CHAPTER II

METHOD AND PROCEDURES

This chapter explores the following parts: research design,

sources of data, data analysis, and ethical considerations.

Research Design

The Case Study Method is utilized in this study. Yin (2003)

iterated that this is one of the several ways on conducting social

science research. He also discussed that in general, this is the

preferred strategy when “how” or “why” questions are being posed,

when the researcher has little control over events, and when the focus

is within some real-life context. In a simple way, it is an in-depth study

over an existing condition for further societal purpose. This design is

appropriate in getting relevant data in identifying how street sleepers

survive amidst the different adversities by providing an overview about

their life.

In addition, the qualitative research is also used. Qualitative

research is a way to gain an understanding of underlying reasons,

opinions, and motivations providing insights into the problem, that is

used to uncover trends in thought and opinions where in methods for

data collection vary (Wyse, 2011). It is a design used to find answer to

different queries mostly about the reasons behind human behaviors or

other social phenomenon that is dominantly happening right now. The

data are collected through group discussions and meetings, personal

interviews, and careful observations.

These approaches are very appropriate for the study since it

makes use of different qualitative strategies in order to collect

sufficient set of data that will help the researchers identify the various

struggles each individual street sleeper has.

Sources of data

Locale and Population of the Study

The population of this study will be composed of the street

sleepers who have been staying along the streets of Candon City until

the first quarter of 2017. This is to support the use of purposive

sampling. Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2012) discussed that

purposive sampling is a technique wherein the elements or

respondents that will be used as subjects for the interview are results

of the researcher’s subjective criteria, based on the identified

objectives of the study.

Based on this technique, the researchers will randomly select

their subject of study in the streets. The interview shall be continues

until there will be no new data that will come out and be sourced out.

This is concept is called the Theory of Data Saturation. Saturation of

data happens when the researchers receive the same answers from

different interviewees. Wolcott (2004) and Landau and Drori (2008)

defined data saturation as a point wherein there is already enough

information to replicate the study when the ability to obtain additional

new information has been attained, and when further coding is no

longer feasible.

Instrumentation and data collection

To gather the necessary information from the target street

sleepers, the researchers will observe and look for places where they

usually stay and they will pick the possible subject for their study.

To gather the data to fulfill the main objective in identifying the

struggles or adversities of street sleepers, the researchers will make

use of the interview method. The researchers will first observe the

subjects of the study properly. Before conducting the interview, the

researchers will prepare and produce questions that are highly

relevant and appropriate for the interviewees. The questions that will

be adopted will focus mainly on determining the fears or the

adversities of street sleepers and on the ways on how they face and

survive living such a life

The researchers will use a camera and audio recorder to have a

sure ball recording of the whole interview process. But such things will
 21

only be possible with the permission of the interviewee. If they say no,

the researchers will have to settle in writing all their answers.

Validity of the Interview Questions. To ensure the validity and

correctness of the questions in the interview, it will be presented to the

people who are masters in the field of Social Sciences. These persons

will be the teachers in the different learning areas such as English and

as well as Filipino for the translation process, and another teacher who

is an expert in writing using the Ilocano language. The researchers also

need an officer from The Department of Social Welfare and

Development to validate their questionnaires. If the computed validity

reached the 3-5 scale rating, then it only means that the questions are

acceptable to be used in the actual interview. Moreover, the

suggestions and recommendations made by the validators will be

incorporated.

Tools for data analysis

The data to be collected will be the target of analysis in order to

arrive at the right, correct, and justifiable interpretation. The interview

method of analysis will be used to deeply understand the responses of

the homeless street dwellers in a broader perspective. According to

Kvale (1996) the qualitative research interview seeks to describe and

the meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The
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main task in interviewing is to understand the meaning of what the

interviewees say. Kvale also discussed that qualitative research

interview seeks to cover both a factual and a meaning level, though it

is usually more difficult to interview on a meaning level. In layman’s

term, it will a uncover the truth and untold stories through

understanding each subtext behind the answers of the interviewee.

Ethical considerations

To observe ethical conducts in the process, the researchers

1. Names of the street sleepers will never be mentioned in any art

of this study. The researchers will not raise any question or say

any statement that will offend or physically and emotionally

harm and scare the street sleepers. They will not be forced to do

the interview if they are not willing. The researchers will not

throw threats towards the street sleepers just to get a one on

one interview. The only time that the researchers will use

camera and audio recorders is when after they are able to ask

the permission of the interviewee. Their faces will not be shown

in any image or video documentation.

2. Giving correct resources and stating the proper references will

be strictly observed to avoid copyright issues and problems.

3. A communication letter will be presented to the adviser or

teacher concerned before the researchers push through with the

interview.

4. The research instrument will be validated first. The suggestions

indicated by the validators will be incorporated in the instrument.

A summary of the actions done by the researchers will be

appended.
 CHAPTER III

dy prohibiting street sleeping. They make us go away.) A’s remark was

proven when Respondent B also said, “Idjay kami music hall di idi

ngem ginate-an da metten.” (We stay on the music hall back then, but

now, they built a gate on it.) Street sleepers stay mostly on the

business center of the city; along the premises of the plaza, the

restaurants nearby, or the tourist marks where you can find a lot of

people.

These findings corroborate with Roque’s (2011) discussion on the

four fundamental factors that pushed street sleepers to choose the

places in which they stay, the place in which they can get the life

resources such as money, food easily and constantly. Street sleepers

change their places to sleep on a daily basis, on a weekly basis or even

on a yearly basis. Some street sleepers sleep at the places to work,

others sleep in group. For them the most important thing is to sleep

quietly and safely, they only move only in a range of area because it’s

not easy for them to find places where they can find comfort. One

place is the churches, for it provides foods, and services such as life

and medical consultation for street sleepers.

Thus, it can be concluded that street sleepers stay on places

where the public can see them. Staying on such places allow them to

have more opportunities to be subjects of pity and begging. Generally,

street sleepers stay on places where basic resources or needs like

money, shelter, and clothes can be acquired, of course, through

begging.