1

Circular Motion and Other

Applications of Newton’s Laws

CHAPTER OUTLINE

6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model

6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion

6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames

6.4 Motion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive Forces

* An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition.

SOLUTIONS TO THINK-PAIR-SHARE AND ACTIVITIES

*TP6.1 Conceptualize If you take the curve too fast, the maximum force of

static friction may not be enough to provide the centripetal acceleration of the

crate of eggs and it may begin to slip and strike the side of the pickup. If you hit

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 2

the brakes, the crate of eggs might start sliding forward and hit the front of the

bed of the truck. What should you do?

Categorize If you go around the curve, the crate of eggs is modeled as a particle

in uniform circular motion. If you hit the brakes, the crate is modeled as a particle

under a net force. Let’s assume that the acceleration during braking is constant.

Analyze Let’s first convert the speed to metric units so we have all values in

consistent units:

æ 1 609 m ö æ 1 h ö
vi = 45.0 mi/ h ç = 20.1 m/ s
è 1 mi ÷ø çè 3 600 s ÷ø

(i) If the truck goes around the curve, the particle in uniform circular motion

model gives us

v2 fs r
fs = m ® v=
r m

If the force of static friction is at its maximum value, this equation will give us

the highest speed at which the truck can take the curve without the crate slipping.

From the particle in equilibrium model in the vertical direction, the normal force

on the crate is equal to its weight. Therefore,

fs,max r msnr ms mgr

vmax = = = = ms gr
m m m

Substitute numerical values:

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vmax = (0.600)( 9.80 m/ s )( 35.0 m) = 14.3 m/ s

2
(1)

Your speed of 20.1 m/s is much higher than this, so you clearly do not want to

continue around the curve at your initial speed.

(ii) Let’s apply enough braking pressure to the pedal to stop in the distance of

15.0 m, so that we do not enter the curve. Modeling the crate as a particle under a

net force, with the only force in the horizontal direction being that due to the

friction force,

Fx = max ® fs = max
Let’s suppose you are slowing down at the maximum magnitude of acceleration

possible such that the crate does not slip. Then we can replace the friction force

with – s n (the friction force is toward the back of the truck to keep the eggs from

sliding forward):

- msn = mamax ® - msmg = mamax ® amax = - ms g

Substituting numerical values:

(
amax = - ( 0.600) 9.80 m/ s2 = -5.88 m/ s2 ) (2)

Any acceleration of magnitude larger than 5.88 m/s2 will cause the eggs to slide.

Now model the crate as a particle under constant acceleration and find the

acceleration necessary to reduce the speed of the crate to zero. From Equation

2.17,

-vxi2
v = v + 2ax x f - xi
2
xf
2
xi ( ) ® ax =
(
2 x f - xi )
(3)

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Substitute numerical values:

- ( 20.1 m/ s)
2

ax = = -13.5 m/ s 2 (4)
2 (15.0 m)

The magnitude of acceleration in Equation (4) required to stop is larger than the

maximum value found in Equation (2), so the eggs will slip as you slow down if

you try this.

(iii) Suppose you want to slow down just enough so you enter the curve at the

maximum speed for the curve found above in (i). Then Equation (3) becomes

vxf2 - vxi2
v = v + 2ax x f - xi
2
xf
2
xi ( ) ® ax =
(
2 x f - xi )
(5)

Substitute numerical values:

ax =
(14.3 m/ s) - ( 20.1 m/ s)
2 2

= -6.65 m/ s2
2 (15.0 m )

This value is still larger in magnitude than the safe acceleration in Equation (2).

Finalize Therefore, none of the suggested actions can help. There is nothing you

can do; the eggs are doomed! Pay more attention!

Answer: None of the options can save the eggs.

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*TP6.2 Answers: (a) Typical periods will be about 4 s and typical radii will

be about 7–8 m, leading to centripetal accelerations ranging from about 17 to 20

m/s2. (b) The centripetal acceleration of a rider at the top of the ride is larger than

that due to gravity, g = 9.80 m/s2. (c) Because the centripetal acceleration of the

wall behind the rider is larger than that due to gravity, the wall actually pushes

downward with a normal force on the rider. The rider is accelerating downward

at that point faster than he would if simply falling.

*TP6.3 Typical periods will be about 2 s and typical radii will be about 5 m. The

minimal static friction force between the wall and a rider must just balance the

weight of a rider: fs = mg. Furthermore, the normal force inward from the wall

must provide the centripetal acceleration: n = mr 2

. Combining these equations,

using fs = s n, we find that . Using typical values, the minimum

coefficient of static friction should come out to be about 0.2. A coefficient larger

than this value can easily be attained by covering the walls of the ride with

rough-textured cloth.

Answer: ~ 0.2

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Section 6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

Model

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P6.1 (a) The force acting on the electron in the Bohr model of the

hydrogen atom is directed radially inward and is equal to

(b)

P6.2 (a) The astronaut’s orbital speed is found from Newton’s second law,

with

solving for the velocity gives

(b) To find the period, we use and solve for T:

P6.3 (a) The car’s speed around the curve is found from

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 7

This is the answer to part (b) of this problem. We calculate the

radius of the curve from which gives r = 150 m.

The car’s acceleration at point B is then

(b) From part (a),

(c) We find the average acceleration from

P6.4 In both m and r are unknown but remain constant.

Symbolically, write

and

Therefore, is proportional to v2 and increases by a factor of

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 8

as v increases from 14.0 m/s to 18.0 m/s. The total force at the

higher speed is then

This force must be to produce the driver’s

centripetal acceleration.

P6.5 We neglecting relativistic effects. With 1 u = 1.661 x 10–27 kg, and from

Newton’s second law, we obtain

P6.6 We solve for the tensions in the two strings:

The angle q is given by

The radius of the circle is then

ANS. FIG. P6.6

Applying Newton’s second law,

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 9

[1]

[2]

To solve simultaneously, we add the equations in Ta and Tb:

(Ta + Tb) + (Ta – Tb) = 41.2 N + 52.3 N

This means that Tb = 41.2 N – Ta = –5.7 N, which we may interpret as

meaning the lower string pushes rather than pulls!

To answer the What if?, we go back to equation [2] above and

substitute mg for the weight of the object. Then,

We then add this equation to equation [2] to obtain

(Ta + Tb) + (Ta – Tb) = 41.2 N + 5.33g

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 10

or

For this situation to be possible, Tb must be > 0, or g < 7.72 m/s2. This is

certainly the case on the surface of the Moon and on Mars.

*P6.7 Conceptualize You may have been on this ride and may be familiar with

the situation. Figure P6.5 shows a rider on the ride. The rider is moving in a

circular path, along with the section of wall just behind her.

Categorize Consider a time interval during which the rotation speed of the ride

is constant. Then the rider can be modeled as a particle under a net force and a

particle in uniform circular motion in the horizontal direction, and a particle in

equilibrium in the vertical direction.

Analyze A free-body diagram for the rider appears below.

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Apply the particle in equilibrium model in the vertical direction:

åF y =0 ® fs - mg = 0 ® fs = mg (1)

Apply the particle under a net force model in the horizontal direction, with the

acceleration being centripetal:

v2
å Fx = ma ® n = m R
(2)

Divide equation (2) by Equation (1):

æ v2 ö
m
n çè R ÷ø v 2
= = (3)
fs mg gR

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Let us consider the limiting case in which the ride is rotating at the right angular

speed to just keep the rider pinned to the wall. If the ride were to operate just a

bit more slowly, the rider would begin to slide downward. Therefore, we are

looking at the situation of impending motion for static friction, so that

f s = ms n (4)

Substituting Equation (4) into Equation (3) and solving for v gives

n v2 1 v2 gR
= ® = ® v=
( msn) gR
(5)
ms gR ms

We wish to find the angular speed, so let us evaluate this parameter. From

Equation 4.24, and using Equation (5), we find

æ gR ö
ç ÷
v è ms ø g
w= = = (6)
R R ms R

(a) Now, what if the heavy person enters the ride? The mass m of the person does

not appear in Equation (6), so the desired angular speed is independent of the

mass of the person. You do not have to change the speed of the ride.

(b) How about the person wearing the slippery satin workout outfit? The

slippery outfit results in a lower coefficient of friction between the outfit and the

wall. In Equation (6), we see that reducing the coefficient of friction increases the

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 13

minimum angular speed to keep the person pinned to the wall. Therefore, the

ride must be spun faster.

Finalize In practice, the interior wall of the cylinder is lined with a rough

material to minimize any effects of variations in clothing, and the ride

is spun with a significantly higher angular speed than that found

numerically from Equation (6).

Answers: (a) no (b) yes

*P6.8 Conceptualize In Example 6.7, we determined that a pendulum can be

used as an accelerometer. Try running along a straight line while

hanging an object on a string from your finger as a pendulum. If you

accelerate in the forward direction, the pendulum will deviate

backward. The faster you accelerate, the larger is the angle of deviation.

In the opening storyline for this chapter, we used a pendulum to

exhibit the existence of centripetal acceleration on the Mad Tea Party

ride. For our car rounding a curve on the freeway in this problem, we

will see the pendulum deviating toward the outside of the curve,

opposite to the direction of the centripetal acceleration of the

pendulum bob.

Categorize The pendulum bob can be modeled as a particle under a net force and a

particle in uniform circular motion in the horizontal direction, and a particle in

equilibrium in the vertical direction.

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Analyze A free-body diagram for the pendulum bob appears below, looking

along the direction of travel of the car.

Apply the particle in equilibrium model in the vertical direction:

åF y = T cosq - mg = 0 ® T cosq = mg (1)

Apply the particle under a net force model in the horizontal direction, with the

acceleration being centripetal:

v2
å Fx = T sin q = ma ® T sin q = m r (2)

where v is the speed of the car and, therefore, of the pendulum bob, and r is the

radius of the circular path of the pendulum bob and, therefore, the radius of

curvature of the roadway. Divide Equation (2) by Equation (1) and solve for r:

v2
T sin q m r v2
= ® r= (3)
T cosq mg g tan q

Substitute the numerical values given in the experiment:

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r=
( 23.0 m/ s) 2

= 201 m
( 9.80 m/ s ) tan15.0°
2

Finalize The radius of curvature is 34% larger than the state regulation, so you

can testify that the curve was not too tight for the driver to negotiate at

65 mi/h. The accident must have been caused by something else.

Answer: The radius of curvature is larger than 150 m, so the driver is not justified

in his claim as to faulty design of the roadway.

Section 6.2 Non uniform Circular Motion

P6.9 (a) The hawk’s centripetal acceleration is

(b) The magnitude of the acceleration vector is

ANS. FIG. P6.9

at an angle

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P6.10 We first draw a force diagram that shows the forces acting on the

child-seat system and apply Newton’s second law

to solve the problem. The child’s path is an arc of a

circle, since the top ends of the chains are fixed.

Then at the lowest point the child’s motion is

changing in direction: He moves with centripetal

acceleration even as his speed is not changing and

ANS. FIG. P6.10
his tangential acceleration is zero.

(a) ANS. FIG. P6.10 shows that the only forces acting on the system

of child + seat are the tensions in the two chains and the weight of

the boy:

with

solving for v gives

(b) The normal force from the seat on the child accelerates the child

in the same way that the total tension in the chain accelerates the

child-seat system. Therefore, .

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P6.11 See the forces acting on seat (child) in ANS. FIG. P6.10.

(a)

(b)

P6.12 (a) Consider radial forces on the object, taking inward as positive.

Solving for the tension gives

(b) We already found the radial component of acceleration,

Consider the tangential forces on the object:

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Solving for the tangential component of acceleration gives

(c) The magnitude of the acceleration is

at an angle of

Thus, the acceleration is

(d)

(e)

P6.13 (a)

ANS. FIG. P6.13

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(b) Let n be the force exerted by the rail.

Newton’s second law gives

(c) , or

(d) If the force exerted by the rail is n1,

then

which is < 0 since ac = 8.45 m/s2

Section 6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames

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P6.14 (a) From we obtain

to the right

(b) If v = const, a = 0, so (This is also an equilibrium

situation.)

(c)

(d)

ANS. FIG. P6.14

P6.15 The scale reads the upward normal force exerted by the floor on the

passenger. The maximum force occurs during upward acceleration

(when starting an upward trip or ending a downward trip). The

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minimum normal force occurs with downward acceleration. For each

respective situation,

becomes for starting +591 N − mg = +ma

and for stopping +391 N − mg = −ma

where a represents the magnitude of the acceleration.

(a) These two simultaneous equations can be added to eliminate a

and solve for mg:

+ 591 N − mg + 391 N − mg = 0

or 982 N – 2mg = 0

(b) From the definition of weight,

(c) Substituting back gives +591 N − 491 N = (50.1 kg)a, or

P6.16 Consider forces on the backpack as it slides in the Earth frame of

reference.

The motion across the floor is described by

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 22

We solve for

P6.17 The water moves at speed

The top layer of water feels a downward force of gravity mg and an

outward fictitious force in the turntable frame of reference,

It behaves as if it were stationary in a gravity field pointing downward

and outward at

Its surface slopes upward toward the outside, making this angle with

the horizontal.

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Section 6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces

P6.18 With 100 km/h = 27.8 m/s, the resistive force is

P6.19 (a) Since the window is vertical, the normal force is horizontal and is

given by n = 4.00 N. To find the vertical component of the force,

we note that the force of kinetic friction is given by

fk = µ kn = 0.900(4.00 N) = 3.60 N upward

to oppose downward motion. Newton’s second law then becomes

(b) Now, with the increased downward force, Newton’s second law

gives

then

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(c) At terminal velocity,

Solving for the terminal velocity gives

P6.20 (a) The acceleration of the Styrofoam is given by

a = g – Bv

When v = vT, a = 0 and

The Styrofoam falls 1.50 m at constant speed vT in 5.00 s.

Thus,

Then

(b) At t = 0, v = 0, and

(c) When v = 0.150 m/s,

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P6.21 We have a particle under a net force in the special case of a resistive

force proportional to speed, and also under the influence of the

gravitational force.

(a) The speed v varies with time according to Equation 6.6,

where vT = mg/b is the terminal speed. Hence,

(b) To find the time interval for v to reach 0.632vT, we substitute

v = 0.632vT into Equation 6.6, giving

0.632vT = vT (1 − e−bt/m) or 0.368 = e−(1.47t/0.003 00)

Solve for t by taking the natural logarithm of each side of the

equation:

or

(c) At terminal speed, R = vTb = mg. Therefore,

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P6.22 We start with Newton’s second law,

substituting,

integrating both sides gives

P6.23 In , we estimate that the coefficient of drag for an open

palm is D = 1.00, the density of air is the area of an

open palm is and v = 29.0 m/s

(65 miles per hour). The resistance force is then

or

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Additional Problems

P6.24 Because the car travels at a constant speed, it has no tangential

acceleration, but it does have centripetal acceleration because it travels

along a circular arc. The direction of the centripetal acceleration is

toward the center of curvature, and the direction of velocity is tangent

to the curve.

Point A

direction of velocity:

direction of the centripetal acceleration:

Point B

direction of velocity:

direction of the centripetal acceleration:

P6.25 The free-body diagram of the rock is

shown in ANS. FIG. P6.25. Take the

x direction inward toward the center

of the circle. The mass of the rock

does not change. We know when

r1 = 2.50 m, v1 = 20.4 m/s, and

ANS. FIG. P6.25
T1 = 50.0 N. To find T2 when

r2 = 1.00 m, and v2 = 51.0 m/s, we

use Newton’s second law in the

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horizontal direction:

In both cases,

and

Taking the ratio of the two tensions gives

then

We assume the tension in the string is not altered by friction from the

hole in the table.

P6.26 (a) We first convert the speed of the car to SI units:

ANS. FIG. P6.26

Newton’s second law in the vertical direction

then gives

Solving for the normal force,

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(b) At the maximum speed, the weight of the car is just enough to

provide the centripetal force, so n = 0. Then and

P6.27 (a) The free-body diagram in ANS. FIG. P6.26 shows the forces on

the car in the vertical direction. Newton’s second law then gives

(b) When n = 0,

Then,

A more gently curved bump, with larger radius, allows the car to

have a higher speed without leaving the road. This speed is

proportional to the square root of the radius.

P6.28 The free-body diagram for the object is shown in ANS. FIG. P6.28. The

object travels in a circle of radius r = L cos  about the vertical rod.

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Taking inward toward the center of the circle as the positive x

direction, we have

Dividing, we find

ANS. FIG. P6.28

Solving for v gives

P6.29 Let vi represent the speed of the object at time 0. We have

From its original value, the speed decreases rapidly at first and then

more and more slowly, asymptotically approaching zero.

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The distance it travels is given by

As t goes to infinity, the distance approaches

P6.30 The radius of the path of object 1 is twice that of object 2. Because the

strings are always “collinear,” both objects take the same time interval

to travel around their respective circles; therefore, the speed of object 1

is twice that of object 2.

The free-body diagrams are shown in ANS. FIG. P6.30. We are given

m1 = 4.00 kg, m2 = 3.00 kg,

v = 4.00 m/s, and

Taking down as the positive direction, we have

Object 1: , where v1 = 2v,

Object 2: , where v2 = v,

ANS. FIG. P6.30

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(a) From above:

(b) From above:

T2 = 216.8 N + 66.6 N = 283.4 N =

(c)

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P6.31 (a) At each point on the vertical circular path, two forces

are acting on the ball (see ANS. FIG. P6.31):

(1) with

constant magnitude Fg = mg

(2)
ANS. FIG. P6.31

(b) ANS. FIG. P6.31 shows the forces acting on the ball when it is at

the highest point on the path (left-hand diagram) and when it is

at the bottom of the circular path (right-hand diagram). Note that

the gravitational force has the same magnitude and direction at

each point on the circular path. The tension force varies in

magnitude at different points and is always directed toward the

center of the path.

(c) At the top of the circle, Fc = mv2/r = T + Fg, or

(d) At the bottom of the circle, Fc = mv2/r = T – Fg = T – mg, and solving

for the speed gives

and

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If the string is at the breaking point at the bottom of the circle,

then T = 22.5 N, and the speed of the object at this point must be

P6.32 The free-body diagram is shown on the right, where it

is assumed that friction points up the incline, otherwise,

the child would slide down the incline. The net force is

directed left toward the center of the circular path in

which the child travels. The radius of this path is

ANS. FIG. P6.46

Three forces act on the child, a normal force, static

friction, and gravity. The relations of their force components are:

[1]

[2]

Solve for the static friction and normal force.

To solve for static friction, multiply equation [1] by cos  and equation

[2] by sin  and add:

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To solve for the normal force, multiply equation [1] by –sin  and

equation [2] by cos  and add:

In the above, we have used

If the above equations are to be consistent, static friction and the

normal force must satisfy the condition fs  µ sn; this means

Using this result, and that R = d cos , we have the requirement that

If this condition cannot be met, if v is too large, the physical situation

cannot exist.

The values given in the problem are d = 5.32 m, µ s = 0.700,  = 20.0°, and

v = 3.75 m/s. Check whether the given value of v satisfies the above

condition:

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P6.33 (a) We first convert miles per hour to feet per second:

at the top of the loop

and v = 450 mi/h = 660 ft/s at the bottom of the loop.

At the lowest point, his seat exerts an upward force; therefore, his

weight seems to increase. His apparent weight is

(b) At the highest point, the force of the seat on the pilot is directed

down and

Since the plane is upside down, the seat exerts this downward

force as a normal force.

(c)

P6.34 (a) The forces acting on the ice cube are the Earth’s gravitational

force, straight down, and the basin’s normal force, upward and

inward at 35.0° with the vertical. We choose the x and y axes to be

horizontal and vertical, so that the acceleration is purely in the x

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 37

direction. Then

Dividing eliminates the normal force:

tan 35.0° = v2/Rg

(b)

(c) The answer to (a) indicates that the speed is proportional to the

square root of the radius, so

(d) The period of revolution is given by

(e)

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P6.35 (a)

(b) From Newton’s second law in one dimension,

solving for the stopping distance gives

(c) Newton’s second law now gives

or

A top view shows that you can avoid running into the wall by

turning through a quarter-circle, if you start at least this far away

from the wall.

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 39

(d)

(e)

P6.36 Take the positive x axis up the hill. Newton’s second law in the x

direction then gives

from which we obtain

[1]

In the y direction,

Solving for the tension gives

[2]

Substituting for T from [2] into [1] gives

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 40

P6.37 (a) The gravitational force exerted by the planet on

ANS. FIG. P6.37

the person is

mg = (75.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)

= down

Let n represent the force exerted on the person by a scale, which is

an upward force whose size is her “apparent weight.” The true

weight is mg down. For the person at the equator, summing up

forces on the object in the direction towards the Earth’s center

gives

mg − n = mac

where ac = v2/RE = 0.033 7 m/s2

is the centripetal acceleration directed toward the center of the

Earth.

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whole or in part.
 41

Thus, we can solve part (c) before part (b) by noting that

n = m(g − ac) < mg

(c) or mg = n + mac > n.

(b) If m = 75.0 kg and g = 9.80 m/s2, at the equator we have

n = m(g − ac) = (75.0 kg)(9.800 m/s2 – 0.033 7 m/s2) =

P6.38 (a) Since the object of mass m2 is in equilibrium,

or .

(b) The tension in the string provides the required centripetal

acceleration of the puck.

Thus, .

(c) From ,

we have

(d) It gains

speed because the extra-large string tension pulls at an angle of

less than 90° to the direction of the inward-spiraling velocity,

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 42

producing forward tangential acceleration as well as inward

radial acceleration of the puck.

(e)

P6.39 (a) v = vi + kx implies the acceleration is

(b) The total force is

As a vector, the force is parallel or antiparallel to the velocity:

(c)

(d)

P6.40 (a)

t(s) d (m) t(s) d (m)

1.00 4.88 11.0 399

2.00 18.9 12.0 452

3.00 42.1 13.0 505

4.00 43.8 14.0 558

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whole or in part.
 43

5.00 112 15.0 611

6.00 154 16.0 664

7.00 199 17.0 717

8.00 246 18.0 770

9.00 296 19.0 823

10.0 347 20.0 876

(b)

(c) A straight line fits the points from t = 11.0 s to 20.0 s quite

precisely. Its slope is the terminal speed.

P6.41 (a) If the car is about to slip down the incline, f is directed up the

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whole or in part.
 44

incline.

where Substituting,

and
ANS. FIG. P6.41

Then, yields

When the car is about to slip up the incline, f is directed down the

incline. Then,

with

This yields

and

In this case, , which gives

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whole or in part.
 45

(b) If , then .

P6.42 There are three forces on the child, a vertical normal force, a horizontal

force (combination of friction and a horizontal force from a seat belt),

and gravity.

The magnitude of the net force is

ANS. FIG. P6.42

with a direction of

above the horizontal

For m = 40.0 kg and R = 10.0 m:

direction:

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whole or in part.
 46

P6.43 (a) The putty, when dislodged, rises and returns to the original level

in time t. To find t, we use vf = vi + at: i.e., –v = + v – gt or

where v is the speed of a point on the rim of the wheel.

If R is the radius of the wheel, , so .

Thus,

(b) The putty is dislodged when F, the force holding it to the wheel,

is

P6.44 The plane’s acceleration is toward the center of the circle of motion, so

it is horizontal. The radius of the circle of motion is (60.0 m) cos 20.0° =

56.4 m and the acceleration is

We can also calculate the weight of the airplane:

Fg = mg

= (0.750 kg)(9.80 m/s2)

ANS. FIG. P6.44
= 7.35 N

We define our axes for convenience. In this case, two of the forces—

one of them our force of interest—are directed along the 20.0° line. We

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whole or in part.
 47

define the x axis to be directed in the direction, and the y axis to be

directed in the direction of lift. With these definitions, the x component

of the centripetal acceleration is

acx = ac cos 20.0°

and max yields T + Fg sin 20.0° = macx

Solving for T,

T = macx − Fg sin 20.0°

Substituting,

T = (0.750 kg)(21.7 m/s2) cos 20.0° − (7.35 N) sin 20.0°

Computing,

T = 15.3 N − 2.51 N =

Challenge Problems

P6.45 We find the terminal speed from

[1]

where exp(x) = ex is the exponential function.

At

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whole or in part.
 48

At t = 5.54 s:

Solving,

(a) From , we have

(b) We substitute 0.750vT on the left-hand side of equation [1]:

and solve for t:

(c) We differentiate equation [1] with respect to time,

then, integrate both sides

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 49

At t = 5.54 s,

P6.46 (a) From Problem 6.33,

(b) We have

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 50

P6.47 Let the x axis point eastward, the y axis upward, and the z axis point

southward.

(a) The range is

The initial speed of the ball is therefore

The time the ball is in the air is found from as

giving .

(b)

(c) 360° of latitude corresponds to a distance of , so 285 m is a

change in latitude of

The final latitude is then

The cup is moving eastward at a speed

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whole or in part.
 51

which is larger than the eastward velocity of the tee by

Since Df is such a small angle, and

(d)

P6.48 (a) We let R represent the radius of the hoop and T represent the

period of its rotation. The bead moves in a circle with radius

at a speed of

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whole or in part.
 52

The normal force has an inward radial

component of n sin and an upward component

of n cos .

ANS. FIG. P6.48

or

Then becomes

which reduces to

This has two solutions: [1]

and [2]

If R = 15.0 cm and T = 0.450 s, the second solution yields

or  = 70.4°

Thus, in this case, the bead can ride at two positions:

and .

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 53

(b) At this slower rotation, solution [2] above becomes

, which is impossible.

In this case, the bead can ride only at the bottom of the loop,

(c)

(d)

(e)

P6.49 At a latitude of 35°, the centripetal acceleration of a plumb bob is

directed at 35° to the local normal, as can be seen from the following

diagram below at left.

Therefore, if we look at a diagram of the forces on the plumb bob and

its acceleration with the local normal in a vertical orientation, we see

the second diagram in ANS. FIG. P6.49:

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whole or in part.
 54

ANS. FIG. P6.49

We first find the centripetal acceleration of the plumb bob. The first

figure shows that the radius of the circular path of the plumb bob is

R cos 35.0°, where R is the radius of the Earth. The acceleration is

Apply the particle under a net force model to the plumb bob in both x

and y directions in the second diagram:

Divide the equations:

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 55

*P6.50 Conceptualize The ball is moving through air, so the resistive force will

cause it to slow down as it approaches home plate. This is very hard to see in the

short time interval between the pitcher’s mound and home plate, but it does

happen.

Categorize Because the speed of the baseball through the air is high, we use

Equation 6.7 to characterize the resistive force on the baseball. As the ball moves

through the air, it is modeled as a particle under a net force, where the net force

varies in time, because it varies with speed.

Analyze Using Newton’s second law, with the resistive force on the baseball

described by Equation 6.7, we have

åF x
= ma ® - 12 Dr Av 2 = ma (1)

Solve Equation (1) for a:

Dr A 2
a=- v = -kv 2 (2)
2m

where we have defined k as

Dr A
k= (3)
2m

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 56

Now, let’s express a as a derivative and use the chain rule as suggested in the

Hint:

dv dv dx dv dv
= -kv 2 ® = -kv 2 ® v = -kv 2 ® = -kv (4)
dt dx dt dx dx

Rearrange the differential equation and integrate:

v x
dv dv v
v
= -kdx ® òv v = -k ò0 dx ® ln
vi
= -kx ® v = vi e - kx (5)
i

Considering Equation 6.10, we recognize the parameters that form the value of k

as appearing in the expression for the terminal speed:

2mg g
vT = = (6)
Dr A k

Therefore, k is given by

g
k= (7)
vT2

The equation for the speed of the baseball at any time, then, can be expressed as
g
- x
vT2
v = vi e (8)

Substitute numerical values, using the terminal velocity found in Table 6.1:

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whole or in part.
 57

9.80 m/ s2
- (18.3 m)
v = ( 40.2 m/ s) e ( 43 m/ s)2
= 36.5 m/ s

Finalize We were able to simplify this problem because we have the terminal

speed of a baseball given in Table 6.1. If we didn’t have that value, we could

express Equation (5) as

Dr A
- x
v = vi e 2m

This equation would also work, but we would need to determine the density of

air as well as parameters associated with the baseball: its drag coefficient, mass,

and cross-sectional area

Answer: 36.5 m/s

ANSWERS TO QUICK-QUIZZES

1. (i) (a) (ii) (b)

2. (i) Because the speed is constant, the only direction the force can have is that of

the centripetal acceleration. The force is larger at Ⓒ than at Ⓐ because the radius

at Ⓒ is smaller. There is no force at Ⓑ because the wire is straight. (ii) In addition

to the forces in the centripetal direction in part (a), there are now tangential

forces to provide the tangential acceleration. The tangential force is the same at

all three points because the tangential acceleration is constant.

3. (c)

4. (a)

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 58

ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

P6.2 (a) 1.65 × 103 m/s; (b) 6.84 × 103 s

P6.4 215 N, horizontally inward

P6.6 The situation is impossible because the speed of the object is too small,

requiring that the lower string act like a rod and push rather than like a

string and pull.

P6.8 The radius of curvature is larger than 150 m, so the driver is not justified

in his claim as to faulty design of the roadway.

P6.10 (a) 4.81 m/s; (b) 700 N

P6.12 (a) 20.6 N; (b) 32.0 m/s2 inward, 3.35 m/s2 downward tangent to the

circle; (c) 32.2 m/s2 inward and below the cord at 5.98˚; (d) no change;

(e) acceleration is regardless of the direction of swing

P6.14 (a) 3.60 m/s2; (b) T = 0; (c) noninertial observer in the car claims that the

forces on the mass along x are T and a fictitious force (−Ma); (d) inertial

observer outside the car claims that T is the only force on M in the x

direction

P6.16

P6.18 0.212 m/s2, opposite the velocity vector

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 59

P6.20 (a) 32.7 s–1; (b) 9.80 m/s2 down; (c) 4.90 m/s2 down

P6.22 (a) 1975 lb (b) -647 lb

(c) When Fg’= 0, then mg =mv2/R. If we vary the aircraft’s R and v such

that this equation is satisified, then the pilot feels weightless.

P6.24 (a) At A, the velocity is eastward and the acceleration is southward.

(b) At B, the velocity is southward and the acceleration is westward.

P6.26 (a) 1.15 × 104 N up; (b) 14.1 m/s

P6.28 See Problem 6.28 for full derivation.

P6.30 (a) 217 N; (b) 283 N; (c) T2 > T1 always, so string 2 will break first

P6.32 The situation is impossible because the speed of the child given in the

problem is too large: static friction could not keep the child in place on

the incline

P6.34 (a) ; (b) the mass is unnecessary;

(c) increasing the radius will make the required speed increase; (d)

when the radius increases, the period increases; (e) the time interval

required is proportional to

P6.36 g(cos φ tan θ- 2 sin φ)

P6.38 (a) m2g; (b) m2g; (c) ; (d) The puck will spiral inward, gaining

speed as it does so; (e) The puck will spiral outward, slowing down as

it does so

P6.40 (a) See table in P6.40 (a); (b) See graph in P6.60 (b); (c) 53.0 m/s

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 60

P6.42 84.7°

P6.44 12.8 N

P6.46 (a) ; (b)

P6.48 (a) q = 70.4° and q = 0°; (b) q = 0°; (c) the period is too large; (d) Zero

is always a solution for the angle; (e) there are never more than two

solutions

P6.50 36.5 m/s

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whole or in part.