induction
  d

From (i) and (ii) e  Ein.d l  
dt
This is known as integral form of Faraday’s laws of EMI.

dB/dt in cylindrical  

space 
B(t  P
 
  
)   r
  
     
      
  Concentric circular field 
  
lines of induced electric 
a
field existing everywhere  
 
inside and outside of
cylindrical space

A uniform but time varying magnetic field B(t) exists in a circular region of radius ‘a’ and is
directed into the plane of the paper as shown, the magnitude of the induced electric field (Ein)
at point P lies at a distance r from the centre of the circular region is calculated as follows.
  d dB dB a 2 dB 1
So  Eind l  e 
dt
A
dt
i.e. E(2r)  a 2
dt
where r  a or E 
2r dt
; E in 
r
(6) Change in induced parameter (e, i and q) with change in 
Suppose a coil having N turns, area of each turn is A placed in a transverse magnetic field B
such that it’s plane is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field i.e. initially 1 = 0o. If R is
the resistance of entire circuit and 1 = NBA cos 0o = NBA, is initial flux linked with the coil
then.
Change Final flux Change in Time Induced Induced Induce
(2) flux taken emf current d
  ( 2  1 )  e charge
(t)
e i
t R q  it

Coil turn through 180o – NBA – 2NBA t 2 NBA 2 NBA 2 NBA

(end to end) t Rt R
Turn through 90o Zero – NBA t NBA NBA NBA
t Rt R
Taken out of the field Zero – NBA t NBA NBA NBA
t Rt R

Concepts

 If a bar magnet moves towards a fixed conducting coil, then due to the flux changes an emf, current and charge
induces in the coil. If speed of magnet increases then induced emf and induced current increases but induced
charge remains same. v1 i1 v2 (> v1) i2

S N S N
 Electromagnetic Induction 5

Induced parameter : e1, i1, q1 Induced parameter : e2 (> e1), i2( > i1), q2 (= q1)

 Can ever electric lines of force be closed curve ? Yes, when produced by a changing magnetic field.
 It should be kept in mind that the total induced emf in a loop is not confined to any particular point but it is
distributed around the loop in direct proportion to the resistance of it's parts.

Example
s
Example: 1 A coil of area A = 0.5 m2 is situated in a uniform magnetic field B = 4.0 wb/m2 and area
vector makes an angle of 60o with respect to the magnetic field as shown in figure. The
value of the magnetic flux through the area A would be equal to
(a) 2 weber A

B
(b) 1 weber
60
(c) 3 weber o
n̂
3
(d) weber
2
Solution: (b) Angle between normal to the plane of the coil and direction of magnetic field is  = 60o
 Flux linked with coil  = BA cos = 4.0 × 0.5 × cos 60o   = 1 weber
Example: 2 A coil of N turns and area A is rotated at the rate of n rotations per second in a magnetic
field of intensity B, the magnitude of the maximum magnetic flux will be
(a) NAB (b) nAB (c) NnAB (d) 2nNAB

Solution: (a) Since  = NBA cos ; For  to be maximum; cos = max = 1 so max = NBA.

Example: 3 A square coil of 10–2 m2 area is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of
intensity 103 wb/m2. The magnetic flux through the coil is [MP PMT 1990, 2001]

(a) 10 weber (b) 10–5 weber (c) 105 weber (d) 100 weber
Solution: (a) By using  = BA cos ; here  = 0o   = BA = 103 × 10–2 = 10 weber
Example: 4 Consider the following figure, a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T is directed along the
positive x-axis. What is the magnetic flux through top surface ofY the figure
Back 30°
10 10
(a) Zero cm cm
4 cm
(b) 0.8 m-wb X
60°
9 cm
Fron
(c) 1.0 m-wb
t
Z
(d) – 1.8 m-wb
Solution: (c) Magnetic flux  = BA cos for the top surface, the angle between normal to the surface and
the x-axis is   60 o
  = 0.2  (10  10  10–4)  cos 60o = 10–3 wb = 1m-wb
Example: 5 A coil of area 100 cm2 has 500 turns. Magnetic field of 0.1 weber/metre2 is perpendicular to
the coil. The field is reduced to zero in 0.1 sec. The induced emf in the coil is
6 Electromagnetic Induction

(a) 1 V (b) 5 V (c) 50 V (d) Zero

N (B2  B1 )A 500 (0  0.1)  100  10 4

Solution: (b) By using e  ; e  5V .
t 0.1
Example: 6 A coil has 1000 turns and 500 cm2 as it's area. The plane of the coil is placed at right angles
to a magnetic induction field of 2  10–5 wb/m2. The coil is rotated through 180o in 0.2 sec.
The average emf induced in the coil in mV is
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20
NBA (cos  2  cos  1 )
Solution: (b) e
t

1000  2  10 5  500  10 4 (cos 180 o  cos 0 o )

Initially 1 = 0o and finally 2 = 180o so e    10  2 V =
0 .2
10 mV.
Example: 7 A coil having 500 square loops each of side 10 cm is placed normal to a magnetic field
which increases at a rate of 1T/s. The induced emf in volt is
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 5
N (B 2  B1 ) A cos  B  B1 T
Solution: (d) By using e   ; Given  = 0o, N = 500, A = 100 × 10–4 m2, 2 1
t t sec
 e   500  1  10 2  cos 0 o   5 V, | e |  5 V
Example: 8 The magnetic field of 2 × 10–2 Tesla acts at right angle to a coil of area 100 cm2 with 50
turns. The average emf induced in the coil is 0.1 V when it is removed from the field in time
t. The value of t is
[CBSE 1992; CPMT 2001]

(a) 0.1 s (b) 0.01 s (c) 1 s (d) 20 s

Solution: (a) Given B1 = 2 × 10–2 T, B2 = 0,  = 0o, N = 50, e = 0.1 V and A = 100 × 10– 4 m2

N (B 2  B1 ) A cos   50  (0  2  10 2 )  10 2  cos 0 o
By using e   ; 0.1   t  0 .1 s
t t
Example: 9 A circular coil of 500 turns of a wire has an enclosed area of 0.1 m2 per turn. It is
kept perpendicular to a magnetic field of induction 0.2 T and rotated by 180 o about a
diameter perpendicular to the field in 0.1 sec. How much charge will pass when the
coil is connected to a galvanometer with a combined resistance of 50 ohms
(a) 0.2 C (b) 0.4 C (c) 2 C (d) 4 C
Solution: (b) Given N = 500, A = 0.1 m2, 1 = 0o, 2 = 180o, B = 0.2 T, t = 0.1 sec, R = 50

N N
By using q  . d    BA (cos  2  cos  1 ) ; q  0 .4 C .
R R
Example: 10 Flux  (in weber) in a closed circuit of resistance 10 ohm varies with time t (in sec)
according to the equation

  6 t 2  5 t  1 . What is the magnitude of the induced current at t = 0.25 s ?

(a) 1.2 A (b) 0.8 A (c) 0.6 S (d) 0.2 A

 Electromagnetic Induction 7

e 1 d 1 d 1 1
Solution: (d) By using i   ; i (6 t 2  5 t  1)   (12 t  5) ; i   (12  0 .25  5)  0 .2 A
R R dt 10 dt 10 10
Example: 11 The variation of induced emf (E) with time (t) in a coil if a short bar magnet is moved along
its axis with a constant velocity is best represented as

S N

E E E E
(a) (b) (c) (d)
t

t t
t

Solution: (b) As the magnet moves towards the coil, the magnetic flux increases (nonlinearly). Also there
is a change in polarity of induced emf when the magnet passes on to the other side of the
coil.

Example: 12 A square loop of side ‘a’ and resistance R is placed in a transverse uniform magnetic field B.
If it suddenly changes into circular form in time t then magnitude of induced charge will be

Ba 2 Ba 2  1  Ba 2  1  Ba 2 4 
(a) (4  1) (b) 1   (c)   1 (d)   1
R R  4  R  4   R   

Solution: (d) Initially It’s area A1 = a2 ; and flux linked 1 = BA1

a

2
r  2a  4a2
Finally It’s area A2 = r2      and flux linked 2 = BA2
  
4a = 2r
  2  1 B( A 2  A1 ) Ba 2  4  | e|
Induced emf | e |       1 so induced charged | q |  .t
t t t t   R

Ba 2  4 
  1
R π 
Example: 13 A circular coil and a bar magnet placed near by are made to move in the same direction.
The coil covers a distance of 1 m in 0.5 sec and the magnet a distance of 2 m in 1 sec. The
induced emf produced in the coil
(a) Zero (b) 1 V
(c) 0.5 V (d) Cannot be determined from the given
information
Solution: (a)
2
Speed of the magnet v1   2m / s
1 N S
1 v1
Speed of the coil v 2   2m / s
0 .5 v2
Relative speed between coil and magnet is zero, so there is no induced emf in the coil.
8 Electromagnetic Induction

Example: 14 A short-circuited coil is placed in a time-varying magnetic field. Electrical power is

dissipated due to the current induced in the coil. If the number of turns were to be
quadrupled and the wire radius halved, the electrical power dissipated would
(a) Halved (b) The same (c) Doubled (d) Quadrupled
e2
d  dB 
Solution: (b) Power P  ; Here e = induced emf =    NA  
R dt  dt 
l
 R ; where R = resistance, r = radius of wire, l = length of wire  number of turns N
r2
N 2r 2 P
(if area of each turn is constant)  P   Nr 2  1  1 .
l P2
Example: 15 A conducting circular loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field B = 40 mT with its plane
perpendicular to the field. If the radius of the loop starts shrinking at a constant rate 0.2
mm/s, then the induced emf in the loop at an instant when its radius is 1.0 cm is
(a) 0.1 V (b) 0.2 V (c) 1.0 V (d) 0.16 V
dA d  dr   dr 
Solution: (d) e  B   B (r 2 )   B 2r   2Br     e  2    40  10 3  10 2  (0.2  10 3 )  0.16 V .
dt dt  dt   dt 
Example: 16 A solenoid has 2000 turns wound over a length of 0.314 m. Around its central section a coil
of 100 turns and area of cross-section 1  10–3 m2 is wound. If an initial current of 2 A in the
solenoid is reversed in 0.25 sec, the emf induced in the coil is equal to
(a) 6 × 10–4 V (b) 12.8 mV (c) 6 × 10–2 V (d) 12.8 V
Solution: (b) Magnetic field at the centre of the solenoid is given by
 0 Ni 2000
B   0 ni   4  3 .14  10 7   2  16  10 3 T . This magnetic field is perpendicular
l 0 .314
to the plane of the coil
 Magnetic flux linked with coil   N BA
d  d dB ( B  B) 2 N BA
 Induced emf e    ( N BA )   N A   N A 
dt dt dt dt dt
2  100  16  10 3  1  10 3
 e  12 .8 mV .
0.25

Tricky example: 1

A square coil ABCD lying in x-y plane with it’s centre at origin. A long straight wire
passing through origin carries a current i = 2t in negative z-direction. The induced
y
current in the coil is
A B
(a) Clockwise
x
(b) Anticlockwise
(c) Alternating C D

(d) Zero
Solution : (d) Magnetic lines are tangential to the
y coil as shown in figure. Thus net magnetic flux
A
passing through the coil is always zero or Bthe induced current will be zero.

C D
 Electromagnetic Induction 9

Tricky example: 2

In the following figure, the magnet is moved towards the coil with a speed v and induced
emf is e. If magnet and coil recede away from one another each moving with speed v, the
induced emf in the coil will be
(a) e
N S
(b) 2e v
(c) e/2
coil
(d) 4e
 d 
Solution : (b)   e N S
 dt  In first case
v
 d   d  v
   2   2e
 dt  relative velocity2v  dt  I case

Lenz’s law.
This law gives the direction of induced emf/induced current. According to this law, the
direction of induced emf or current in a circuit is such as to oppose the cause that produces it.
This law is based upon law of conservation of energy. To understand the Lenz’s law consider the
followings.
(1) Motion of bar magnet towards a coil
When N-pole of a bar magnet moves towards the coil, the flux associated with loop
increases and an emf is induced in it. Since the circuit of loop is closed, induced current also
flows in it.
Cause of this induced current, is approach of north pole and therefore to oppose the cause,
i.e., to repel the approaching north pole, the induced current in loop is in such a direction so
that the front face of loop behaves as north pole. Therefore induced current as seen by observer
O is in anticlockwise direction. (figure (i))

v v
S N N S N

Observer Observer Induced

(i) magnetic
(ii)
field
In other words when N-pole of bar magnet moves towards the coil, inward magnetic lines
of force (i.e. (×)) linked with coil (as viewed from left) increases. To oppose this change some
dots () must be produced i.e. direction of induced current is anticlockwise. (figure (ii))
In this example, If the loop is free to move the cause of induced emf in the coil can also be
termed as relative motion. Therefore to oppose the cause, the relative motion between the
approaching magnet and the loop should be opposed. For this, the loop will itself start moving
in the direction of motion of the magnet.
10 Electromagnetic Induction

Note :  It is important to remember that whenever cause of induced emf is relative motion,
the new motion is always in the direction of motion of the cause.
 In the above discussion, If once the coil is of Cu and once of brass and magnet
approaches the coil with same velocity in both the case, then induced current in Cu
will be greater (because of lesser resistance) and more energy conversion takes
place in case of Cu coil.
(2) The various positions of relative motion between the magnet and the coil
Position of magnet Direction of induced Behaviour Type of Magnetic field
current of face of magnetic linked with
the coil force the coil and
opposed it’s progress
as viewed
from left
When the north pole of Anticlockwise As a north Repulsive Cross (×),
magnet approaches the coil direction pole force Increases

S N G

Observer

When the north pole of Clockwise direction As a south Attractive Cross (×),
magnet recedes away from pole force Decreases
the coil

S N G

Observer

When the south pole of Clockwise direction As a south Repulsive Dots ()
magnet approaches the coil pole force Increases

N S G

Observer

When the south pole of Anticlockwise As a north Attractive Dots ()

magnet recedes away from direction pole force Decreases
the coil

N S G

Observer
 Electromagnetic Induction 11

Some Standard Cases for Questions Based on Direction.

(1) Relative motion between co-axial circular coils
(i) When a current carrying coil moves towards/away from a stationary coil

A B A B
Anticlockwi Clockwise
se

Observer Stationary Observer Stationary

G G
coil coil
Induced current in coil B is Induced current in coil B is in
opposite to the main current the same direction to the main
in coil A current in coil A
(ii) When two current carrying coils carries currents in the same direction and
Moves towards each other Moves away from each other

A B A B

Observer Observer

Induced current in both the coils opposite to Induced current in both the coils assist
that of main current so current through the main current so current through each
each coil decreases coil increases
(iii) When two current carrying coils carries currents in the opposite direction and
Moves towards each other Moves away from each other
A B A B

Observer Observer
Induced current in coil A is clockwise and that Induced current in coil A is anti-clockwise
in coil B is anti-clockwise i.e. in both the coils and that in coil B is clockwise i.e. in both the
induced current flows in the direction of main coils induced current flows in the direction
current. Hence current through both the coil opposite to main current. Hence current
increases through both the coil decreases

(2) When the inductive circuits are closed or opened

If two coils A and B (primary and secondary) are arranged as shown in the figure and if the
primary circuit is closed or opened then the direction of induced current in secondary will be as
follows
(i) Current increases in coil A by pressing the key (ii) Current decreases in coil A by
opening the key
A B A B
Inverse Direct
Current Current induced
increasi induced decreasi
emf and emf and
ng ng current
current

B B
Observer increase Observer decrease
K d Flux K d Flux
increase decrease
d d
Direction of induced current in the Direction of induced current in the
secondary coil is opposite to that in secondary coil is same as that in the
the primary coil primary coil
12 Electromagnetic Induction

(3) Increasing and decreasing of current in current carrying coil

(i) When current increases by pressing the key (ii) When current decreases by
opening the key
Induced
Induced
current
current

Main Main
current current
B K B
+ – + – K

Direction of induced current in the coil Direction of induced current in the

will be in a direction opposite to that coil will be same as that of the
of main current. main current

Concepts

 To apply Lenz's law, you can remember RIN (when the loop lies on the plane of paper). In RIN,
R stands for Induced
current
right, I stands for increasing and N for north pole (anticlockwise). It means,
if a loop is placed on the right side of a straight current carrying conductor i
(increasin
and the current i in the conductor is increasing, then induced current in the g)
loop is anticlockwise ( )
Horizontal (No current
loop induces)
 No flux cutting No EMI i
Horizontal wire
field lines

Example
s
Example: 17 Consider a metal ring kept on a horizontal plane. A bar magnet is held above the ring with its
length along the central axis of the ring. If the magnet is now dropped freely, the
acceleration of the falling magnet is (g is acceleration due to gravity)
Kerala (Engg.) 2001; MP PET 1990, 99, 2001; MP PMT 2001]

S
(a) More than g a

(b) Equal to g N

(c) Less than g

(d) Depends on mass of magnet
Solution: (c) When the magnet is allowed to fall vertically along the axis of loop with its north pole
towards the ring. The upper face of the ring will become north pole in an attempt to oppose
 Electromagnetic Induction 13

the approaching north pole of the magnet. Therefore the acceleration in the magnet is less
than g.

Note :  If the coil is broken at any point then induced emf will be generated in it but no
induced current will flow. In this condition the coil will not oppose the motion of
magnet and the magnet will fall freely with acceleration g. (i.e. a = g)
S

N a=g

Example: 18 A bar magnet is falling freely inside a long copper tube and a solenoid as shown in figure
(i) and (ii) respectively then acceleration of magnet inside the copper tube and solenoid are
respectively (acceleration due to gravity = g)
(a) g, g
S S
(b) Greater than g, lesser than g
N N
(c) Greater than g, g
(d) Zero, lesser than g
Solution: (d) If bar magnet is falling vertically through the hollow region of long vertical copper tube
then the magnetic flux linked with the copper tube (due to 'non-uniform' magnetic field of
magnet) changes and eddy currents are generated in the body of the tube by Lenz's law the
eddy currents opposes the falling of the magnet which therefore experience a retarding
force. The retarding force increases with increasing velocity of the magnet and finally
equals the weight of the magnet. The magnet then attains a constant final terminal velocity
i.e. magnet ultimately falls with zero acceleration in the tube.
The resistance of copper solenoid is much higher than that of copper tube, hence the
induced current in it, due to motion of magnet, will be much less than that in the tube.
Consequently the opposition to the motion of magnet will be less and the magnet will fall
with an acceleration (a) less than g. (i.e. a < g).
Example: 19 A current carrying solenoid is approaching a conducting loop as shown in the figure. The
direction of induced current as observed by an observer on the other side of the loop will be

(a) Anticlockwise

(b) Clockwise v
Observer
(c) East

(d) West

Solution: (b) The direction of current in the solenoid is anti-clockwise as seen by observer. On displacing
it towards the loop a current in the loop will be induced in a direction so as to oppose the
approach of solenoid. Therefore the direction of induced current as observed by the
observer will be clockwise.
v

N N S

Observer
14 Electromagnetic Induction

Example: 20 Two coils P and Q are lying a little distance apart coaxially. If an anticlockwise current i is
suddenly set up in the coil P then the direction of current induced in coil Q will be

(a) Clockwise
i
(b) Towards north P Q

(c) Towards south Observer

(d) Anticlockwise
Solution: (a) Since current setup in the coil P is anticlockwise which increases the dot’s linked with coil
Q hence induced current in coil Q will be clockwise.
Example: 21 A rectangular loop is drawn from left to right across a uniform magnetic field
perpendicular into the plane of the loop
       
(a) The direction of current in position 1 is clockwise        

(b) The direction of current in position 2 is clockwise        

1 2     3     4
(c) The direction of current in position 3 is anticlockwise
       
(d) The direction of current in position 4 is clockwise

Solution: (d) No current is induced in position 1, anticlockwise current is induced in position 2 because it
is a case of increase of flux, no current in position 3 as there is no change of flux, clockwise
current is produced in position 4 because it is a case of decrease of flux.

Example: 22 A small loop lies outside a circuit. The key of the circuit is closed and opened alternately. The
closed loop will show

(a) Clockwise pulse followed by another clockwise pulse

(b) Anticlockwise pulse followed by another anticlockwise pulse

S
+ –
(c) Anticlockwise pulse followed by a clockwise pulse

(d) Clockwise pulse followed by an anticlockwise pulse

Solution: (d) When key is closed dots are linked with closed loop (i.e. increases from zero to a certain
value) so induced current will be clockwise when key is opened dots linked with loop
decreases (from a certain value to zero) so induced current will be anticlockwise in
direction.

Example: 23 Consider the arrangement shown in figure in which the north pole of a magnet is moved
away from a thick conducting loop containing capacitor. Then excess positive charge will
arrive on

(a) Plate a
N S
(b) Plate b

a b
C
 Electromagnetic Induction 15

(c) On both plates a and b

(d) On neither a nor b plates

Solution: (b) When north pole of the magnet is moved away, then south pole is induced on the face of the
loop in front of the magnet i.e. as seen from the magnet side, a clockwise induced current
flows in the loop. This makes free electrons to move in opposite i.e. direction, to plate b to
a inside the loop. Thus excess positive charge appear on plate b.
Example: 24 A square loop of side 1m is placed in a perpendicular magnetic field. Half of the area of the
loop inside the magnetic field. A battery of emf 10 V and negligible internal resistance is
connected in the loop. The magnetic field changes with time according to relation B = 0.01 –
2t Tesla. The resultant emf in the loop will be
  
B   

(a) 1 V       

      
(b) 11 V
A C
(c) 10 V 10V

(d) 9 V

dB       
Solution: (d) Given B = 0.01 – 2t Tesla ;   2 Tesla / sec , B
dt       

      
d d dB 1
Induced emf e     (BA )   A   (1 2 )  ( 2)  e = 1V A C
dt dt dt 2
10V
D

Since magnetic field (×) decreasing so according to Lenz’s law direction of induced current
in upper part of square will be clockwise i.e. from A to C or in other words emf induces in a
direction opposite to the main emf so resultant emf = 10 – 1 = 9V.

Tricky example: 3

A short magnet is allowed to fall along the axis of a horizontal metallic ring. Starting
from rest, the distance fallen by the magnet in one second may be

(a) 4 m (b) 5 m (c) 6 m (d) 7 m

Solution : (a) We know that in this case acceleration of falling magnet will be lesser than g. If ‘g’
1 2
would have been acceleration, then distance covered  gt  5 m .
2

Now the distance covered will be less than 5 m. hence only option (a) is correct.

Tricky example: 4

A conducting wire frame is placed in a magnetic field which is directed into the paper.
The magnetic field is increasing at a constant rate. The directions

of induced
 C 
current
in wires AB and CD are
 A    

    
B

    D 
16 Electromagnetic Induction

(a) B to A and D to C

(b) A to B and C to D

(c) A to B and D to C

(d) B to A and C to D

Solution : (a) Inward magnetic field () increasing. Therefore, induced current in both the loops
should be anticlockwise. But as the area of loop on right side is more, induced emf in
 d dB 
this will be more compared to the left side loop  e     A.  . Therefore net
 dt dt 
current in the complete loop will be in a direction shown below. Hence only option (a)
is correct.

Dynamic (Motional) EMI Due to Translatory Motion.

When a conducting rod moves in a magnetic field, it cuts the magnetic field lines, this
process is called flux cutting. Due to this a potential difference developed across the ends of the
rod called Dynamic (motional) emf.

Consider a conducting rod of length l moving with a uniform velocity v perpendicular to a

uniform magnetic field B , directed into the plane of the paper. Let the rod be moving to the
right as shown in figure. The conducting electrons also move to the right as they are trapped
within the rod.
× × × P × × ×
++
× × × × ×  × ×
e v
× × × × × × ×

– – F
× × × × × ×
Q

  
Conducting electrons experiences a magnetic force Fm  e(v  B). In the present situation
they experiences force towards Q, so they move from P to Q within the rod. The end P of the rod
becomes positively charged while end Q becomes negatively charged, hence an electric field is
set up within the rod which opposes the further downward movement of electrons i.e. an
equilibrium is reached and in equilibrium electric force = magnetic force i.e. eE = evB or E = vB
V
 Induced emf e  El  Bvl [ E  ]
l
 Electromagnetic Induction 17

Important cases

If the rod does not translate in If the rod is moving An arbitrary shaped
a plane perpendicular to the perpendicular to the magnetic conducting rod translating in a
magnetic field or in other field but it’s direction of uniform magnetic field.
words rod is moving in a motion is making an angle    
Q
 
direction which is making an with it’s length.
   

angle  with the direction of        

l  v 
l sin v
magnetic field l
v sin         
 P
v           
v cos  B
B
This rod can be replaced by a
straight conductor whose length
This situation is equivalent to a is equal to the projected length
straight rod of length l sin of the conductor on to a plane
This situation is equivalent to a perpendicular to it’s direction of perpendicular to the direction
straight conductor moving
motion so induced emf across of motion (dotted rod) so
perpendicular to the magnetic
the rod induced emf between P and Q
field with a induced emf
e  Bv(l sin )  e  Bvl sin θ e  Bvl
e  B(v sin  )l
 e  Bvl sin θ

  
Note : Vector form of motional emf : e  (v  B).l
 While solving the problems, flux cutting conducting rod can be treated as a single
cell.
P  P
  
B
  

l 
v   e = Bvl
  

 Q   Q
16 Electromagnetic Induction

(1) Induced current

If conducting rod moves on two parallel conducting rails as shown in following figure then phenomenon of
induced emf can also be understand by the concept of generated area (The area swept of conductor in
×P
magnetic field, during it’s motion) × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×
As shown in figure in time t distance travelled by conductor = vt R l v v
× × × × × ×

Area generated A = lvt × × × × × × ×

Q vt
Flux linked with this area  = BA = Blvt
d e Bvl
Hence induced emf | e |   Bvl induced current i  ; i 
dt R R
Direction of induced current can be found with the help of Flemings right hand rule.
Motion of
Fleming’s right hand rule : According to this law, if we stretch the right
Magnetic field conductor
hand thumb and two nearby fingers perpendicular to one another and first
finger points in the direction of magnetic field and the thumb in the direction Current
induced
of motion of the conductor then the central finger will point in the direction of
the induced current.

Note :  Here it is worthy to note that the rod PQ is acting as a source of emf and inside a source
of emf direction of current is from lower potential to higher potential; so the point P of the rod is
at higher potential than Q though the current in the rod PQ is from Q to P.

(2) Magnetic force on conductor

Now current is set up in circuit (conductor). As we know when a current

carrying conductor moves in a magnetic field, it experiences a force Fm = Bil × × × i × P× × ×

× × × × ×
(maximum) whose direction can be find with the help of Flemings left hand R Fm v
× × × × ×

rule. × × × × × × ×
Q
So, here conductor PQ experiences a magnetic force Fm = Bil in opposite

 Bvl  B 2 vl 2
direction of it’s motion and Fm  Bil  B  l ; Fm 
 R  R

(As a result of this force (Fm) speed of rod decreases as time passes.)
 Electromagnetic Induction 17

Note :  To move the rod with uniform velocity some external mechanical force is
× × × i ×
P× × ×
required and this is Fext = – Fm × × × × ×
R Fm Fexternal
× × × × ×
B 2 vl 2
 | Fext | × × × × × × ×
R Q

(3) Power dissipated in moving the conductor

For uniform motion of rod PQ, the rate of doing mechanical work by external agent or mech. Power
dW B 2 vl 2 B 2v 2l 2
delivered by external source is given as Pmech  Pext   Fext . v   v  Pmech 
dt R R
Also electrical power dissipated in resistance or rate of heat dissipation across resistance is given as
2
H  Bvl  B 2v 2l 2
Pthermal   i2 R    .R ; Pthermal 
t  R  R

Note :  It is clear that Pmech. = Pthermal which is consistent with the principle of conservation of energy.
(4) Motion of conductor rod in a vertical plane : If conducting rod released from rest (at t = 0) as shown in
figure then with rise in it’s speed (v), induces emf (e), induced current (i), magnetic force (Fm) increases but it’s
weight remains constant. × × ×
R
× ×

× × × × × × ×
l
Rod will achieve a constant maximum (terminal) velocity vT if Fm  mg t=0
× × × Fm mg × ×
B 2 v T2 l 2
So  mg × × × × × ×
R mg
mgR
 vT  2 2
B l
(5) Motion of conducting rod on an inclined plane : When conductor start sliding from the top of an

inclined plane as shown, it moves perpendicular to it’s length but at an angle (90 – ) with the direction of

magnetic field. Hence induced emf across the ends of conductor

v sin (90 – ) Q

P v
e  Bv sin( 90   )l  Bvl cos  (90 – ) v
 
Bvl cos  v cos (90 – ) R
B
So induced current i  B
R
(directed from Q to P).

The forces acting on the bar are shown in following figure. The rod will move down with constant velocity
Fm cos
only if R
 (90–)
Fm
Fm cos   mg cos(90   )  mg sin  mg cos (90–)

mg 
18 Electromagnetic Induction

Bil cos   mg sin 

 Bv l cos   mgR sin θ

B T  l cos   mg sin   v T  2 2
 R  B l cos 2 θ

(6) Motion of a conducting rod in earth’s magnetic field : Suppose a conducting rod of length l, executes
translatory motion with speed v in earth’s magnetic field with

Position I Position II Position III

When conductor is held horizontal When conductor is held horizontal When conductor is held vertical and
with it’s length along E-W direction with it’s length along N-S direction then it moves –
and then it moves – and then it moves – N
N N
BH BH BH
 E  E  E
I W I W I W

BV BV BV
S S S

Towards Towards Vertically Towards Towards Vertically Towards Towards Vertically

East or North or up or down East or North or up or down East or North or up or down
West South West South West South
In this Vertical Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor Conductor
condition Component cuts, cuts, the is moving moves in cut’s the moves in moves
conductor (BV) is cut perpendicul vertical along its magnetic horizontal magnetic along it’s
is moving by the arly component length so meridian i.e. component meridian so length so
along it’s conductor horizontal perpendicul e 0 No perpendicul e 0 e 0
length, so perpendicul component arly so component arly so
generated arly so (BH) so e  BV vl is cut by the e  BH vl
area A = 0 e  BV vl e  B H vl conductor
hence e = 0 so e = 0

(7) Movement of train in earth's magnetic field : When a train moves on rails, then a potential difference

between the ends of the axle of the wheels is induced because the axle of the wheels of the train cuts the

vertical component BV of earth’s magnetic field and so the magnetic flux linked with it changes and the potential

difference or emf is induced. e = BVlv where l is the length of the axle and v is the speed of the train.

(8) Motion of aeroplane in earth's magnetic field : A potential difference or emf across the wings of an

aeroplane flying horizontally at a definite height is also induced because aeroplane cuts the vertical component
 Electromagnetic Induction 19

BV of earth’s magnetic field. Thus induced emf e = BVlv volt where l is the length of the wings of an aeroplane
and v is the speed of the aeroplane.

(9) Orbital satellite : If the orbital plane of an artificial satellite of metallic surface is coincident with

equatorial plane of the earth, then no emf will be induced. If orbital plane makes an angle with the equatorial

plane, then emf will be induced on it.

(10) Translatory motion of metallic frame in uniform/non-uniform magnetic field

(i) Metal frame of different shape moves in uniform magnetic field

 B P Higher potential P For part OP eOP = VP – VO = Bv l sin  

eOP
l l sin
For part QO eQO = VO – VQ = Bv l sin  

O  v O
e QP  VP  VQ  2 Bv (l sin  )
l sin
l eOQ
Q Lower potential Q

B L Higher potential L L

2R v
v 2BvR
2R
e LN  2 BvR
N N
N Lower potential

B B B B B
l v
l v v l R v
v
R
P ePQ = 0 Q
enet = 0 enet = 0 eab = 0 b
enet = 0 a

(ii) Moving metal frame in non-uniform magnetic field

e 1  B1 av e 2  B 2 av For loop enet = (e1 – e2)

a
e net  av(B1  B 2 )
a v e1 e2
i

B1 B2 e1 > e2
x e1 e2
 20 Electromagnetic Induction

0 i 0 i
Now B1  and B 2 
2x 2 (x  a)

 0 iav  1 1  μ 0 ia 2 v
e net   
2  x x  a  2 π ( x ) ( x  a)

Concepts

  
 In motional emf B, v and l are three vectors. If any two vector are parallel

– No flux cutting. 
     B B
v
    
v l v
  l  
l

     
  
  B || l so e = 0 v || B so e = 0
v || l so e = 0 or Normal to generated area makes
or Normal to generated area makes
or Generated area A = 0  
an angle 90o with B an angle 90o with B
so e = 0 so  = 0; e = 0
so  = 0; e = 0

 A piece of metal and a piece of non-metal are dropped from the same height near the surface of the earth. The non-metallic
piece will reach the ground first because there will be no induced current in it.

 If an aeroplane is landing down or taking off and its wings are in the east-west direction, then the potential difference or emf
will be induced across the wings. If an aeroplane is landing down or taking off and its wings are in the north-south direction,
then no potential difference or emf will be induced.

 When a conducting rod moving horizontally on equator of earth no emf induces because there is no vertical component of
earth's magnetic field. But at poles BV is maximum so maximum flux cutting hence emf induces.

 When a conducting rod falling freely in earth's magnetic field such that it's length lies along East - West direction then induced
emf continuously increases w.r.t. time and induced current flows from West - East.

Examples

Example: 25 A two metre wire is moving with a velocity of 1m/sec perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.5 weber/m2.
The emf induced in it will be

(a) 0.5 volt (b) 0.1 volt (c) 1 volt (d) 2 volt

Solution: (c) e  Bvl  0.5  1  2  1volt


Example: 26 A Cu rod PQ is drawn out normally through the magnetic field B then
P 
B

Q
 Electromagnetic Induction 21

(a) Equal potential on both P and Q occurs and will be positive

(b) Equal potential on both P and Q occurs and will be negative

(c) The potential at P will be greater then at Q

(d) The potential at P will be lesser than at Q

Solution: (c) By Fleming's right hand rule direction of induced current in rod PQ is from Q to P, hence P is at higher
potential.

Example: 27 An electric potential difference will be induced between the ends of the conductor shown in fig. when

conductor moves in the direction [AIIMS 1982]

M
(a) P
L Q
(b) Q N S

P
(c) L

(d) M

Solution: (d) When conductor moves either in the direction P, Q or L it will not cut the magnetic lines of force, so emf

will induced only when conductor moves in the direction M

Example: 28 A metallic square loop ABCD is moving in its own plane with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field

perpendicular to its plane as shown in the figure. An electric field is induced [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2001]

    
A B
(a) In AD, but not in BC     

v
(b) In BC, but not in AD
    


D  
C 
(c) Neither in AD nor in BC

(d) In both AD and BC

Solution: (d) Both AD and BC are straight conductors moving in a uniform magnetic field and emf will be induced in

both. This will cause electric field in both but no net current flows in the circuit.

Example: 29 A square metallic wire loop of side 0.1 m and resistance of 1 is moved with a constant velocity in a

magnetic field of 2 wb/m2 as shown in figure. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop,

loop is connected to a network of resistances. What should be the velocity of loop so as to have a steady
     B
current of 1mA in loop      P 3
     3
3
l  v   
    
Q 3
    
3
22 Electromagnetic Induction

(a) 1 cm/sec

(b) 2 cm/sec

(c) 3 cm/sec

(d) 4 cm/sec

Solution: (b) Equivalent resistance of the given Wheatstone bridge circuit (balanced) is 3 so total resistance in circuit is
R  3  1  4  . The emf induces in the loop e  Bvl .

e Bvl 2  v  (10  10 2 )
So induced current i    10 3   v  2cm / sec .
R R 4
Example: 30 A thin semicircular conducting ring of radius R is falling with its plane vertical in a horizontal magnetic

induction B (fig.). At the position MNQ the speed of the ring is v and the potential difference development
across the ring is [IIT-JEE 1996]

    
B
(a) Zero  
N
 

    
Bv R 2
(b) and M is at higher potential     
2
M Q
(c) RBv and Q is at higher potential

(d) 2RBv and Q is at higher potential

dA
Solution: (d) Suppose in time t vertical distance travelled by ring is v × t so change in area  2 Rvt
dt
d dA     
 e  B  
N  
dt dt
    
 |e| = 2RBv     

vt
M Q
and by Flemings right hand rule. Q is at higher potential. 2R

Example: 31 A metal aeroplane having a distance of 50 meter between the edges of its wings is flying horizontally with
a speed of 360 km/hour. At the place of flight, the earth’s total magnetic field is 4.0 × 10 –5 weber/meter2
and the angle of dip is 30o. The induced potential difference between the edges of its wings will be

(a) 0.1 V (b) 0.01 V (c) 1 V (d) 10 V

Solution: (a) The flying of the aeroplane is shown in the adjoining figure. Its wings are cutting flux-lines due to the vertical

component of earth’s magnetic field. So, a potential difference V (say) in induced between the edges of its

wings.
 Electromagnetic Induction 23

If the earth’s total magnetic field be B and the angle of dip , then the

vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is BV = B sin = (4.0 × 10–5) × W N

sin 30o = 2.0 × 10–5 wb/metre2. S E

We know that when a conductor of length l meter moves with velocity v

BV
meter/second perpendicular to a magnetic field of B weber/meter2, then
the potential difference induced in the conductor is given by V  BVvl volt
360  1000
Here l = 50 meter, v = 360 km/hour   100 meter / second
60  60
and B = BV = 2.0 × 10–5 weber/meter2 ; V  (2.0  10 5 )  100  50  0.1 volt

Example: 32 The two rails of a railway track, insulated from each other and the ground, are connected to a
millivoltmeter. What is the reading of the millivoltmeter when a train travels at a speed of 20 m/sec along
the track, given that the vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is 0.2 × 10 –4 wb/m2 and the rails are
separated by 1 metre
[CPMT 1981]

(a) 4 mV (b) 0.4 mV (c) 80 mV (d) 10 mV

Solution: (b) When a train runs on the rails, it cuts the magnetic flux lines of the vertical component of earth’s magnetic
field. Hence a potential difference is induced between the ends of it’s axle. Distance between the rails l =
1m.
km 36  1000
Speed of train v  36   10 m / sec
hour 3600
By using e = Bvl ; e = 0.2 × 10–4 × 20 × 1 = 4 × 10–4 volt = 0.4 mV

4
Example: 33 The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at a place is 3 × 10 –4 T and the dip is tan 1   . A
3
metal rod of length 0.25 m placed in the north-south position and is moved at a constant speed of 10 cm/s
towards the east. The emf induced in the rod will be

(a) Zero (b) 1V (c) 5 V (d) 10 V

Solution: (d) Rod is moving towards east, so induced emf across it’s end will be e = BVvl

BV = vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field = BH tan (BH – horizontal component of earth’s
4
magnetic field;  – angle of dip), B V  3  10  4   4  10  4 T
3
 e  4  10 4  (10  10 2 )  0.25  10 5 V  10 V

Example: 34 A conducting rod AB of length l = 1 m is moving at a velocity v = 4 m/s making an angle 30o with it’s
length. A uniform magnetic field B = 2T exists in a direction perpendicular to the plane of motion. Then
    
v
    

   30o 

A    B 
24 Electromagnetic Induction

(a) VA – VB = 8 V

(b) VA – VB = 4 V

(c) VB – VA = 8 V

(d) VB – VA = 4 V

Solution: (b) The emf induced across the rod AB is e = Bvl

Here v = v sin 30o = component of velocity perpendicular to length.

1
Hence e  Bvl sin 30 o  (2)(4 )(1)    4 V
2
 
The free electrons of the rod shift towards right due to the force q(v  B). Thus the left side of the rod is at
higher potential. or VA – VB = 4V

Example: 35 A conductor ABOCD moves along its bisector with a velocity of 1 m/s through a perpendicular magnetic field of

1 wb/m2, as shown in fig. If all the four sides are of 1m length each, then the induced emf between points A and

D is

× × B× × × A × ×

(a) 0 × × × × × × ×
O 90o v
(b) 1.41 volt × × × × × × ×

× × × × × ×
(c) 0.71 volt C D

(d) None of the above

Solution: (b) There is no induced emf in the part AB and CD because they are moving along their length while emf

induces between B and C i.e. between A and D can be calculated

  asfollows
 
× × B× × × A × × B A
 l   
× × × × × × ×
O 90o v O 90o 2l v
× × × × × × ×     
l
× ×
C × ×
D
× ×   C  D 

Induced emf between B and C = Induced emf between A and B = Bv ( 2 l)  1  1  1  2  1 .41 volt.

Example: 36 Two long parallel metallic wires with a resistance R forms a horizontal plane. A conducting rod AB is on the

wires as shown here. The space has a magnetic field pointing vertically upwards. The rod is given an initial

A

B
R v0

B
 Electromagnetic Induction 25

velocity v0. There is no friction and no resistance in the wires and the rod. After a time t, the velocity of the

rod will be v such that [MP PMT 1995]

(a) v > v0

(b) v < v0

(c) v = v0

(d) v = – v0

Solution: (b) When rod AB starts it’s motion, current induces in it from A to B, due to which rod experiences a magnetic
force towards left (Flemings left hand rule) which opposes the motion of the rod. Hence v < v0.

Example: 37 A player with 3m long iron rod runs towards east with a speed of 30 km/hr. Horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field is 4 × 10–5 wb/m2. If he is running with rod in horizontal (East-west) and vertical
positions, then the potential difference induced between the two ends of the rod in two cases will be

(a) Zero in vertical position and 1 × 10–3 V in horizontal position

(b) 1 × 10–3 V in vertical position and zero is horizontal position

(c) Zero in both cases

(d) 1 × 10–3 V in both cases

Solution: (b) In horizontal position rod is moving along it’s length so e = 0

In vertical position, horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is cut by rod so induced emf e = BHvl
1000
 e  4  10 5  30   3  10  3 V
3600
Example: 38 At a place the value of horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field H is 3 × 10–5 weber/m2. A
metallic rod AB of length 2 m placed in east-west direction, having the end A towards east, falls vertically
downwards with a constant velocity of 50 m/s. Which end of the rod becomes positively charged and what
is the value of induced potential difference between the two ends

(a) End A, 3 × 10–3 mV (b) End A, 3 mV (c) End B, 3 × 10–3 mV (d) End B, 3 mV

Solution: (b) According to Flemings right hand rule direction of induced current in rod AB is from B to A i.e. end A

becomes positively charged. i.e. end A becomes positively charged.

emf induces across the ends of the rod e = Hvl = 3 × 10–5 × 50 × 2 = 3 × 10–3 volt = 3mV.

Example: 39 The current carrying wire and the rod AB are in the same plane. The rod moves parallel to the wire with a

velocity v. Which one of the following statements is true about induced emf in the rod
26 Electromagnetic Induction

A i
(a) End A will be at lower potential with respect to B
v
(b) A and B will be at the same potential
B
(c) There will be no induced emf in the rod

(d) Potential at A will be higher than that at B

Solution: (d) According to Fleming's right hands rule direction of induced current in rod is from B to A i.e. end A is at higher

potential.

Example: 40 As shown in the figure a metal rod makes contact and complete the circuit. The circuit is perpendicular to

the magnetic field with B = 0.15 Tesla. If the resistance is 3, force needed to move the rod as indicated

with a constant speed of 2m/sec is × × × × × × ×

× × × × ×
(a) 3.75 × 10–3 N v = 2 m/s
R 50 cm
× × × × ×

(b) 3.75 × 10 N
–2
× × × × × × ×
B = 0.15 T (into page)
(c) 3.75 × 102 N

(d) 3.75 × 01–4 N

B 2 vl 2 (0.15 ) 2  2  (0.5) 2
Solution: (a) Force needed to move the rod is F    3.75  10 3 N
R 3

Tricky example: 5


A sphere frame of metallic wire is moving in a uniform magnetic field (B) acting perpendicular to

the paper inward as shown. LP and QN are also metallic wires then find the potential difference
L 
between L and N l
P B
v
l
(a) Zero
Q
l
(b) Bvl
N
(c) 2Bvl

(d) 3Bvl Higher potential L Higher potential

Bvl Bvl
Solution : (d) We know that a flux cutting conductor can be treated as a single cell of emf e = Bvl. Hence the
Bvl Bvl Bvl
given figure can be redrawn as follows

Bvl
Bvl N
Lower potential Lower potential
 Electromagnetic Induction 27

 VLN = 3Bvl

Tricky example: 6

A conducting rod PQ of length L = 1.0 m is moving with a uniform speed v = 2 m/s in a uniform

magnetic field B  4 .0 T directed into the paper. A capacitor of capacity

× × C = 10
× F is
P connected
× as

shown in figure. Then × × × × ×

A
B× × × ×
v ×
(a) qA = + 80 C and qB = – 80 C × × × ×
×
Q
(b) qA = – 80 C and qB = + 80 C

(c) qA = 0 = qB

(d) Charge stored in the capacitor increases exponentially with time

Higher potential
i ×P
Solution : (a) Q = CV = C (Bvl) = 10  10– 6  4  ×2  1 =
× 80 C ×

× × × × ×
A rule induced current
According to Fleming's right hand v flows from Q to P. Hence P is at higher
B× × × × ×

potential and Q is at lower potential. × A is

× Therefore
× × positively
× charged and B is negatively charged.
Q Lower potential

Motional EMI Due to Rotational Motion.

(1) Conducting rod

A conducting rod of length l whose one end is fixed, is rotated about the axis passing through it’s fixed end

and perpendicular to it’s length with constant angular velocity . Magnetic field (B) is perpendicular to the plane
 
    
of the paper. B
     

Q P
   l  

    
28 Electromagnetic Induction

1 2 Bl 2
emf induces across the ends of the rod e  Bl   Bl 2  
2 T

where  = frequency (revolution per sec) and T = Time period.

Note :  If above metallic rod rotated about its axis of rotation, then induced potential difference
l/2 l/2
between any pair of identical located points of rod, is always zero.

It is clear parts OP and OQ are identical hence B
N O L
P
e OP  e OQ i.e. e PQ  0 Q
l/4
l/4
axis
Similarly e LN  0 (VL  VN )
(2) Cycle wheel
A conducting wheel each spoke of length l is rotating with angular
     
velocity  in a given magnetic field as shown below in fig. B
     

Due to flux cutting each metal spoke becomes identical cell of emf e   
O

l
 

(say), all such identical cells connected in parallel fashion e net  e (emf of      

1      
single cell). Let N be the number of spokes hence e net  Bwl 2 ;  2
2
Here e net  N o i.e. total emf does not depends on number of spokes ‘N’.

Note :  Here magnetic field (may be component of Earth’s magnetic field) some times, depends

on plane of motion of wheel. If wheel rotates in horizontal plane, then B = BV used; If wheel

rotates in vertical plane, then B = BH used (BH-horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field

while BV-vertical component)

(3) Faraday copper disc generator

During rotational motion of disc, it cuts away magnetic field lines.

 
B 
B

e e
e
O r  e e e
e e
 Electromagnetic Induction 29

A metal disc can be assumed to made of uncountable radial conductors when metal disc rotates in
transverse magnetic field these radial conductors cuts away magnetic field lines and because of this flux cutting
1
all becomes identical cells each of emf ‘e’ where e  Br 2 , as shown in following fig. and periphery of disc
2
becomes equipotential.
1
All identical cells connected in parallel fashion, So net emf for disc enet = e  Br 2  B(r 2 )
2

Note :  If a galvanometer is connected between two peripheral points or diametrical opposite ends it’s
reading will be zero.

(4) Semicircular conducting loop

For the given figure a semi-circular conducting loop (ACD) of radius ‘r’ with centre at O, the plane of loop

being in the plane of paper. The loop is now made to rotate with a constant angular velocity , about an axis

passing through O and perpendicular to the plane of paper. The effective resistance of the loop is R.

Region I A  Region
 II
  

No magnetic S 
   r 
fieldC O  r B
r      

  
  
D  = t

1 1 dA r 2 
In time t the area swept by the loop in the field i.e. region II A r(r )  r 2 t ; 
2 2 dt 2

Flux link with the rotating loop at time t   BA

d dA B r 2
Hence induced emf in the loop in magnitude | e |  B  and induced current
dt dt 2
| e | B r 2
i 
R 2R

Periodic EMI.
30 Electromagnetic Induction

Suppose a rectangular coil having N turns placed initially in a magnetic field such that magnetic field is
perpendicular to it’s plane as shown.  = 2

 – Angular speed 
B

 – Frequency of rotation of coil

n̂
R – Resistance of coil
For uniform rotational motion with , the flux linked with coil at any time t

  NBA cos   NBA cos t (as  = t)

   0 cos ωt where 0 = NBA = flux amplitude or maximum flux R

(This relation shows that the flux changes in periodic nature)

(1) Induced emf in coil

Induced emf also changes in periodic manner that’s why this phenomenon called periodic EMI
d
e  NBA  sin  t  e  e 0 sin ωt where e0 = emf amplitude or max. emf  NBA    0 
dt
(2) Induced current
e e0
At any time t, i  sin  t  i0 sin  t where i0 = current amplitude or max. current
R R
e0 NBA   0 
i0   
R R R

Note :  For rotating coil, induced emf and linked flux keep a phase difference of i.e. when
2

plane of coil is perpendicular to magnetic field B so flux linked will be max. and induced emf e  0

and when plane of coil parallel to B flux linked min = 0 and induced emf will be maximum
e max  e 0

 Frequency of induced any parameter = Frequency of rotation of coil = 

 Both emf and current changes their value w.r.t. time according to sine function hence they called
as sinusoidal induced quantities.

(3) Special cases

(i) A rectangular coil rotates at a constant speed about one of its sides AB. The side AB is parallel to a long,

straight current carrying conductor.

A

The current carrying conductor is in the plane of the page and the

magnetic field due to it at coil is perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The
B
 Electromagnetic Induction 31

emf induced in the coil rotating in this field is minimum when the coil is perpendicular to the field that is in the

plane of the conductor. The emf will be maximum, when the coil is perpendicular to the plane of the conductor.

(ii) A stiff wire bent into a semicircle of radius ‘r’ is rotated at a frequency  in a uniform field of magnetic

induction B as shown in figure. If resistance of the entire circuit is R then × × × × × × ×

BA  B(2 ) (r 2 )  2 r 2 B  × × × × × × ×
Current amplitude given as i0   
R R 2 R × × × × × × ×

r 2
× × × × × × ×
Area of loop  G
2 × × × × × ×

(Frequency of induced current = frequency of rotation of loop = )

Examples

Example: 41 A metal conductor of length 1 m rotates vertically about one of its ends at angular velocity 5 radians per
second. If the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 0.2  10 4 T , then the e.m.f. developed
between the two ends of the conductor is

(a) 5 mV (b) 50  V (c) 5  V (d) 50 m V

1 1
Solution: (b) Induced emf e  B H l 2    0 .2  10  4  (1) 2  5  5  10 5 V  50  V
2 2

Example: 42 A rectangular coil of 300 turns has an average area of 25 cm  10 cm. The coil rotates with a speed of 50
cps in a uniform magnetic field of strength 4  10 2 T about an axis perpendicular to the field. The peak
value of the induced emf is (in volt)

(a) 3000  (b) 300  (c) 30  (d) 3 

Solution: (c) Peak value of emf = e0 = NBA = 2 NBA = 2  50  300  4  10–2  (25  10–2  10  10–2) = 30  volt

Example: 43 A wheel with ten metallic spokes each 0.50 m long is rotated with a speed of 120 rev/min in a place normal
to the earth's magnetic field at the place. If the magnitude of the field is 0.04 G, the induced emf between
the axle and the rim of the wheel is equal to

[AMU 2002]

(a) 1.256  10–3 V (b) 6.28  10–3 V (c) 1.256  10–4 V (d) 6.28  10–6 V

1 2 120
Solution: (d) e Bl   Bl 2    (0 .04  10  4 )  (0 .5) 2  3 .14   6 .28  10 6 V .
2 60
 32 Electromagnetic Induction

Example: 44 A copper disc of radius 0.1 m rotates about its centre with 10 revolutions per second in a uniform magnetic
field of 0.1 Tesla. The emf induced across the radius of the disc is

 2
(a) V (b) V (c) 10  mV (d) 20  mV
10 10

Solution: (c) The induced emf between centre and rim of the rotating disc is

1 1
E BR 2   0 .1  2  10  (0 .1) 2  10   10  3 volt
2 2

Example: 45 A rectangular coil having dimensions 10 cm × 5 cm has 100 turns. It is moving at right angles to a field of 5 Tesla
at angular speed of 314 rad/sec. The emf at instant when flux passing the coils is half the maximum value is

785 785 3
(a) 785 V (b) V (c) V (d) 0
2 2
0
Solution: (c)    0 cos     0 cos  ;   60 o
2
785 3
 e  e 0 sin   e 0   NBA  314  100  5  50  10 4  785 V  e = 785 sin 60o  V
2
Example: 46 A loop of area 0.1 m2 rotates with a speed of 60 rev/sec with the axis of rotation perpendicular to a

magnetic field B = 0.4 T. If there are 100 turns in the loop, the maximum voltage induced in the loop is [MP PMT 1995

(a) 15.07 V (b) 150.7 V (c) 1507 V (d) 250 V

Solution: (c) Maximum voltage e0 = NBA = 2NBA = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 100 × 0.4 × 0.1 = 1507 V

Example: 47 A square loop of side a is rotating about its diagonal with angular velocity  in a perpendicular magnetic

field as shown in the figure. If the number of turns in it is 10 then the magnetic flux linked with the loop at
    
any instant will be
    

(a) 10 Ba cos  t2
    

(b) 10 Ba  

  

(c) 10 Ba2

(d) 20 Ba2

Solution: (a) The magnetic flux linked with the loop at any instant of time t is given by  = BAN cos  t or  = 10 Ba2 cos 

Here N = 10, A = a2
Example: 48 A very small circular loop of area A and the resistance R and negligible inductance is initially coplanar and
concentric with a much larger fixed loop of radius x. A constant current i is passed in the bigger loop and
 Electromagnetic Induction 33

the smaller loop is rotated with constant angular velocity  about a diameter then induced current in the
smaller loop as a function of time will be
 0 iA     
(a) sin  t
2 xR 
    
 0 iA
(b) sin  t
2 xR     

 0 iA x
(c) sin 2 t     
2 xR
(d) 0
Solution: (b) At any instant t flux linked with smaller loop   BA cos wt where B = magnetic field produced by larger
0i  0 iA d  0 i e  i A
loop at it’s centre  . So   cos  t ; e     A sin  t  i   0 sin  t .
2x 2x dt 2x R 2 xR
Example: 49 In periodic motion of a coil in an uniform magnetic field if induced emf at any instant t is given by
1
e  10 sin 314 t then induced emf at t  sec will be
300
(a) 5 V (b) 5 2 V (c) 5 3 volt (d) None of these

Solution: (c)  e  10 sin 314 t  10 sin(3.14  100 ) t  10 sin 100  t

1  10 3
Putting t  sec ; e  10 sin  10 sin 60 o   5 3 V.
300 3 2
Example: 50 In the previous question at what time t instantaneous induced emf will be half of maximum induced emf
1 1 1 1
(a) sec (b) sec (c) sec (d) sec
300 400 500 600
10 1 1  1
Solution: (d) Given e  10 sin 314 t  10 sin 100 t ;  10 sin 314 t   sin 100 t  100 t  sin 1    , t  sec
2 2 2 6 600

Example: 51 In a region of uniform magnetic induction B = 10– 2 Tesla, a circular coil of radius 30 cm and resistance 2
ohm is rotated about an axis which is perpendicular to the direction of B and which forms a diameter of
the coil. If the coil rotates at 200 rpm the amplitude of the alternating current induced in the coil is [CBSE 1990]

(a) 42 mA (b) 30 mA (c) 6 mA (d) 200 mA

B A N  10 2    (30  10 2 ) 2  1  2  200
Solution: (c) i0    6  10  3 A  6 mA .
R   60
2
 Electromagnetic Induction 29

Static EMI.

Inductance is that property of electrical circuits which opposes any change in the current in the circuit.

Inductance is inherent property of electrical circuits. It will always be found in an electrical circuit whether
we want it or not. The circuit in which a large emf is induced when the current in the circuit changes is said to
have greater inductance. A straight wire carrying current with no iron part in the circuit will have lesser value of
inductance while if the circuit contains a circular coil having many number of turns, the induced emf to oppose
the cause will be greater and the circuit is therefore said to have greater value of inductance.

Inductance is called electrical inertia : Inductance is analogous to inertia in mechanics, because we know
that due to inertia a body at rest opposes any attempt which tries to bring it in motion and a body in motion
opposes any attempt which tries to bring it to rest. Inductance of an electrical circuit opposes any change of
current in the circuit thus it is also called electrical inertia.

(1) Self-Induction

Whenever the electric current passing through a coil or circuit changes, the magnetic flux linked with it will
also change. As a result of this, in accordance with Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, an emf is
induced in the coil or the circuit which opposes the change that causes it. This phenomenon is called ‘self
induction’ and the emf induced is called back emf, current so produced in the coil is called induced current.

Induced current Induced current

Rheostat Key Rheostat Key

Main current increasing Main current

decreasing

(i) Coefficient of self-induction : If no magnetic materials are present near the coil, number of flux linkages with
the coil is proportional to the current i. i.e. N   i or N   Li (N is the number of turns in coil and N – total flux
N
linkage) where L  = coefficient of self induction.
i
If i = 1amp, N = 1 then, L =  i.e. the coefficient of self induction of a coil is equal to the flux linked with the
coil when the current in it is 1 amp.
30 Electromagnetic Induction

d di di
By Faraday’s second law induced emf e   N . Which gives e  L ; If  1 Amp / sec then |e|= L.
dt dt dt
Hence coefficient of self induction is equal to the emf induced in the coil when the rate of change of
current in the coil is unity.

Note :  Here we must note that if we are asked to calculate the induced emf in an inductor, then we have
di
e  L . But when we are asked to calculate the voltage (V) across the inductor then
dt
di
V | e |  L
dt
(ii) Units and dimensional formula of ‘L’
weber Tesla  m 2 N m Joule Coulomb  volt volt  sec
S.I. unit :   2
 2
   ohm  sec
Amp Amp Amp Amp Amp 2 amp

But practical unit is henry (H). It’s dimensional formula [L] = [ML2T–2A–2]

Note :  1 henry = 109 emu of inductance or 109 ab-henry.

(iii) Dependence of self inductance (L) : ‘L’ does not depend upon current flowing or change in current

flowing but it depends upon number of turns ( N), Area of cross section (A) and permeability of medium ().

(Soft iron has greater permeability. Hence greater self inductance L)

‘L’ does not play any role till there is a constant current flowing in the circuit. ‘ L’ comes in to the picture

only when there is a change in current.

(iv) Magnetic potential energy of inductor : In building a steady current in the circuit, the source emf has to

do work against of self inductance of coil and whatever energy consumed for this work stored in magnetic field
U
Parabolic
of coil this energy called as magnetic potential energy ( U) of coil
i 1 2 1 Ni
U  0
Lidi 
2
Li ; Also U  (Li)i 
2 2
i

Note :  Energy density is given as U  1 B

2
.
2 0

(v) Calculation of self inductance for a current carrying coil : If a coil of any shape having N turns, carries a

current i, then total flux linked with coil N   Li

Also  = BA cos ; where B = magnetic field produced at the centre of coil due to it’s current; A = Area of

each turn;  = Angle between normal to the plane of coil and direction of magnetic field.
 Electromagnetic Induction 31

N NBA cos  NBA

L  ; If  = 0o,  max  BA So L
i i i

Circular coil

If a circular coil of N turns carrying current i and its each turn is of radius r then its self inductance can be

calculated as follows as
 0 2Ni
Magnetic field at the centre of coil due to its own current B . 
4 r
  2Ni  2
N 0 .  (r )
 4 r   N 2 r
L  0
i 2
2
L1  N 1 
 LN 2
   (For constant r)
L 2  N 2 

Note :  If radius is doubled so self inductance will also doubles. (L  r) (If N = constant)

 If area across section is doubled (N = constant) i.e. A '  2 A  r' 2  2  r 2  r'  2r

So L'  2 L i.e. increase in self induction is 41.4%.
 If a current carrying wire of constant length is bend into circular coil of N-turns then N (2r)  l ;
l
N
r
Now as L  N 2r If N - given If r - given
 l 
L  N 2   L  N L
l
r   L  l
N
2
r r
e.g. If a wire of length l first bent in single turn circular coil then in double turn (concentric
coplanar) coil so by using L  N we can say that L in second case twice that in first case.

Other important cases

Square coil Triangular coil Solenoid Toroid

l Winding
Core
l l
O O
r
i i
l
32 Electromagnetic Induction

0 8 2 i  0 18 Ni  0 Ni  0 Ni
B . N B . B   0 ni  B
4 a 4 l l 2r
  18 Ni   3 2    Ni    Ni 
  8 2 Ni  2 N 0  l N  0 . A N  0  r 2
N 0 . a  4  l   4 
  l  L 
2r   N 2r
 4
 a  L L ;  0
L i i i 2
i
9 3 0 N 2l  N2A
L  L  N2 L 0 L  N2
2 20 N a
2
8
L L N 2 l

For iron cored solenoid
0 r N 2 A N 2 A
L  (  0 r )
l l

Note :  Inductance at the ends of a solenoid is half of it's the inductance at the centre.

 1 
 Lend  Lcentre  .
 2 

(2) Mutual Induction

Whenever the current passing through a coil or circuit changes, the magnetic flux linked with a

neighbouring coil or circuit will also change. Hence an emf will be induced in the neighbouring coil or circuit.

This phenomenon is called ‘mutual induction’. The coil or circuit in which the current changes is called ‘primary’
i i2
while the other in which emf is set up is called ‘secondary’.
1

Variable
current Load
P S
R
M

In case of mutual inductance for two coils situated close to each other, total flux linked with the

secondary due to current in the primary is N2 2 and N2 2  i 1  N 2  2  Mi 1 where N1 - Number of turns

in primary; N2 - Number of turns in secondary; 2 - Flux linked with each turn of secondary; i 1 - Current

flowing through primary; M-Coefficient of mutual induction or mutual inductance.

 Electromagnetic Induction 33

d 2 di di 1 Amp
According to Faraday’s second law emf induces in secondary e 2   N 2 ; e 2   M 1 ; If 1 
dt dt dt sec
then |e2| = M. Hence coefficient of mutual induction is equal to the emf induced in the secondary coil when rate

of change of current in primary coil is unity.

Units and dimensional formula of M are similar to self-inductance (L)

(i) Dependence of mutual inductance

(a) Number of turns (N1, N2) of both coils

(b) Coefficient of self inductances (L1, L2) of both the coils

(c) Area of cross-section of coils

(d) Magnetic permeability of medium between the coils ( r) or nature of material on which two coils are

wound

(e) Distance between two coils (As d  = M )

(f) Orientation between primary and secondary coil (for 90 o orientation no flux relation M = 0)

(g) Coupling factor ‘K’ between primary and secondary coil

(ii) Calculation of mutual inductance between two coils

If two coils (1 and 2) also called primary and secondary coils are placed close to each other (maximum

coupling); N1 and N2 = Number of turns in primary and secondary coils respectively, 2 = Flux linked with each

turn of secondary, N22 = Total flux linkage with secondary coils; M = Mutual inductance between two coil

B1 N 2 A 2
So N22 = Mi1  N2(B1A2) = Mi1  M 
i1

Two concentric coplaner circular coils Two Solenoids Two concentric coplaner square coils

i1 l (1)

R P (2)
i
r i1
S Primary Secondary
(N2 turns) l
(N1 turns)
L
34 Electromagnetic Induction

Magnetic field at the centre due to If two air cored solenoid tightly Magnetic field at the centre due to

current in outer coil is wound to each other as shown : current in outer coil is

 0 2N 1 i1 Magnetic field inside the primary  0 8 2 N 1 i1

B1  . , B1  .
4 R 4 L
 N
solenoid B1   0 n1 i1  n1  1
From the above formula  l From the above formula
 0 N 1 N 2 r 2 r2 From the above formula 0 2 2 N 1 N 2l 2
M  M l2
2R R M  M
L L
{A = Area of each solenoid)
μ0 N 1 N 2 A
M
l

(iii) Relation between M, L1 and L2

For two magnetically coupled coils M  k L1 L 2 ; where k – coefficient of coupling or coupling factor
magnetic flux linked in secondary
which is defined as k  ; 0k1
magnetic flux linked in primary
P S P Air S S
gap P

M  L1 L 2
(Normal
coupling)

If coils are tightly coupled (k = 1) If coils are loosely coupled (0 < k < 1) No coupling (k = 0)
2
Note :  N N L N
Specially for Transformer in ideal case M  2 L1 and M  1 L 2 ; 1   1
L2  N 2


N1 N2 

(3) Combination of inductance

(i) Series combination

Mutual induction is absent (k = 0) Mutual induction is present and Mutual induction is present and

favours self inductance of coils opposes self inductance of coils

L1 L2 L1 L2
i
L1 L2
(CW) M (CW) (CW) M (ACW)
i i
 Electromagnetic Induction 35

L eq  L1  L 2 Current in same direction Current in opposite direction

Winding nature same Opposite winding nature

Their flux assist each other Their flux opposes each other

Leq  L1  L2  2 M Leq  L1  L2  2 M

(ii) Parallel combination

Mutual induction is absent (k = 0) Mutual induction is present and Mutual induction is present and

favours self inductance of coils opposes self inductance of coils

L1

L2

L eq 
L1 L 2 L1 L 2  M 2 L1 L 2  M 2
L eq  L eq 
L1  L 2 L1  L 2  2 M L1  L 2  2 M

Note :  If nothing is said then it is to be considered that mutual inductance between the coils is

absent.

Concepts

 A thin long wire made up of material of high resistivity behaves predominantly as a resistance. But it has some amount of
36 Electromagnetic Induction

inductance as well as capacitance in it. It is thus difficult to obtain pure resistor. Similarly it is difficult to obtain pure
capacitor as well as pure inductor.

 Due to inherent presence of self inductance in all electrical circuits, a resistive circuit with no capacitive

or inductive element in it, also has some inductance associated with it.

The effect of self-inductance can be eliminated as in the coils of a resistance box by doubling back the

coil on itself. The coil is placed in space as shown in figure below

 It is not possible to have mutual inductance without self inductance but it may or may not be possible self inductance
without mutual inductance.
di
 If main current through a coil increases (i ) so will be positive (+ve), hence induced emf e will be negative (i.e. opposite
dt
emf)  E net  E  e

di
 If main current through a circuit (coil) decreases (i ) so will be negative (– ve), hence induced emf e will be positive (i.e.
dt

same directed emf)  Enet  E  e

 Sometimes at sudden opening of key, because of high inductance of circuit a high momentarily induced emf produced
and a sparking occurs at key position. To avoid sparking a capacitor is connected across the key.

 One can have resistance with or without inductance but one can’t have inductance without having resistance.

 In checking balancing of Wheatstone bridge, always firstly pressed cell key and after–wards galvanometer key, so that
momentarily induced current produced, because of self inductance of coil of galvanometer becomes almost zero or
disappear.

 The circuit behaviour of an inductor is quite different from that of a resistor. while a resistor opposes the current i, an
di
inductor opposes the change in the circuit
dt
 Electromagnetic Induction 37

Examples

Example: 52 A circular coil of radius 5 cm has 500 turns of a wire. The approximate value of the coefficient of self
induction of the coil will be

(a) 25 millihenry (b) 25 × 10–3 millihenry (c) 50 × 10–34 millihenry (d) 50 × 10–3 henry

 0 N 2 r (3.14 )  4  (3.14 )  10 7  (500 ) 2  5  10 2

Solution: (a) By using L  ; L  25  10 3 H  25 mH
2 2
Example: 53 A solenoid has 2000 turns wound over a length of 0.30 metre. The area of its cross-section is 1.2 × 10–3 m2.

Around its central section, a coil of 300 turns is wound. If an initial current of 2A in the solenoid is reversed

in 0.25 sec, then the emf induced in the coil is [NCERT 1982]

(a) 6 × 10–4 V (b) 4 × 10–3 V (c) 6 × 10–2 V (d) 48 mV

0 N1 N 2 A di {2  (2)}
Solution: (d) By using M  and | e |  M ; M  3.01  10 3 H  e  3 .01  10  3  ; e  48 mV .
l dt 0 .25

Example: 54 The coefficient of self inductance of a solenoid is 0.18 mH. If a crode of soft iron of relative permeability

900 is inserted, then the coefficient of self inductance will become nearly

(a) 5.4 mH (b) 162 mH (c) 0.006 mH (d) 0.0002 mH

0 N 2 A
Solution: (b) We know for air cored solenoid L 
l
0 r N 2 A
In case of soft of iron core it’s self inductance L'  ; L'   r L . So here L = 900 × 0.18 = 162 mH
l

Note :  The self-inductance of a solenoid may be increased by inserting a soft iron core. The function
of the core is to improve the flux linkage between the turns of the coil.

Example: 55 The current in an inductor is given by i = 2 + 3t amp where t is in second. The self induced emf in it is 9
mV the energy stored in the inductor at t= 1 second is

(a) 10 mJ (b) 37.5 mJ (c) 75 mJ (d) Zero

di d
Solution: (b) At t = 1 sec, i = 2 + 3  1 = 5A and | e |  L  9  10–6  L  (2  3 t)  L = 3  10–3 H
dt dt
1 2 1
So energy U  Li  (3  10 3 )  (5) 2 = 37.5 mJ.
2 2
 38 Electromagnetic Induction

Example: 56 The number of turns in two coils A and B are 300 and 400 respectively. They are placed close to each

other. Co-efficient of mutual induction between them is 24 mH. If the current passing through the coil A is

2 Amp then the flux linkage with coil B will be

(a) 24 mwb (b) 12 × 10–5 wb (c) 48 mwb (d) 48 × 10–5 wb

Solution: (c) Flux linkage  N 2 2  Mi1  24  2  48 mwb

Example: 57 A coil of wire of a certain radius has 600 turns and a self-inductance of 108 mH. The self-inductance of

another similar coil of 500 turns will be [MP PMT 1990]

(a) 74 mH (b) 75 mH (c) 76 mH (d) 77 mH

2
L1  N 1 
2
108  600 
Solution: (b)  L  N2       ; L 2  75 mH
L2  N 2  L2  500 

Example: 58 Two different coils have self-inductance L1 = 8mH, L2 = 2mH. The current in one coil is increased at a

constant rate. The current in the second coil is also increased at the same rate. At a certain instant of time,

the power given to the two coils is the same. At that time the current, the induced voltage and the energy

stored in the first coil are i1, V1 and W1 respectively. Corresponding values for the second coil at the same

instant are i2, V2 and W2 respectively. Then choose incorrect option

i1 1 i1 W2 V2 1
(a)  (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 
i2 4 i2 W1 V1 4
di e L  di  V1 8
Solution: (b) By | e |  L  1  1   same    4
dt e2 L2  dt  V2 2

P  same 
1 i1 e V L 2 1
Power P  ei  i    2  2  2  
e i2 e1 V1 L1 8 4
2
i 
2
1 W L 1 1
Energy stored W  Li 2 ; 1  1   1   4     .
2 W2 L 2  i2  4 4

Example: 59 A current increases uniformly from zero to one ampere in 0.01 second, in a coil of inductance 10 mH it. The
induced emf will be

(a) 1 V (b) 2 V (c) 3 V (d) 4 V

dI 1 .0
Solution: (a) e  L  10  10  3  1 volt  | e |  1 volt
dt 0 .01
Example: 60 The current in a coil varies w.r.t. to time t as I = 3t2 + 2t. If the inductance of coil be 10 mH, the value of
induced emf at t = 2s will be

(a) 0.14 V (b) 0.12 V (c) 0.1 V (d) 0.13 V

dI d
Solution: (a) e  L   [3 t 2  2 t]   L[6 t  2]  10  10 3 [6 t  2]
dt dt
 Electromagnetic Induction 39

(e)at t 2  10  10 3 (6  2  2)  10  10 3 (14 )   0.14 volt ; | e |  0 .14 volt

Example: 61 What inductance would be needed to store 1 KWh of energy in a coil carrying a 200 A current

(a) 100 H (b) 180 H (c) 200 H (d) 450 H

1 2 1
Solution: (b) U = 1KWH = 3.6  106 J. By using U  Li  3.6  106   L  (200 ) 2  L = 180 H
2 2
Example: 62 The self inductance of a coil is L, keeping the length and area same, the number of turns in the coil is
increased to four times. The self inductance of the coil will now be [MP PMT 1997]

1
(a) L (b) L (c) 4 L (d) 16 L
4
Solution: (d) L  N2

Example: 63 The mutual inductance between a primary and secondary circuit is 0.5 H. The resistance of the primary and
the secondary circuits are 20 ohms and 5 ohms respectively. To generate a current of 0.4 A in the
secondary, current in the primary must be changed at the rate of

(a) 4.0 A/s (b) 16.0 A/s (c) 1.6 A/s (d) 8.0 A/s

di1 e M di1 0 .5 di1 di1

Solution: (a) By using | e 2 |  M ; i2  2   0 .4   ;  4 A / sec
dt R2 R 2 dt 5 dt dt

Example: 64 The average emf induced in a coil in which a current changes from 0 to 2 A in 0.05 s is 8 V. The self
inductance of the coil is [CPMT 1999]

(a) 0.1 H (b) 0.2 H (c) 0.4 H (d) 0.8 H

di1 (2  0)
Solution: (b) By using | e |  L ; 8  L  L  0 .2 H
dt 0 .05
r
Example: 65 A coil of Cu wire (radius-r, self inductance-L) is bent in two concentric turns each having radius is . The
2
self inductance now

(a) 2L (b) L (c) 4 L (d) L / 2

2
L1  N 1 
2
r L 1  r  1
Solution: (a)  L  N 2r ;    1        ; L2 = 2 L
L 2  N 2  r2 L2  2  r/2 2

Example: 66 In the following circuit, the bulb will become suddenly bright if [CBSE 1989]

(a) Contact is made or broken

(b) Contact is made

(c) Contact is broken

 40 Electromagnetic Induction

(d) Won’t becomes bright at all

Solution: (c) When contact is broken induced current flows in the same direction of main current. So bulb suddenly
glows more brightly.

Example: 67 Three inductances are connected as shown below. Assuming no coupling, the resultant inductance will be

L2 = 0.50 H

(a) 0.25 H L1 = 0.75

(b) 0.75 H L3 = 0.50 H

(c) 0.01 H

(d) 1 H

L2 L3
Solution: (d) L2 and L3 are in parallel. Thus their combination gives L'   0 .25 H
L2  L3

The L and L1 are in series, thus the equivalent inductance is L = L1 + L = 0.75 + 0.25 = 1H.

Tricky example: 7

The current through a 4.6 H inductor is shown on the following graph. The induced emf during the
i (Amp)
time interval t = 5 milli-sec to 6 milli-sec will be A
7
(a) 103 V 5
B
C
(b) – 23 103 V
0 2 5 6 t (milli-sec)
(c) 23  10 V
3

(d) Zero
di
Solution : (c) Rate of decay of current between t = 5 ms to 6 ms    (Slope of the line BC )
dt
 5  di
  3
   5  10 3 A / s. Hence induced emf e   L   4 .6  ( 5  10 3 )  23  10 3 V .
 1  10  dt

Growth and Decay of Current in LR-Circuit.

If a circuit containing a pure inductor L and a resistor R in series with a battery and a key then on closing
the circuit current through the circuit rises exponentially and reaches up to a certain maximum value (steady
state). If circuit is opened from it’s steady state condition then current through the circuit decreases
exponentially.
L L
Induced Induced
current current

Main Main
+ +
current current
B K B K
Growth of current Decay of current
 Electromagnetic Induction 41

The value of current at any instant of time t after closing the circuit (i.e. during the rising of current) is given
  t
R
E
by i  i 0 1  e L  ; where i0  imax  = steady state current.
  R
 

The value of current at any instant of time t after opening from the steady state condition (i.e. during the
R
 t
decaying of current) is given by i  i 0 e L

(1) Time constant ()

L
In this circuit   ; It’s unit is second. In other words the time interval, during which the current in an
R
inductive circuit rises to 63% of its maximum value at make, is defined as time constant or it is the time interval,

during which the current after opening an inductive circuit falls to 37% of its maximum value.

i i
i0
i0
i = 0.63 i0

i = 0.37i0

t= t t= t

Note :  The dimensions of

L
are same as those of time i.e. M0L0T1
R
i0
 Half life (T) : In this time current reduces to 50% of its initial max value i.e. if t  T then i  and
2
L
again half life obtained as T = 0.693 or T = 70% of time constant.
R
42 Electromagnetic Induction

1 2 i
Now from U  Li so in half life time current changes from i0  0 hence energy changes from
2 2
U0
U0 
4

(2) Behaviour of inductor

 E
The current in the circuit grows exponentially with time from 0 to the maximum value i    . Just after
 R

closing the switch as i = 0, inductor act as open circuit i.e. broken wires and long after the switch has been

closed as i = i0, the inductor act as a short circuit i.e. a simple connecting wire.

R L R R

i=0 i=E/R
i=0

E E S i E S i
Initially Long after closing
Just after closing S

LC Oscillation.

When a charged capacitor C having an initial charge q0 is discharged through an inductance L, the charge
and current in the circuit start oscillating simple harmonically. If the resistance of the circuit is zero, no energy is
dissipated as heat. We also assume an idealized situation in which energy is not radiated away from the circuit.
The total energy associated with the circuit is constant.

L
Frequency of oscillation is given by
1 rad 1
  or   Hz
q0
+ – LC sec 2 LC

C
 Electromagnetic Induction 43

The oscillation of the LC circuit are an electromagnetic analog to the mechanical oscillation of a block-spring

system.

i=0

C +q0
+ + + + v=0
E At t = 0, capacitor is At t = 0, block is
t=0 L k
– q0 ready to discharge
– – – – m ready to move

A
S x=0

i = imax

C T
vmax
At t  , capacitor is fully At t 
T
, block comes in it's
T q=0 L
4 k
t  4
discharged i.e. charge q = 0 m
4 mean position i.e. x = 0and
B and current through the circuit
A velocity of block becomes
is maximum
S x=0 maximum

i=0
T
C At t  , capacitor is again
– – – – – q0 2 T
v=0 At t  , block reaches it's
T E L recharged with reverse polarity k 2
t 
+ + + + + q0 m extreme position other side
2 and i = 0
A and v = 0
S x=0

i = imax
3T
C At t  , capacitor again vmax 3T
3T q=0 4 At t  , block again
t  L k 4
discharges completely i = imax
4 m reaches it's mean position and
B
A it's velocity becomes maximum
S x=0

i = imax
3T
C At t  , capacitor again v=0 3T
3T q=0 4 At t  , block again
t  L k 4
discharges completely i = imax
4 m reaches it's mean position and
B
A it's velocity becomes maximum
S x=0
 44 Electromagnetic Induction

Concepts

 Comparison of oscillation of a mass spring system and an LC circuit

Mass spring system v/s LC circuit

Displacement (x) Charge (q)

Velocity (v) Current (i)

 di 
Acceleration (a) Rate of change of current  
 dt 

Mass (m) [Inertia] Inductance (L) [Inertia of electricity]

Momentum (p = mv) Magnetic flux ( = Li)

 dv   di 
Retarding force   m  Self induced emf   L 
 dt   dt 

Equation of free oscillations : Equation of free oscillations :

2
d x K d 2q  1  1 1
  2 x ; where     .q ; where  
2

 LC 
2 2 LC
dt m dt LC
Force constant K, Capacitance C
1 1 2
Kinetic energy  mv 2 Magnetic energy = Li
2 2
1 1 q2
Elastic potential energy = Kx 2 Electrical potential energy 
2 2 C

Examples

Example: 68 In the figure magnetic energy stored in the coil is [RPET 2000]
2H

(a) Zero 10 V 2
(b) Infinite

(c) 25 J

(d) None of these

2
1 1  10 
Solution: (c) U  Li 2   2    25 J
2 2  2 

Example: 69 An emf of 15 volt is applied in a circuit containing 5 henry inductance and 10 ohm resistance. The ratio of
the currents at time t =  and at t = 1 second is [MP PMT 1994]
 Electromagnetic Induction 45

e1/2 e2
(a) (b) (c) 1  e 1 (d) e– 1
e 1/2
1 e 1
2

   10 1 
 ; At t = , i = i and at t = 1 sec i  i 1  e  5  ; i  i (1  e  2 )  i  e  1  ;
Rt
 2
Solution: (b) By using i  i0  1  e L 0
  0   0 0  e2 
     
i0 e2
 2
i e 1
Example: 70 An ideal coil of 10 henry is joined in series with a resistance of 5 ohm and a battery of 5 volt. 2 second after
joining, the current flowing in ampere in the circuit will be [MP PET 1995]

(a) e–1 (b) (1 – e–1) (c) (1 – e) (d) e

 
Rt  5 
52
 
Solution: (b) By using i  i0  1  e L ; i 1  e 10  or i  (1  e 1 )
  5 
   
Example: 71 A coil of self inductance 50 henry is joined to the terminals of a battery of emf 2 volts through a resistance
of 10 ohm and a steady current is flowing through the circuit. If the battery is now disconnected, the time
in which the current will decay to 1/e of its steady value is
(a) 500 seconds (b) 50 seconds (c) 5 seconds (d) 0.5 seconds
L 1 50
Solution: (c) In decaying if t    current becomes times of it’s initial value i.e. i0. So t  5 sec .
R e 10
Example: 72 A solenoid has an inductance of 50 mH and a resistance of 0.025 . If it is connected to a battery, how
long will it take for the current to reach one half of its final equilibrium value

(a) 1.34 ms (b) 1.2 ms (c) 6.32 ms (d) 0.23 ms

 
t   t  t t
Solution: (a) i  i0  1  e   where i  1 i and   L . Thus 1 i  i  1  e    or 1  e   or 2  e  
  2
0
R 2
0 0   2
   
50  10 3
Thus t   log e 2   0.693  1.34  10 3 s  1.34 milli second .
0.025
Example: 73 A 50 volt potential difference is suddenly applied to a coil with L = 5  10–3 henry and R = 180 ohm. The rate of
increase of current after 0.001 second is

(a) 27.3 amp /sec (b) 27.8 amp/sec (c) 2.73 amp/sec (d) None of these

Solution: (d)

Example: 74 In which of the following circuit is the current maximum just after the switch S is closed
R R
R

E E E
R L R
L

S S
S

(i) (iii)
(ii)
46 Electromagnetic Induction

(a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) Both (ii) and (iii)

Solution: (b) At t = 0 current through L is zero so it acts as open circuit. The given figures can be redrawn as follow.
R R R

E
E E
R R

S S S

(i) (ii) (iii)

E E
i1  0 i2  i3 
R 2R
Hence i2 > i3 > i1
Example: 75 An oscillator circuit consists of an inductance of 0.5 mH and a capacitor of 20 F . The resonant frequency of the circuit
is nearly [Kerala PET 2002]

(a) 15.92 Hz (b) 159.2 Hz (c) 1592 Hz (d) 15910 Hz

Solution: (b)

Tricky example: 8

The resistance in the following circuit is increased at a particular instant. At this instant the value of
10 mH
resistance is 10. The current in the circuit will be now

i
(a) i = 0.5 A

(b) i > 0.5 A 5V RH

(c) i < 0.5 A

(d) i = 0

5
Solution : (b) If resistance is constant (10) then steady current in the circuit i   0 . 5 A . But resistance is
10

increasing it means current through the circuit start decreasing. Hence inductance comes in picture

which induces a current in the circuit in the same direction of main current. So i > 0.5 A.
 Electromagnetic Induction 47

Application of EMI.

(1) Eddy current

When a changing magnetic flux is applied to a bulk piece of conducting material then circulating currents

called eddy currents are induced in the material. Because the resistance of the bulk
Non-uniform
conductor is usually low, eddy currents often have large magnitudes and heat up magnetic field

the conductor.
Eddy
currents
These are circulating currents like eddies in water Metallic
block
Experimental concept given by Focault hence also named as “Focault current”

(i) Disadvantages of eddy currents

(a) The production of eddy currents in a metallic block leads to the loss of electric energy in the form of

heat.

(b) The heat produced due to eddy currents breaks the insulation used in the electrical machine or

appliance.

(c) Eddy currents may cause unwanted damping effect.

(ii) Minimisation of losses due to eddy currents

By Lamination, slotting processes the resistance path for circulation of eddy current increases, resulting in

to weakening them and also reducing losses causes by them (slots and lamination intercept the conducting

paths and decreases the magnitude of eddy currents and reduces possible paths of eddy currents)

Plane metal
Slotted metal
plate B
plate

× × × ×
× ×
× ×
× × × ×
× ×
× × × ×
Solid metallic Strong eddy
Strong eddies produced Laminated core
Feeble eddies currents
Cause excessive electro core (Feeble eddy currents)
Gradual damping
magnetic damping
48 Electromagnetic Induction

(iii) Application of eddy currents : Though most of the times eddy currents are undesirable but they find

some useful applications as enumerated below

(a) Dead-beat galvanometer : A dead beat galvanometer means one whose pointer comes to rest in the

final equilibrium position immediately without any oscillation about the equilibrium position when a current is

passed in its coil.

We know that the coil of a moving coil galvanometer is wound over a light aluminium frame. When the coil

moves due to the torque produced by the current being measured, the aluminium frame also moves in the field.

As a result the flux associated with the frame changes and eddy currents are induced in the frame. Eddy currents

induced in aluminium frame as per Lenz’s law always oppose the cause that produces them. Hence they damp

the oscillation about the final steady position.

(b) Electric-brakes : When the train is running its wheel is moving in air and when the train is to be stopped

by electric breaks the wheel is made to move in a field created by electromagnet. Eddy currents induced in the

wheels due to the changing flux oppose the cause and stop the train.

(c) Induction furnace : Here a large amount of heat is to be generated so as to melt metal in it. To produce

such a large amount of heat, a solid core of the furnace is taken (as against laminated core in situations where

the heat produced is to be minimized).

(d) Speedometer : In the speedometer of an automobile, a magnet is geared to the main shaft of the
vehicle and it rotates according to the speed of the vehicle. The magnet is mounted in an aluminium cylinder
with the help of hair springs. When the magnet rotates, it produces eddy currents in the drum and drags it
through an angle, which indicates the speed of the vehicle on a calibrated scale.

(e) Diathermy : Eddy currents have been used for deep heat treatment called diathermy.

(f) Energy meter : In energy meters, the armature coil carries a metallic aluminium disc which rotates
between the poles of a pair of permanent horse shoe magnets. As the armature rotates, the current induced in
the disc tends to oppose the motion of the armature coil. Due to this braking effect, deflection is proportional to
the energy consumed.

(2) dc motors
 Electromagnetic Induction 49

It is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

(i) Principle : It is based on the fact that a current carrying coil placed in the magnetic field experiences a
torque. This torque rotates the coil.

(ii) Construction : It consists of the following components figure.

ABCD = Armature coil B C C B


S1, S2 = split ring comutators
F2

N S N S

B1, B2 = Carbon brushes F1

A S1 S2 D D S2 S1 A
N, S = Strong magnetic poles
B1 B2 B1 B2

  
(iii) Working : Force on any arm of the coil is given by F  i(l  B) in fig., force on AB will be perpendicular
to plane of the paper and pointing inwards. Force on CD will be equal and opposite. So coil rotates in clockwise
sense when viewed from top in fig. The current in AB reverses due to commutation keeping the force on AB and
CD in such a direction that the coil continues to rotate in the same direction.

(iv) Back emf in motor : When the armature coil rotates in the magnetic field, an induced emf is set up in its
windings. According to Lenz’s law, this induced emf opposes the motion of the coil and its direction is opposite
to the applied emf in the motor circuit. Hence the induced emf is known as back emf e = E – iR

Value of back emf directly depends upon the angular velocity  of armature and magnetic field B. But for
constant magnetic field B, value of back emf e is given by e   or e = k (e = NBA sint)

Let e = Magnitude of induced emf, E = Magnitude of the supply voltage, R = Resistance of the armature
E  (e ) E  e
coil, i = Current in the armature. According to Ohm’s law i   or iR  E  e
R R
50 Electromagnetic Induction

E  e E  k
(v) Current in the motor : i   ; When motor is just switched on i.e.  = 0 so e = 0 hence
R R
E
i  maximum and at full speed,  is maximum so back emf e is maximum and i is minimum. Thus,
R
maximum current is drawn when the motor is just switched on which decreases when motor attains the speed.

Hence a starter is used for starting a dc motor safely. Its function is to introduce a suitable resistance in the

circuit at the time of starting of the motor. This resistance decreases gradually and reduces to zero when the

motor runs at full sped. R

R R R R
C 3 4
1 2 5 6
H
Spring E

dc mains
M

The value of starting resistance is maximum at time t = 0 and its value is controlled by spring and
electromagnetic system and is made to zero when the motor attains its safe speed.

Note :  Small motor tends to have higher resistance then the large ones and do not normally need a
starter.

(vi) Mechanical power and Efficiency of dc motor : Power supplied to the motor, Pin = Ei

and the power dissipated in the form of heat = i2R

So remaining power = Ei – i2R. This power is known as the mechanical power developed in the motor.

Hence mechanical power, Pmech. = (E – iR) i = ei

Pmechanical Pout e Back e.m.f.
Efficiency of dc motor     
Psup plied Pin E Supply voltage

Note :   will be maximum if ei = maximum. which obtained when e 

E
. So max.=
2
E/2
 100  50 %
E
(vii) Uses of dc motors : They are used in electric locomotives, electric ears, rolling mills, electric cranes,
electric lifts, dc drills, fans and blowers, centrifugal pumps and air compressors, etc.
 Electromagnetic Induction 51

(3) ac generator/Alternator/Dynamo
An electrical machine used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy is known as ac
generator/alternator.
(i) Principle : It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction i.e., when a coil is rotated in uniform
magnetic field, an induced emf is produced in it.
(ii) Construction : The main components of ac generator are

(a) Armature : Armature coil (ABCD) consists of large number of

turns of insulated copper wire wound over a soft iron core. B C

(b) Strong field magnet : A strong permanent magnet or an

electromagnet whose poles (N and S) are cylindrical in shape in a field
magnet. The armature coil rotates between the pole pieces of the field N A D S
B1
magnet. The uniform magnetic field provided by the field magnet is R1
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil. RL Output

(c) Slip rings : The two ends of the armature coil are connected to R2
B2
two brass slip rings R1 and R2. These rings rotate along with the
armature coil.

(d) Brushes : Two carbon brushes (B1 and B2), are pressed against the slip rings. The brushes are fixed while
slip rings rotate along with the armature. These brushes are connected to the load through which the output is
obtained.

(iii) Working : When the armature coil ABCD rotates in the magnetic field provided by the strong field
magnet, it cuts the magnetic lines of force. Thus the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and hence
induced emf is set up in the coil. The direction of the induced emf or the current in the coil is determined by the
Fleming’s right hand rule.

The current flows out through the brush B1 in one direction of half of the revolution and through the brush
B2 in the next half revolution in the reverse direction. This process is repeated. Therefore, emf produced is of
alternating nature.  

Nd  B
N
e  NBA  sin t = e0 sint where e0 = NBA  S
dt
e e0
i  sin t  i0 sin t R  Resistance of the circuit
R R

 = 0o  = 90o  = 180o  = 270o  = 360o

B C B C B C B
C
C B 
B
S
N
D A
A
D A A D
52 Electromagnetic Induction

+e0

0o 90o 180o 270o 360o 

– e0

Note :  Frequency of ac produced given by  f AC  

NP
, where P = Number of magnetic poles
2
of field, N = Rotational frequency of armature coil in rps (rotations per seconds)

 For (a) Simple generator P = 2  fac = N (b) Multiple generator P > 2  fac > N

 To produce ac of given frequency, multiple generator is prove to be economical.

(4) dc generator

If the current produced by the generator is direct current, then the generator is called dc generator.

dc generator consists of (i) Armature (coil) (ii) Magnet (iii) Commutator (iv) Brushes

In dc generator commutator is used in place of slip rings. The

Armature (Coil)
commutator rotates along with the coil so that in every cycle when

direction of ‘e’ reverses, the commutator also reverses or makes contact

with the other brush so that in the external load the current remains in the
S N
e Commutator
some direction giving dc Brushes
t + –
(Output of a single loop dc generator
for one cycle of rotation)
Load
 Electromagnetic Induction 53

Note :  Practical efficiencies of big generators are about 92% to 95%.

Concepts

 dc motor is a highly versatile energy conversion device. It can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting torque, high
accelerating and decelerating torque.

 Constructionally there is no basic difference between a dc generator and a dc motor. Infect the same dc machine can be used
interchangeably as a generator or as a motor.

 All rating marked on dynamos and motors are for full loads. For example a 5 kW, 100 V, 1000 rpm dynamo delivers 5 kW
electrical power at 100 V terminal voltage and it's speed of rotation at full load is 1000 rpm.

Examples

Example: 76 The armature of dc motor has 20  resistance. It draws current of 1.5 ampere when run by 220 volts dc

supply. The value of back emf induced in it will be [MP PMT 1999]

(a) 150 V (b) 170 V (c) 180 V (d) 190

Solution: (d) e = E – iR = 220 – 1.5 × 20 = 190 V.

Example: 77 A simple electric motor has an armature resistance of one ohm and runs from a dc source of 12 volts.

When unloaded it draws a current of 2 amperes. When a certain load is connected, its speed becomes

one-half of its unloaded value. Then the current in ampere it draws is

(a) 7 amp (b) 6 amp (c) 2 amp (d) 4 amp

Solution: (a) Back emf e  speed, e = E – iR = 12 – 2 × 1 = 10 V

e
e'   E  i ' R  5  12  i '  1  i '  7 amp .
2

Example: 78 If the rotational velocity of a dynamo armature is doubled, then the induced emf will

(a) Become half (b) Become double (c) Become quadruple (d) Remain unchanged
 54 Electromagnetic Induction

Solution: (b) e  when  doubles, ‘e’ gets doubled.

Example: 79 In an ac dynamo, the peak value of emf is 60 volts, then the induced emf in the position, when armature

makes an angle of 30o with the magnetic field perpendicular with the coil, will be

(a) 20 volts (b) 30 3 volts (c) 30 volts (d) 45 volts

Solution: (c) e  e 0 sin t = e0 sin  = 60 sin30o = 30 volts

Example: 80 In an ac dynamo, the number of turns in the armature are made four times and the angular velocity 9

times, then the peak value of induced emf will become

(a) 36 times (b) 12 times (c) 6 times (d) 18 times

Solution: (a) e  e 0 sin t where e0 = NBA = e 0'  (9)(4 N ) BA  36 e 0

Transformer.

It is a device which raises or lowers the voltage in ac circuits through mutual induction. It consists of two

coils wound on the same core. The coil which is connected to the source ( i.e., to which input is applied) is called

primary while the other which is connected to the load ( i.e., from which output is taken) is called secondary. The

alternating current passing through the primary creates a continuously changing flux through the core. This

changing flux induces an alternating emf in the secondary. As magnetic lines of force are closed curves, the flux
Laminated sheets

per turn of the primary must be equal to the flux per turn of the secondary, i.e.,
Load

Source ~ Input Output

Iron core

(i) Transformer works on ac only and never on dc.

(ii) It can increase or decrease either voltage or current but not both simultaneously.

(iii) Transformer does not change the frequency of input ac.

 Electromagnetic Induction 55

(iv) There is no electrical connection between the winding but they are linked magnetically.

(v) Effective resistance between primary and secondary winding is infinite.

d S d
(vi) The flux per turn of each coil must be same i.e.  S   S ;   P
dt dt

(vii) If Suppose for a transformer –

NP = number of turns in primary ; NS = number of turns in secondary

VP = applied (input) voltage to primary; VS = Voltage across secondary (load voltage or

output)

eP = induced emf in primary ; eS = induced emf in secondary

 = flux linked with primary as well as secondary

iP = current in primary; iS = current in secondary (or load current)

RP = resistance of primary; RS = resistance of secondary

tP = thickness of turn in primary; tS = thickness of turn in secondary

As in an ideal transformer there is no loss of power i.e. Pout  Pin and e = V

So VS iS  VP iP and VP  e P , VS  e S

d d
According to Faraday’s law e S   N S , e P  N P
dt dt

eS N V i
Hence  S  S  P k; k = Transformation ratio (or turn ratio)
eP N P VP iS

From above discussions, it is clear that in transformers the side having greater number of turns will have

greater voltage and lesser current. Since in increasing the voltage level, the current level decreases, therefore it

can be concluded that voltage increases at the cost of current.

(viii) Types of transformer : Transformer is of two type

Step up transformer Step down transformer

56 Electromagnetic Induction

It increases voltage and decreases current It decreases voltage and increases current

VS > VP VS < VP

NS > NP NS < NP

ES > EP P S ES < EP P S

iS < iP iS > iP

RS > RP RS < RP

tS > tP tS > tP

k>1 k<1

(ix) Efficiency of transformer () : Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power and input power

Pout V i
i.e. %   100  S S  100
Pin VP iP

For an ideal transformer Pout = Pin so   100 % (But efficiency of practical transformer lies between 70% – 90%)

Pout Pout (P  PL )
For practical transformer Pin  Pout  Plosses so    100   100  in  100
Pin (Pout  PL ) Pin

(x) Losses in transformer : In transformers some power is always lost due to, heating effect, flux leakage

eddy currents, hysteresis and humming.

(a) Cu loss (i 2 R) : When current flows through the transformer windings some power is wasted in the form

of heat (H  i 2 Rt ). To minimize this loss windings are made of thick Cu wires (To reduce resistance)

(b) Iron loss : If is further divided in two types

Eddy current loss : Some electrical power is wasted in the form of heat due to eddy currents, induced in

core, to minimize this loss transformers core are laminated and silicon is added to the core material as it

increases the resistivity. The material of the core is then called silicon-iron (steel).
 Electromagnetic Induction 57

Hystersis loss : The alternating current flowing through the coils magnetises and demagnetises the iron

core again and again. Therefore, during each cycle of magnetisation, some energy is lost due to hysteresis.

However, the loss of energy can be minimised by selecting the material of core, which has a narrow hysterisis

loop. Therefore core of transformer is made of soft iron. Now a days it is made of “Permalloy” ( Fe-22%, Ni-78%).

(c) Magnetic flux leakage : Magnetic flux produced in the primary winding is not completely linked with

secondary because few magnetic lines of force complete their path in air only. To minimize this loss secondary

winding is kept inside the primary winding.

(d) Humming losses : Due to the passage of alternating current, the core of the transformer starts vibrating

and produces humming sound. Thus, some part (may be very small) of the electrical energy is wasted in the

form of humming sounds produced by the vibrating core of the transformer.

(xi) Uses of transformer : A transformer is used in almost all ac operations e.g.

(a) In voltage regulators for TV, refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.

(b) In the induction furnaces.

(c) Step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

(d) In the transmission of ac over long distance.

Transmission lines

House
Low High V Low Load
Generator High V or
V V
factory

Power Station Step up Step down

transformer transformer

(e) Step down and step up transformers are used in electrical power distribution.

(f) Audio frequency transformers are used in radiography, television, radio, telephone etc.

(g) Radio frequency transformers are used in radio communication.

(h) Transformers are also used in impedance matching.

58 Electromagnetic Induction

(xii) Relation between primary and secondary resistances : However if one end of primary and one end of

secondary are connected together and a source of emf is connected across the two remaining ends, ohm’s law

can still be applied.

Thus if voltage across primary winding alone is increased, the primary current will increase. Similarly if

voltage across the secondary winding alone is increased, the secondary current will increases. But interestingly in

transformers the side having greater voltage has lesser current. We know that if voltage in high voltage ( H.V.)

winding is k times greater the current in it is k times smaller. It is possible only when the resistance of the H.V.

winding is k2 times the resistance of the low voltage (L.V.) winding. Thus, R H .V.  k 2 R L.V . (where, k > 1)

Thus purposely the H.V. turns are kept thinner and larger in number.

Similarly the L.V. turns are kept thicker and lesser in number. This may be remembered by the fact that

amount of copper used in making both H.V. and L.V. windings is same.

Concepts

 When a source of emf is connected across the two ends of the primary winding alone or across the two ends of secondary
winding alone, ohm’s law can be applied. But in the transformer as a whole, ohm’s law should not be applied because primary
winding and secondary winding are not connected electrically.

 Even when secondary circuit of the transformer is open it also draws some current called no load primary current for supplying
no load Cu and iron loses.

 Transformer has highest possible efficiency out of all the electrical machines.

 When current is passing through a high voltage transmission line, the wings of a bird sitting on it are repelled due to induction
i
which makes it fly away.

Examples
 Electromagnetic Induction 59

Example: 81 An ideal transformer has 500 and 5000 turns in primary and secondary windings respectively. If the primary

voltage is connected to a 6V battery then the secondary voltage is [Orissa JEE 2003]

(a) 0 (b) 60V (c) 0.6 V (d) 6.0 V

Solution: (a) Zero, because transformer works on ac only.

Example: 82 In a step-down transformer, the transformation ratio is 0.1, current in primary is 10 mA. The current in

secondary is

(a) 10 mA (b) 1 mA (c) 1 mA (d) 0.1 A

Solution: (d) We know that, the transformation of current or voltage from primary to secondary or vice-versa in an ideal

transformer takes place according to transformation ratio. Since, it is a step-down transformer, the turns in

secondary are smaller in number. Hence current in secondary must be larger. Therefore the secndary
1
current must be times the primary current. Hence I s  10  10 mA  100 mA  0.1 amp
0 .1

Example: 83 How much current is drawn by primary of a transformer connected to 220 V supply, when it power to a 110

V and 550 W refrigerator

(a) 2.5 A (b) 0.4 A (c) 4 A (d) 25 A

Vs I s 550
Solution: (a) V p  220 V , Vs  110 V , Vs I s  550 W , Now V p I p  Vs I s or I p    2 .5 A
Vp 220

Example: 84 A step down transformer is connected to main supply 200 V to operate a 6V, 30W bulb. The current in

primary is

(a) 3 amp (b) 1.5 amp (c) 0.3 amp (d) 0.15 amp

Solution: (d) V p  200 V , Vs  6 V  Pout  Vs is  30 = 6  is  is = 5A

Vs ip 6 ip
From     i p  0 . 15 A
Vp is 200 5

Example: 85 An ideal transformer steps down 220 V to 22 V in order to operate a device with an impedance of 220 .

The current in the primary is

(a) 0.01 A (b) 0.1 A (c) 0.5 A (d) 1.0 A

Vs 22 1
Solution: (a) Vp = 220 V, Vs = 22 V, Rs = 220  secondary current is    amp
Rs 220 10
 60 Electromagnetic Induction

Vp is
So by using the relation  , i p  0.01 A
Vs ip

Example: 86 Primary voltage is Vp, resistance of the primary winding is Rp. Turns in primary and secondary are

respectively Np and Ns then secondary current in terms of primary voltage and secondary voltage

respectively will be

Vp N p Vs N p2 V p N p2 Vs2 N p2 Vp N p Vs N 2 V p N p2 Vs2 N p
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
R p N s R p N s2 R p N s R p N s2 R p2 N s R p2 N s2 R p N s2 R p2 N s

is Np
Solution: (a)  Now, according to the information given in the problem, ip can be calculated by using the
ip Ns
Vp Np
formula, V = iR so is   (This is the secondary current in terms of Vp)
Rp Ns

Now to rearrange the result obtained above, in terms of secondary voltage, we must replace the term of
Vp Np Vs N p
Vp in the above result by Vs. We know that  ; Vp  , Substituting this in equation (i)
Vs Ns Ns
2
Vs N p
is 
R p N s2

Example: 87 A transformer is used to light 140 watt, 24 volt lamp from 240 volts ac mains. If the current in the mains is

0.7 A, then the efficiency of transformer is

(a) 63.8% (b) 84% (c) 83.3% (d) 48%

Solution: (c) Pout  Vs is  140 W , Vs  24 V , V p  240 V , i p  0 .7 A

Pout P 140
  100  out  100   100  83 .3 %.
Pin Vp ip 240  0 .7

Tricky example: 9

An alternating current of frequency 200 rad/sec and peak value 1A as shown in the figure, is applied

to the primary of a transformer. If the coefficient of mutual induction between the primary and the

secondary is 1.5 H, the voltage induced in the secondary

+1 will be

O
(a) 300 V
–1
 Electromagnetic Induction 61

(b) 191 V

(c) 220 V

(d) 471 V

di (1  0) 6
Solution : (b) e  M  1.5 
dt (T / 4 ) T

2 2  600
Also T    | e |   190 .9 V ~– 191 V
 200 100 