Fundamentals of DC

Machines

17.1 INTRODUCTION
The field of industrial direct current usage-being very wide, dc machines are
produced both as generators and motors for a very large range of output, voltage,
peed, etc. This chapter deals with various fundamental aspects of DC machine.
A machine that converts mechanical power to electrical power of dc nature
is called a de generator. The basic principle of working of a dc generatoris
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which states that if there is a rela-
tive motion between a conductor placed in a magnetic field and the field, a
dynamically induced emf is produced in the conductor. The direction of the
induced emf depends upon the direction of magnetic field and the direction of
motion and is given by Fleming's right hand rule. Normally, the armature of the
dc generator, carrying a number of conductors suitably arranged, is made as the
rotating member, whereas the field is kept stationary. The mechanical energy for
the rotation of the armature may be derived from a steam engine, an internal
combustion engine, a steam or water turbine.
A dc machine that converts electrical power into mechanical power is known
as dc motor, that is in action the de motor, is converse of the dc generator. The
dc motor basically works on the principle that when a conductor carrying cur
rent is placed in a magnetic field, mechanical force acts on the current carrying
conductor, and as a result the conductor starts rotating in a direction depending
upon the direction of current and the field, and is given by Fleming's left hand
rule.

17.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC GENERATOR

Figure 17.1 shows the schematic diagram of a simple machine consisting or
coil ABCD rotating in the magnetic field of a strong permanent magnet 0
 Pundamentals of DC Machines
503

B
B

N N

A D
D A

B,
R2
B2
W
Load Load
(a) (b)
Fig. 17.1 Schematic diagram of a simple dc generator

powerful electromagnet. The magnetic lines in the space between N and S poles
are directed from the north pole N to the south pole S as shown in Fig 17.1. The
ends of the coil ABCD are connected to two copper rings R and R2, fixed ona
shaft. Two brushes B, and B, connected to the external load circuit make con-
tact with the copper rings Ri and R2, respectively. Let the coil be rotated in an
anti-clockwise direction, with constant surface speed vm per sec in relation to
the magnetic field. According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetie induction.
an emf will be induced in the rotating coil and is given by

e =Blv volts.
Aslandvare constant for a particular case,
e = constant x B volts

Hence under the given conditions, the change in the magnitude of induced
emf with time depends upon the magnetie flux density distribution under the
poles. Though the flux density distribution under the poles is of a complex
nature, it may be assumed that neglecting harmonics it is a sine wave distribu-
on. Thus the emf induced in the coil varies with time as a sine function. The
direction of the induced emf in this case can be determined by Fleming's right
hand rule. Hence as the conductor AB of the coil ABCD moves downward and
D moves upward, the direction of induced emt in the coil is along DCBA as
Shown in Fig. 17.1(a). The current in the external load circuit flows from brush
B to B,. This direction of current remains the same for half a revolution of the
coil starting from its vertical position.
on stcHon,
D Molon have t h i Sale

Tast elc (as ru9

anerq Con steH6m. n a
qesratso
a t dc drVI (a- ve
tCosisf
) ManeHctield syztem
9 is is saHsn4ry Part f tha maihíinn. 9i proyi de

a idor nonelic field, Av1thin Jhi arnua tyae rot les

ThM& ic field is gn eraki eleatro ntagits

+haur eater a e c Stag4k and Zield steagth

u l aHon.
S ConsIsB :-

Yok'
t povíde e chaniCal suppart tor +ho foles ats

qs pooteaHve Cover f
a thskole naehinr
Camies 4 ha nagaaic ¥Iuz Poo elues h s fole
O 9+ df6rs afart sf the magneue circut.
A Pole oo(eeled mI4 rels is KA onsa qs SalieDt ioles.
T
9 (onsIsts no 04 Sallent Poles 4ole) +o inside o
Circular Arane
Pole Core St is ade upitskut sleel lainatrsn 7
1h fole Core ofHens l o eluhaoafath fsr m 69LHc
lux as Snna ller tro Seehon 4han ths ole shoe.
Kolefole shoe
Each fole Coa has a ple shue havin9 a Cudved shape

9 Suppole 4hs ield Coils

6).94
Me9Hc Cirtut and edures is elurtaace.
 (V)
agaelizd) a Jield Csils/4gndnps
TAle Ceils eleetro nl&9eHe e Hha psles wbrch poodli
A nece sad y Jlu 94 C9S S{ f (u-494L dstrl P, Pat
1 ) o plcce a v e dke Pole Coae and are Connecled 1n leaie

hth one adofhor S h thgt hen 4h yTs TloAJs thre

hCaA aleangte nrth aod Soth foles$aaepio duine

AYoK is made wp of Saliel Cast steel.

A h field Cals Cay d.c exubs? unent

roating fart f tha de na chia is called

ths
h
aTaure. 9 Con sis ts f shaTt apon hich a lamiAa la
Clmde Calle qTg ya Ca-eis nLBUD teel
óf high
1S Macle up pernuabiliy silion sleal, o Ka
9
hYstensis lod lm asd launa Le thragh insulaHh
Varnush or CsaHn) o eda eddr auent lo &ies.
9+ fertoTnus 4h Major Juncion
S poovide l o e l u c a o u falh Ar nNaq aric Alv2:
S indulnd in ihem
Sin Coit ksuses on dlurtors, eMt
e M i t s ro taion 4or Mech a91(al gesera tor aciom.

3 ATG kye kndm

Th slo ts o ! h gNgtuae o>e holed nsula ed Conderho
hat a e Conn ecteo in suutable a s n e s . i s is Called
arhaun nding n tus An din9
em n dund
Condutdr ade Coooecthd in serrel Pooall
T h qrha tu

Ahs Vo ltage

POPL
 A)

(4) Commufu or
91S a Me ch a n I a le g e h d I Caoved aC q)e o0

1S
ylio doiCal straelu>e and is huilt upuf wedr
Aaped hgrcl <lra9n CoP pea Sey dn ens. '1Kst qniJot5
1 Insulalas fo*ny ealh other b thin l Yers of n)1(a
9s lad on tha shgTt fths nlaehine
Ina DC l o t CoNNu Fatr acs qs MechaniCal 1nve
e t Convent Dc applied voltage to Ac voltaqe in
hqrna tuau unding

Bruihes e Brush qeor

1 he Pruupsse uf Lrushas is to en syae elechial
Conneeion e m e a n + h ro Hn Coymu farsr
s Faimey e ternal loa cirtit
9f1suSLal laols p Ca7han an cl qraph i
A Beeau Carbsn hgs q9-00 eleetriGl Condu iut y¢
is
STE enoujh not o SCratch tho ouNutar
o i mm p>ove Condueivity Soauinuus Je 4dd aq Shhgll

S4 is N D 4e 6 CoMmuafr n d in heua inna

Melal boz Calle sruih bo r brush holofer
Th re Ry»e exented 5ythu bYUt has on 4ha CoMNua
Coy be a eljy &Le) asd 15 aun und a t a Con:taot
Vqlee bY nuass of spoin: (yent produssd in t h
a T a u a kg4ndin iS Paned 6m ths Conunuy lalds
a d t hay to 4ha éx lennal Cisteut bp nns u ushes.
 Field Pole Pole
winding shoe

Armature Armature
winding

Yoke

Brush
Commutator

Structue vf Dc-Machina
Armature
Commutator
TOOTH
SLOT

BAND WIRE

ArMatu
Coe

MICA

SEGMENT

ConMUta t r

Adjustabl sprirj spring

for Brushs
 32)
A

Sperctlely exulec Dc Gca

ADC aen. shose field n s n t s4 nelinp is sPpliad
Ddepeoelent exter nal de Saurcabaltery) is Calle
Seen aely ezued geneator

Ra

V: £g- fa Ra
Ne developed (£lectsical) tyla
r v e r lelivened to ths lo o Epla - 1 R

la (Eg-la Ra): Yla Vl

Se1T- exutod de senerator

e c genera tor iote ield nsnet ssunding is
S plie Curent From thSutput t iha generatr
it selt, Calle a self eutes Dc GeoeN a tr.
st is cla i t i as
Serles erdtd
Ie

Kse Note 9 is raely uied

fgRa t t s Seri al fudpole.
uR boosteme e

V:f- fCRa +Rse)

P: fla
fglia°CRa+ Rie)
a [ £ - Pa (Ra+ Rie)]
POPL Vla o Vl
 Tsh Rh
sh
V
tg -la Kr
V.i
Sis t)

Con Paund Ge'

)shot shunt or elHeenHally Com pousded 'N
only shunt ield indinp is in Paralul 4044h lh-

LL
se
Ish: V+
IseR
Rsh
V f - Ia Re- FseRye
P:fla, i :Vi
G) loop shuot r CumulaHve Comp aneling-
hus shauot Field 91ling is in Peralel <91h
beth Serle field and aTALa tua A9inel ?

Jse fa + l s h

h Rsh
V - fa (R +Rse)
 34)

A PpliCatoy ut DC (enereatos
Shu t gcoes aFor

aod Prrver 4 ply PurpoSg4 alSo un

OT'el iday 9h n
,

qa
b a t e r l es bea u ts ternN Inal Voltaje
OCharging
allos t Constant
Serles gesesratsri-
femr iapply beavU ihAr
S Co n e t b e useed t r r
So It s u esboe s ter
TIS ? charaeris Hcs,
distsibatdm sYslem farHcularly
n
rul
Cenan
tpe f
sesvice
C CoMPaund genesTdtot)
g en is t h a MDRt AS4dely i
A h - Cumulatuely Co mpand
Can be adusteel for
sela its eztemal cha rackerishes
elroP iho l i n e s i s t o c e
CormpessaHnp thLVeltae
Mttr dTIvng, whtch qureS ac fPPla
y a -

loael aDd for haavp fower

C o n s t a n t velt ae, For lamp
Services Suh as electrie ratlweys
ikS eze hal
D44eentia Compoundee Cshsyt- shauot)
ly
shnt ge9 sut
charautsisics s i m i l a r t o
that of a

eHaaHon adALa fure WarHon,hara

AS4 th larze eleuaqm
n arc elding whene la rge Voltage edrop
E s u
incase CYmest
is d e s i r a b l e A94h
 A oes 1 DC achiao
Motr c geoer«foa)
shust fielel ta is

(b1Ppen o oes Senle fietd ( lav

Hysteses is Incs
fron loes
d y urot l
Mechanial lones flcH
indoga
O Cu- loo
nay>e tu lo IRa.
9 i s abennt 2s'/to 4o(. 4 full la) lepes
field Cu loo
() shunt fiell Cee lsto LhRah
Series Tiei cu loo he Rse
Con taet lso due to 6rush
Con kart rsist
A h a n is also rush

n - e . S v Fo me+al qrahitt 5uSh,

s2-0Y o Carbo
lao.
USAS, gen erally Lt is 1nclude t h aTnuatu
(

r n m or o lo es
¢ua
looes ocCur t h 47hakue ot dc Mahinei
h
o t h a Yotat sn if qTmo uae in MaqaHe {ield st Lka foles.
B vhsalts
Tre of Msqneicaevesssals
SemLdz NP/120, Nin rp
Coeacient V: V6lu of Graa tu e in m'

O fe Ke B1**v salks
:

V: Valua s} Lho- Co>e.

+hucke» * laainatHon ()
Mechaoital lo bes

POP 94 daje-aur fsieHm df ro

taHmg aanay
e K o t r f t m a l lon : l o sn+ Me hasical loo s t a y l o ).
A
A Mechaoicallsme ade abseel io tu >o fthe. full lod

Constuot los)es
Th Co)s t a o t looes 1n) de Penesse t6r q >e

a on Mechanical n <hust fielel laes.

Valable loo00 -
Coppe lo rm qtnlau>e 14ndinpTRa)
esies
eesfield Re)
To lo Constaot + Vvgrasle l
A i e l d cu lo is CoDstaot for shuot o pounel Gen

A y Stges in eserat
A C

letn
Mechanical lechi
developed
) ari UloYes

cRla) ulpu
(VL)

ffest e4ficiesc)of es
Mechasical efficientp
A MeeharIafnn injut
eleet ital efficien,
e B vlL

C o hiRaCial e
THcIeo 7 -

c/
me hinalPan put
t u t -lotyes
t)put
4 Mechasical lones q a haut to to 207. uf full lad lape s.

h eficleny DGe IS o t lonctust tut vaales A

loael
Lo slde lh shunt geoenqto leliverinq a loa d y r e
n

Lat ater mingl Volto-qV

ENGINEERS BRÅIN
en er atralput Vl HAJIPUR
Genera r npLt outPut + ls nes
VtL+ Varlable (s tos + Cooshot lones
VIL R +We
VL++cL+ lsh)Ra +We L'la t lshI
th Ish is qer etally very snall !has l 4hus It Can be
nealected
jeneratr idPut : VI+ lLRa + e
N P VIL
VI+ERg +We
-O
(Dividesl uuea 4 densMIAstr iy VlL)
1+( )
he et ficiencp Asítl ba Mar lhen tho- denominator ot
O S Himimum .e,
Varabe lope)
)
Ra/y wV2
Vartable lo o : Constaot loy
he loaCument Care
sponeling to a ekfieien -
N Ra

POPi